ABNORMAL IMMUNE

RESPONSES
DR ROZZANA MOHD SAID
LESSON OUTCOMES

Describe the normal immune response

Explain the four methods of acquiring immunity

Explain tissue transplant rejection and treatment

Describe the mechanisms and clinical effects of hypersensitivity reactions

Explain the effects of anaphylaxis

Describe autoimmune disorders

Explain the cause and effects of immunodeficiency

REVIEW OF THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Function: provide protection to the body
• 2 types: non-specific and specific responses
REVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
TOLERANCE
 Body cells own specific antigens –
enabling immune system to
recognize own cells
 Non recognizable antigens: foreign,
alien
 Body produces antibody towards
the non-self antigens
 Kept as memory
COMPONENTS
 Lymphoid structures:
 E.g. Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils,
intestinal lymphoid tissue,
lymphatic vessels/circulation
 Immune cells:
 Lymphocytes, macrophages
 Originate from the bone marrow
REVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

ANTIBODIES /
ANTIGENS IMMUNOGOBULINS
 Complex proteins or carbohydrates on  Specific proteins
the surface of cell
 Binds to specific matching antigens
 Activate immune system an destroy them
 Forms the major histocompatibility  5 classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
complex (MHC) inherited from parents
– unique to individuals except for twins
 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
 Determines success of a tissue
transplant
REVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM CHEMICAL MEDIATORS

 Inactive proteins (C1-C9)
 Circulate in body
 Activated by the presence of
antigen-antibody complex
 Destroys by lysis of the affected
cells or
 Mark the cells to be attacked by
phagocytosis
 Initiates inflammatory response
IMMUNE RESPONSE –process of acquiring immunity

PRIMARY  SECONDARY
 Repeat exposure
- First exposure to the antigen
 Memory cells response
- Recognition of the antigen –  Rapid response
processing of information –
development of antibody /
sensitized lymphocytes
- 1 -2 weeks
IMMUNITY
TISSUE AND ORGAN TRANSPLANT

Most common organ

transplant: skin, cornea, bone,
kidneys, lungs, hearts, bone
marrow
 HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

• Allergic reactions - abnormal

• Stimulates inflammatory response to an
otherwise a harmless stimulus
• 4 types:
• Type 1 – allergic reaction
• Type II – cytotoxic hypersensitivity
• Type III – immune complex hypersensitivity
• Type IV – cell-mediated or delayed
hypersensitivity reaction
 ANAPHYLAXIS

A severe, life
threatening, systemic
hypersensitivity reaction
resulting in decreased BP,
airway obstruction and
severe hypoxia
Fast response after
exposure to stimulants
 AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

• Immune response
towards own antigen
• Lost of tolerance
• E.g. Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis (single
organ); SLE
(systemic)
 IMMUNODEFICIENCY

• Results from loss of

function, partial or
total of 1 or more
components of
immune response
leading to increased
risk of infection and
cancer
END OF LECTURE