Revision Sheet
1. Environment and its Abiome is an area
|components
2. Environmental Crisis
3. Climate Change
4. Climate Change :
causes
5. Climate Justice
6. Carrying Capacity
7. Ecological FootprintEcological Footprint is amethod promoted bythe Global Footprint Network
to measure human demand on natural capital, i.e. the quantity of nature it
8. Adaption &Mitigation ADAPTATION VS. MITIGATION
Measures
classified according to the species that live in that
location.
Ecotones are areas of steep transition between ecological communities,
ecosystems, and/or ecological regions along an environmental or another
gradient.
edge effects are changes in population or community structures that occur at
the boundary of two or more habitats.
Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the
environment around them. An ecologist studies the relationship between
living things and their habitats
A food web consists of all the food chains inasingle
ecosystenm. Each living
thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains. Each food chain is one
possible path that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the
ecosystem
An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other
organisms, as well as weather and landscapes, work together to form a
bubble of life.
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship
between the different living organisms at different trophic levels.
environmental crises occur when changes to the environment of a species or
population destabilize its continued survival.
Climate change is a change in the average temperature and cycles of weather
over a long period.
Burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests and farming livestock are
increasingly influencing the climate and the earth's temperature.
Climate justice means looking at the climate crisis from the perspective of
social justice. The impacts of climate change affect disadvantaged groups of
people the most. The effect of climate change on these groups needs to be
recognized and addressed.
Solutions need to not only curb climate change; they need to protect and
empower the most vulnerable groups of people too.
Carrying Capacity is the maximum population ofagiven species that can
survive indefinitely in a given environment. The max population of the earth
depends on several factors, many of which surround the use and exploitation
of limited non-renewable resources
takes to support people or an economy.
ADAPTATION MIIGATION
Avaty ot ctios that
| O V t SIgniticant adverse
1
 9. Environment Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through
Degradation depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of
ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. It is defined as any change or
disturbance tothe environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable,

10. Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) isa tool used to assess the
Assessment (EIA) significant effects of a project or development proposal on the environment.
Three Core Values Integrity- it involves the process which must meet the internationally
Principles accepted practice,
Utility- involves providing the information which is sufficient and relevant
for decision-making and
Sustainability involves the process which results in the implementation

11/Process of EIA

Scoplng ARarnattves

Mtiggtion Reviewing

12/StrategicEnvironment Strategicenvironment assessment (SEA) refers tosystematic analysis of the

Assessnment environmental effects of development policies, plans, programmes and other
proposed strategic actions. This process extends the aims and principles of
EIAupstream in the decision-making process, beyond the project level and
when major alternatives are still open.
13|Life Cycle Assessment ALife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is defined as the systematic analysis of the
potentialenvironmental impacts of products or services during their entire
life cycle.
consist of four components
1. Goal and scope definition
2. Inventory analysis
3. Impact assessment
4. Interpretation
14|Social Degradation The degradation of society is a process of destruction of the individual, society,
land the state.
The sustainable business's social impact would include business practices and
policies related to working conditions,diversity in hiring, opportunities for
advancement for women and minorities, lack of discrimination, and the
provision of affordable health care and other necessary benefits. In addition,
social impact includes wages, breaks, adherence to employment laws, safety,
training, and numerousother specific labor practices. Finally, social impact
includes the impact on the local public and social services sector as a result of
the business's activities.
 that meets the needs of the
15/Sustainable Sustainable development is a development future generations to meet their
ability of
Development present without compromising the
own needs.
Goals (17
SDGs)
IUCATION

EONOMIC EROWI EOUALITIES

PECEHD
PARINERSIIPS
0R THECOALS

THE GLOBAL GOALS

to doing business without

16,Business Sustainability In business, sustainability refers society as a
negatively impacting the environment, comnmunity, or
whole.

Sustainability in business generally addresses two main

categories:
The effect business has on the environment
The effect business has on society

The goal of a sustainable business strategy is to make a positive

impact on at least one of those areas. When companies fail to
assume responsibility, the opposite can happen, leading toissues
like environmentaldegradation, inequality, and social injustice.
Sustainable businesses consider a wide array of environmental,
economic, and social factors when making business decisions.
These organizations monitor the impact of their operations to
ensure that short-term profits don't turn into long-term liabilities.
17ESG Framework Environmental, social and governance (ESG) is a framework used to assess an
organization's business practices and performance on various sustainability
and ethical issues. It also provides a way to measure business risks and
lopportunities in the six capitals financial, manufactured, intellectual, human,
social and relationship, and natural.
18|ESG Measurement ESG metrics are performance indicators of a business's operations with
:ESG Metric environmental, social and governance issues to help determine its, performance and
potential risks. Organizational leaders may integrate principles of these areas into
company policies,reports and operations through analyzing or benchmarking. It is
used to describe the transparency, sustainability, and performance of a company.
t measures business operations under the lens of the six capital. It wascreated to
evaluate the businesses' impact on the planet, people, profit.
 standards
19 ESGReporting The GlobalReporting Initiative is an international independent
organization that helps businesses, governments and other organizations understan
Framework atleast 3
and communicate their impacts on issues such as climate change, human rights and
corruption.
Business Responsibility Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) is avoluntary
|framework for companies to report their social, environmental, and economic
limpacts on society. It enables companies to be transparent and accountable about
their sustainable practices and contributes to the sustainable development of the
economy.
Formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project, CDP is an international nonprofit
organization that provides the voluntary CDP reporting framework, through which
companies can file annual reports detailing their environmental impacts and efforts
to reduce emissions, pollution, and collateral damage to the environment and
climate.
20.ESG Investing |ESG Investing (also known as "socially responsible investing," "impact investing,"
and "sustainable investing") refers to investing which prioritizes optimal
environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors or outcomes.
ESG investing is widely seen as a way of investing "sustainably'-where
investments are made with consideration of the environment and human wellbeing,
las well as the economy.
It is based upon the growing assumption that the financial performance of
organizations is increasingly affected by environmental and social factors.
Module II: Ethics: Values & Moral- Definition, types and relevance
21,Environmental ethics Environmentalethics isa branch of applied philosophy that studies the
conceptual foundations of environmental values as well as more concrete
lissues surrounding societal attitudes, actions, and policies to protect and
|sustain biodiversity and ecological systems.

22,Anthropocentrism Anthropocentrism is the belief that human beings are the central or most
important entity in the universe.
23Non Non-anthropocentric ethics grant moral standing to such natural objects as
Anthropocentrism lanimals, plants, and landscapes. Any account of morality that has the effect of
removing humans frombeing the sole thing of concern is non-anthropocentric.
24Teleological teleological ethics, (teleological from Greek telos, "end"; logos, "science"),
theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good
or desirable as an end to be achieved.

25]Deontology In deontological ethics an action is considered morally good

because of
some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of
laction is good. Deontological ethics holds that at least some acts arethemnorally
lobligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare.

26]Utilitarianism, Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by

focusing on outcomes. It is a form of conseguentialism.
that the most ethical choice is Utilitarianism holds
the one that will produce the greatest good for
the greatest number.

27,Consequentialism, Consequentialism
is
is an ethical theory that judges whether or not
something
right by what its consequences are. For
instance, most people would agree
that lying is wrong. But if telling a lie would
consequentialism says it's the right thing to help
do. save a person's life,
4
28,Ethical Egoism ethical egoism, in philosophy, is an ethical theory according to which moral
decision-making should be guided entirely by self-interest. Ethical egoism is
often contrasted with psychological egoism, the empirical claim that
advancing one's self-interest is the underlying motive of all human activities.
29]Virtue ethics; |Virtue ethics mainly deals with the honesty and morality of aperson. It states
that practicing good habits such as honesty, and generosity makes a moral and
virtuous person. It guides a person without specific rules for resolving ethical
complexity.
30,Communitarianism; Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between
theindividual and the community. Its overriding philosophy is based upon the
belief that a person's social identity and personality are largely molded by
community relationships, with a smaller degree of development being placed
on individualism.
31,Environmental Anethical dilemma (moral dilemma) is a problem in the decision-making
Ethical Dilemmas process between two possible options, neither of which is absolutely
lacceptablefrom an ethical perspective
32 Behavioralethics behavioral ethics as the study of systematic and predictable ways in which
lindividuals make ethical decisions and judge the ethical decisions of others
that are at odds with intuition and the benefits of the broader society.
33|Altruism; laltruism is an ethical doctrine that holds that the moral value of an individual's
actions depends solely on the impact on other individuals, regardless of the
consequences on the individual themselves.
34Bounded ethicality Bounded ethicality is the idea that our ability to make ethical choices is often
limited or restricted because of internal and external presSures.
35.Conflict of Interest Aconflict of interest arises when what is in a person's best interest is not in
the best interest of another person or organization to which that individual
owes loyalty.
36JBehavioral Biases Behavioral biases may be categorized as either cognitive errors or emotional
biases. Asingle bias may have aspects of both, however, with one type of bias
dominating. Cognitive errors stem from basic statistical, information
processing, or memory errors;cognitive errors typically result from faulty
reasoning.
37|Framing Framing bias refers tothe observation that the manner in which data is
presented can affect decision making.
38Moral Muteness; Moral muteness occurs when people witness unethical behavior and
choose not to say anything. It can also occur when people communicate in
ways that obscure their moral beliefs and commitments. When we see
others acting unethically, often the easiest thing to do is look the other
way.
39.Conformity Bias; Conformity bias is the tendency of people to behave like those around them
rather than using their own personal judgment. People seem to be more
comfortable mimicking others,even regarding ethical matters.
40Moral myopia Moral myopia refers to the inability to see ethical issues clearly.
41/Self-serving Bias, The self-serving bias is the tendency people have to seek out information and
use it in ways that advance their self-interest. In other words, people often
unconsciously make decisions that serve themselves in ways that other people
might view as indefensible or unethical.
42,Moral equilibrium; Moral equilibriunm is the idea that most people keep a running mental
sCoreboard where they compare their self-inmage as a good person with what
they actually do.
43,Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder mapping and the Mendelow matrix are useful in determining
(Mendelow's Matrix) Stakeholder interest and power inpotential marketing Strategies.
understandthe influence
ue Mendelowframework is often used to attempt to
5
 organisation's objectives and/or strategy
that each stakeholder has over an following; high power/high
Each stakeholder will be classified as one of the
interest or low power/low
interest, high power/low interest, low power/high automating the Mendelow's
interest. These classifications are obtained by in project
power-interest model. A stakeholder matrix is a tool used how
to decide
management to help review the different project stakeholders
best to coordinate what they value with the project. Each stakeholder or group
may need a different strategy, and the matrix will help the project manager
identify the best strategy for each group
Mendelow's Matrix
Level of Interest

low

A
Low
Minimal Keep
Effort Informed

Power

C D
Hign
Keep
Satisfied Key Players

44|Technology Technology assessment (TA) refers to the early identification and

Assessment assessment of eventual impacts of technological change and
applications, as a service to policy making and decision making more
generally.
Technology assessment has been defined as aform of policy research
that examines short- and long-term consequences (for example,
societal, economic, ethical, legal) of the application of technology. The
goal of technology assessment was said to be to provide policy makers
with information on policy alternatives.

45.Module III:- Behavioral Economics and Decision Making

46.Behavioral Economics Behavioral economics studies the effects of psychological, cognitive,
emotional, cultural and social factors on the decisions of individuals or
institutions, such as how those decisions vary from those implied by classical
economic theory.
47]Nudge Nudge theory is a concept in behavioral economics, decision-making,
behavioral policy, social psychology, consumer behavior, and related|
behavioral sciences that proposes adaptive designs of the decision
environment as ways to influence the behavior and decision-making of groups
or individuals.
Nudge is a concept rooted in behavioral science that describes how minor
changes in product design can markedly attect individual behavior:.
48,Types of Nudge 1. Default Rules
2. Simplification
3. Use of Social Norm
4. Increase in ease & convenience
5. Disclosure
6. Warning butcreative, graphic
7. Pre-commitment strategies
 8. Reminders
9. Eliciting Implementation
intention
10. Informing people about nature & consequence
49.Choice Archite cture Cnoice architecture is the design of different ways in which choices can be
presented to decision makers, and the impact of that presentation on decision
making.
Thaler coined the term choice architecture to describe how insights from
behavioral economics could be used to influence choices, without changing
their objectiye values, In the context of Nudges, choice architecture was said
to minimize biases that result from bounded rationality.
50.Automatic Thinking Automatic Thinking: An instinctive, unconscious, highly efficient mental
process that we have no control over or awareness of. It helps us automate our
thought patternsand behavior.
51/Reflective Thinking Reflective thinking is a form of critical thinking that reflects on experiences
and learnings. This thinking process requires intense introspection and can
improve decision-making and problem-solving processes.
52.Steps of Nudge Problern ldentification
Per User
Soutions for user in
Community
Record Lusers
benavi0ur
Buress +
Scial
Strategy
Psyiooyy
DISCOVER
fo DEVELOP DEMONSTRATE

Experimerti DEFINE DISTINCT DELIVER

Psychokay
Soca! + Cogilve Eserrera
Psycclogy Psychoivy
Identify relationship Change in community
between community and individua!
Problem around
problem behaviour
Community

53.Green Nudge Green nudges are behavioral interventions aimed at reducing negative
externalities. This means that the reason for such interventions is
conventional but that the type of intervention is behavioral.
Features of green Nudge : GOEAST
Easy,Attractive, Social, and Timely