PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

FOR HEALTH SCIENCES

BHS415

ROZZANA MOHD SAID, PHD

COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, you are able to:
1. Discuss the pathophysiology of common diseases in various systems in the body
2. Demonstrate a teamwork skill in proposing a basic investigation to diagnosing a
disease
 CONTENT OF SYLLABUS
1. Introduction to 9. CVS disorders
pathophysiology
10. Endocrine disorders
2. Inflammation, healing
and repair mechanism 11. Nervous system disorders
3. Immune response 12. Urinary disorders
4. Neoplasms 13. Reproductive disorders
5. Congenital and genetic 14. Nutritional disorders
disorders
6. Blood and lymphatic 15. Musculaskeletal disorders
disorders 16. Skin disorders
7. Respiratory disorders
8. GIT disorders
 McPhee & Ganong (2006) Pathophysiology of
Disease - An Introduction to Clinical
Medicine, McGraw Hill
Damjanov I (2009) Pathophysiology,
Saunders
Underwood JCE & Cross SS (eds) (2009)
REFERENCES General and Systematic Pathology,
Churchill
Livingstone Elservier Core Pathology
(Stevens, Lowe & Scott, Mosby Elservier)
INTRODUCTION TO
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
WHAT IS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Pathology (fr Greek, pathos = disease) deals with the study

of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs of the body
that cause or are caused by disease.
It is a scientific study of disease.

Physiology - the organic processes and phenomena of an organism or

any of its parts or of a particular bodily process
Pathophysiology – the physiology of abnormal states
specifically : the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome or disease
Logical way of thinking of a disease is to list the most
important characteristics for a disease:
▪Epidemiology
▪Aetiology
▪Pathogenesis
▪Pathological and clinical features
▪Complications and sequelae
▪Prognosis
▪Treatment
 It can be defined as a deviation from normal
state of health or from a state of wellness.

It develops when there is a significant

change in the body that a homeostasis
WHAT IS A cannot be maintained.
DISEASE?
Clinically manifested as signs and symptoms
that shows the underlying abnormality
WHY DO YOU NEED TO STUDY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY?
- focuses on the mechanisms of the underlying disease and
provides the background for preventive as well as
therapeutic health care measures and practices
- a complement to the studies of anatomy and physiology
- to understand how disease development occurs

It is a foundation of medical science and practice.

It is important for health care professionals to understand and have good
knowledge regarding disease occurrence, sign and symptoms so that
an early recognition of potential complications of an illness or of
untoward reactions to treatment by health care team can help to
prevent serious consequences for the patient.

With this knowledge also health professionals can understand the

complexity of disease processes, the difficulties encountered in
diagnosis and treatment and the possible implications arising from a
list of signs and symptoms or prognosis.
WHAT IS THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE
NEEDED?

This subject utilizes knowledge of basic anatomy and

physiology because it is based on the loss of or
change in normal structure and function
AN OVERVIEW
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CVS_scanned.pdf
TERMS THAT CHARACTERIZED DISEASE
• Pathogenesis: development of the disease or the sequence of
events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific
disease process
• Onset of a disease:
– Sudden and obvious or acute
– Insidious
• Acute: short-term illness that develops quickly with
marked signs
• Chronic: milder disease condition that progresses gradually
but persists for a long time accompanied by intermittent
acute episodes
• Subclinical state: disease condition with no apparent signs
and symptoms
• Latent stage: “silent” state / incubation state
• Prodromal period: time during the early development of a
disease with no specific signs and symptoms
• Manifestations: clinical evidence or effects, the signs and
symptoms of a disease
• Signs: objective indicators of disease
• Symptoms: subjective feelings
• Lesion: specific local change in the tissue
• Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms that occur
together in response to certain condition
• Diagnostic tests: laboratory tests that assists in the
diagnosis of a disease
• Remissions / exacerbations: mark a course or progress of
disease
• Precipitating factor: condition that triggers an acute
episode
• Complications: additional / secondary problems arise after
the original disease begins
• Therapy: therapeutics interventions or treatment measures
to promote recovery or to slow a disease progress
• Sequelae: potential unwanted outcomes of the primary
conditions
• Convalescence: period of recovery and return to normal
healthy state
• Prognosis: probability or likelihood for recovery or for
other outcomes
• Morbidity: disease rate within a group
• Mortality: relative number of deaths resulting from a
disease
• Epidemiology: science of tracking the pattern or
occurrence of disease
• Epidemics: cases of an infectious disease within an area
• Pandemics: high number of cases in several regions or
worldwide
• Occurrence: tracked of a disease by recording two factors:
– Incidence – number of new cases in a given population
– Prevalence – number of new and old or existing cases within
a specific population and period of time
• Communicable diseases: infections that can be spread from
one person to another
• Notifiable / reportable: disease must be reported by the
physician to certain designated authorities
• Autopsy: examination performed after death to determine
the cause of death, or illness or the effectiveness of a
treatment
END OF LECTURE
THANK YOU