ECOSYSTEM

By :
Subham Sourav Dhar
3rd year
(BDS)
Reg no- 1941101029
(Institute of Dental Sciences)
INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Subham Sourav Dhar(1941101029)
student of BDS 3rd year has successfully completed
Environmental science project under the guidance of Dr.
Abanti Pradhan during the year 2021-2022.

signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher

Dr. Abanti Pradhan and dean mam Dr. Neeta Mohanty who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
ECOSYSTEM.
This project also helped me to know about many new things.
I am extremely grateful to my friends who helped me for completion
of my project.
Content:
-Defination
-Types of ecosystem
-Ecosystem
Structure&Function
-Productivity
-Energy Flow
-Ecological Pyramid
-Nutrient Cycling
-Ecosystem Services
Defination:

 “An ecosystem is defined as a natural functional

ecological unit comprising of living organism(biotic
community)and there non-living(abiotic or physio
chemical)environment that interact to form a stable
self-supporting system.”
Types of ecosystem:

 Ecosystem divides into two basic categories;

❑ Terrestrial
❑ Aquatic
 Forest,grassland&desert are some examples of
terrestrial ecosystem; pond ,lake ,wetland
,river,&estuary are some example of aquatic
ecosystem.
 Crop fields & an aquarium may also be considered as
man-made ecosystem.
Structure &function:
 Each ecosystem has two main components:
❑ Abiotic
❑ Biotic

 The non living factors or the physical

environment[prevailing in an ecosystem form the
abiotic component.
 Abiotic components are mainly of two types:
✓ Climatic Factors:Which include
rain,temperature,light,wind,humidity etc.
✓ Edaphic Factors:Which include
soil,ph,topography,minerals etc.
Biotic Components:

 On the basis of their role in the ecosystem the

biotic components can be classified into three
main groups:
❑ Producers
❑ Consumers
❑ Decomposers or Reducers
Productivity:

 A constant input of solar energy is the basic

requirement for any ecosystem to function and sustain.
 Primary production- It is defind as the amount of
biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over
a time period by plants during photosynthesis.
 It is expressed in terms of weight(gm-2) or energy(kcal
m-2).
 The rate of biomass production is called productivity .
 Gross Primary Production(GGP)- The total
amount of chemical energy stored by
plants/unit area/unit time.
 Net Primary Production(NPP)-Amount of energy
stored after respiratory loss. NPP can be utilized
for growth and reproduction of plant.
NPP=GPP-R
Energy flow in ecosystem:

 All organisms must obtain asupply of energy & nutrients

from their environment in order to survive.
 The transformation of energy in an ecosystem begin first
with the input of energy from the sun.
 Energy is stored in glucose.
 Glucose is stored as starch in plants.
 The majority of autotrophs are photoautotrophs that
harness the energy of the sun & pass some of this
energy onto consumers through feeding pathways.
 Energy flow can not occur in reverse direction.
 The amount of energy decreases with
successive tropic levels.
 Only 1% of energy from the sun is used by green
plants & rest remains unutilized.
 10% of energy transfer from one tropic level to
another & 90% lost in each tropic level. This is
called 10% Rule of Energy Flow.
Food chain:

 A food chain is defined as “the transfer of

energy & nutrients through a series of organisms
with repeated process of eating & being
eaten”.
 Depending on the types of food & consumer
there are three types of food chain.
 Predator or Grazing :
grass>>deer>>lion>>decomposer
 Saprophytic or Detritus:
dead organism>>micro organism>>eath
worm>>bird>>wolf>>decomposer
 Parasitic:
animal(host)>>tick/aphid>>bird>>eagle/wolf>>decomposer
Food web:
INTERLOCKING
PATTERN OF SEVERAL
INTERLINKED FOOD
CHAINS IS TERMED AS
FOOD WEB .
Significance of food chains & food
webs:

 Food chains & food webs play a very important role in the
ecosystem.
 Energy flow & nutrient cycling takes place through them.
 They maintain & regulate the population size of different
tropic levels,& thus help in maintaining ecological balance.
 They have a property of bio-magnification.The non
biodegradable materials keep on passing from one tropic
level to another.At each successive tropic level the
concentration keep on increasing. The process is known as
bio-magnification.
 Ecological pyramids:

 An ecological pyramid is a graphical

representation that shows the relative amounts
of energy or matter contained within each
tropic levels in an ecosystem.
Pyramid of number
Pyramid of biomass:
Pyramid of energy:
Nutrient cycles:

 Nutrient cycles involve stroge & transfer of nutrients

through different components of ecosystem, so that the
nutrients are rapidly use.
 The cyclic movements of chemical elements of the
biosphere between the organisms & environment are
referred to as “BIO-GEO-CHEMICAL CYCLES”.
 Gaseous cycle:
Those elements in which the reservoir is the air or the
oceans(via evaporation).Gaseous cycles includes
those of Nitrogen,Oxygen,Carbon & Water.
 Sedimentary cycle:
Those elements which are received from the earth ’s
crust. Sedimentary cycles include those of
Iron,Calcium,Phosphorus,& other more earth bound elements
 Ecosystem services:

 Healthy ecosystems are the base for a wide range of economic,

environmental & aesthetic goods & services. The products of ecosystem
processesare named as ecosystem services.
 For example healthy forest ecosystem purify air & water ,mitigate droughts
& foods,cycle nutrients ,generate fertile soils,provide widelife
habitat,maintain biodiversity,pollinate crops,provide storage site for
carbon & also provide aesthetic,cultural & spiritural values.

References:INTERNET
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