Pendekatan Studi Filsafat Islam

Introduction
The study of philosophy in Islam (filsafat Islam) encompasses a rich and diverse tradition that spans
centuries and encompasses various intellectual, spiritual, and cultural dimensions. The multifaceted nature
of Islamic philosophy makes it a fascinating subject of inquiry for scholars and students alike. This essay
explores the different approaches and methodologies (pendekatan) that have been employed in studying
Islamic philosophy throughout history. By examining these various approaches, we can gain a deeper
understanding of the complex and nuanced nature of Islamic thought and philosophy. Moreover, this
exploration will shed light on the unique challenges and opportunities that arise when studying Islamic
philosophy within the broader field of philosophy.

I. Introduction
The historical background of Islamic philosophy can be traced back to the 8th century with the establish-
ment of the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah) in Baghdad under the reign of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.
This cultural institution, led by the renowned mathematician and astronomer Al-Kindi, aimed to translate
Greek philosophical works into Arabic, facilitating the assimilation and advancement of Hellenistic
philosophy within the Islamic world. Furthermore, during the reign of Al-Ma'mun, the House of Wisdom
reached its peak of intellectual excellence, attracting scholars from various disciplines such as theology,
mathematics, medicine, and philosophy. These scholars, known as "mutakallimun" or theologians, played
a crucial role in the development of Islamic philosophy by reconciling Greek thought with Islamic
theology and creating a distinct philosophical tradition within the Islamic framework (Islamic Philosophy:
The History of an Idea). This historical context highlights the early integration of Greek philosophy into
Islamic thought and marks the beginning of a rich tradition of philosophical discourse within the Islamic
world.

II. Historical Background of Islamic Philosophy

One important aspect of the concept of knowledge in Islamic philosophy is the distinction between theo-
retical knowledge and practical knowledge. According to the Islamic philosopher, Al-Farabi, theoretical
knowledge refers to knowledge that is acquired through reasoning and intellectual contemplation. It is
concerned with the understanding of abstract principles and universal truths. On the other hand, practical
knowledge is concerned with the application of theoretical knowledge in practical situations. It involves
the acquisition of skills and the ability to make practical judgments. Al-Farabi argues that both forms of
knowledge are necessary for the development of a well-rounded individual and that they complement each
other (Al-Farabi, n.d). This distinction between theoretical and practical knowledge reflects the Islamic
philosophy's emphasis on the integration of knowledge and action in the pursuit of human excellence.

III. The Concept of Knowledge in Islamic Philosophy

Islamic philosophy encompasses a distinct methodology that sets it apart from other philosophical
traditions. Unlike Western philosophy, which tends to rely heavily on deductive reasoning and empirical
evidence, Islamic philosophy places a stronger emphasis on intuition and revelation. According to
John Walbridge, Islamic philosophers employ a method called "imaginative synthesis," which involves
combining rational analysis with imaginative and intuitive thinking (Walbridge, 2001, p. 56). This unique
approach allows Islamic philosophers to integrate various aspects of human experience, including spiritual
and mystical insights, into their philosophical inquiries. Furthermore, Islamic philosophy also places
great importance on scriptural hermeneutics, as philosophers engage in an ongoing dialogue with the
Quran and other religious texts in their quest for knowledge (Leaman, 2009, p. 108). By adopting this
multidimensional methodology, Islamic philosophy seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of
reality that encompasses both the material and spiritual dimensions of existence.

IV. The Methodology of Islamic Philosophy

One major school of Islamic philosophy is the Peripatetic school, also known as the Aristotelian school.
This school emerged from the works of philosophers such as Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina, who sought to recon-
cile Greek philosophy, particularly Aristotle's metaphysics and ethics, with Islamic thought (Sedgwick,
2013). The Peripatetics emphasized the use of reason and logic in understanding the world and God,
considering philosophy as a means to attain knowledge. They believed that reason and revelation should
not contradict each other, but rather complement one another. Another major school is the Illuminationist
school, which was founded by Suhrawardi. This school was influenced by Neoplatonic and Ishraqi
ideas, emphasizing the role of intuition and spiritual insight in acquiring knowledge (Nasr, 2006). The
Illuminationists believed that through spiritual contemplation, one could achieve a direct experience of
divine truth. These major schools of Islamic philosophy not only contributed to the development of Islamic
thought but also influenced the broader philosophical tradition (Nasr, 2006).

V. The Major Schools of Islamic Philosophy

In conclusion, the study of philosophy in Islam provides an essential framework for understanding and
critically examining various aspects of the faith. It enables Muslims to engage in meaningful discourse
and debate, as well as challenge existing assumptions and beliefs. Through the incorporation of rationality
and reasoning, Islamic philosophy encourages individuals to approach their faith with a mindset that is
open to interpretation and inquiry. It also emphasizes the importance of self-reflection and introspection
in the pursuit of knowledge and spiritual growth. As stated by Ayatollah Murtada Mutahhari, philosophy
in Islam serves as a bridge between reason and revelation, allowing individuals to navigate the complex
landscape of religious teachings and personal beliefs (Mutahhari, 2020). Moreover, the study of Islamic
philosophy is not only limited to scholars or theologians but is accessible to every Muslim, as it provides
valuable insights into the profound wisdom and guidance embedded in the religion. Overall, the study
of philosophy in Islam is crucial for individuals seeking a deeper understanding of faith, as it offers a
multidimensional perspective that is integral to engaging with the complexities and nuances of religious
discourse and practice.
Bibliography
- Ibrahim Kalin. 'Knowledge in Later Islamic Philosophy.' Mulla Sadra on Existence, Intellect, and
Intuition, Oxford University Press, 4/1/2010

- Oliver Leaman. 'History of Islamic Philosophy.' Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Routledge, 3/7/2013

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