THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
NDOLA CAMPUS
PUBLIC HEALTH UNIT

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND

PRACTICE ABOUT RISK FACTORS, SCREENING AND
TREATMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER AMONG MALE
PATIENTS ATTENDING UROLOGY CLINIC AT NDOLA
TEACHING HOSPITAL (NTH).

BY: EXSAVIOR C BAKASA

SIN: 18131638
SUPERVISOR(S): PROF V MWANAKASALE
COURSE CODE: MCS 310
LECTURER: HERBERT TATO NYIRENDA

The proposal has been prepared in fulfilment of the guidelines for Bachelor of
Medicine and Surgery (MBCHB) at the COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY, School of
Medicine.

APRIL 3RD, 2021.

DECLARATION FORM

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

The writing of this proposal is the original handwork of EXSAVIOR C BAKASA.

The proposal has been prepared by the required guidelines for a Bachelor of

Medicine and Surgery (MBCHB) at the Copperbelt University, School of Medicine.

It has not been submitted for a degree at this or any university. Therefore, I do

hereby bear absolute responsibility for the contents, errors, defects and any

omissions herein.

CANDIDATE’S SIGNATURE: ……………………………………………………………………

DATE: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

I …………………………………………………………………. Hereby declare that I

have checked this project proposal and that it is the original work of the author. I

therefore approve that it should be submitted for assessment.

SUPERVISOR’S SIGNATURE: ………………………………………………………………

DATE: …………………………………………………………………
i
ABSTRACT

Introduction

Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer after cervical cancer and the

number one cancer in Zambian men with a standardized incidence rate of 60.03 per

100,000 males (Kalubula, 2018). Proper doctor and public health interventions can

only be implemented if there is a surge of information about people’s attitudes towards

prostate cancer (Kalubula, 2018). The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and

practice about risk factors and treatment of prostate cancer among male patients

attending the urology clinic at Ndola Teaching Hospital (NTH). The general objective

of this study is to assess knowledge, attitude and practice about risk factors, screening

and treatment of prostate cancer among adult male patients attending the urology

clinic at Ndola Teaching Hospital (NTH).

Methodology

This study will be a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study where a structured

questionnaire will be used which will elicit information from the selected participants

with the view of assessing the knowledge and attitude of male patients towards

prostate cancer screening. The study will target admitted male patients attending the

urology clinic at NTH. Data to be collected will include age, demographics of

participant’s knowledge about prostate cancer, knowledge and attitude and knowledge

and practice. A total of 384 study participants will be enrolled into the study. Data will

be analyzed in SPS software.

Keywords: prostate cancer, knowledge, attitude, practice.

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My sincere gratitude and appreciation go to the almighty GOD for the strength and

courage to carry on this task. I would also like to recognize the tireless efforts,

guidance, and mentorship rendered to me by my supervisor Prof V Mwanakasale for

seeing to it that I take the necessary steps in coming up with a sound and productive

research topic. Not forgetting the Copperbelt University Management for the help they

invested both directly and indirectly in terms of materials, knowledge and parental

guidance. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the Chilembo family,

Mrs. Sarah Chilembo and Irene Chilembo for the ideas and condiments to this

research. Lastly, my gratitude goes to my family, friends and roommates for their

moral support which proved to be fruitful to the thoughts of this research.

iii
Table of Contents

DECLARATION FORM...............................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE...................................................................................................................................1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.............................................................................................2
1.3 RATIONALE/ JUSTIFICATION....................................................................................................2
1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................................3
Global perspective..............................................................................................................................3
1.4.1 Regional Perspective.....................................................................................................................4
1.4.2 National Perspective......................................................................................................................5
1.5 OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................................6
1.5.1 General Objectives........................................................................................................................6
1.5.2 Specific Objectives........................................................................................................................6
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................................................................6
1.7 MEASUREMENT............................................................................................................................6
1.7.1 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ACCORDING TO THIS STUDY.............................................6
1.7.2 MEASUREMENT SCALE...........................................................................................................7
1.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.....................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................................................9
2.0 METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................9
Study site................................................................................................................................................9
Target population...................................................................................................................................9
Study design...........................................................................................................................................9
Sample size............................................................................................................................................9
TABLE 1. O Sampling components.....................................................................................................10
Sampling procedure..............................................................................................................................11
Inclusion criteria...................................................................................................................................11
Exclusion criteria..................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Plan for data collection...................................................................................................................11

iv
2.1.2 Data Management........................................................................................................................11
2.2 Plan for Data Analysis....................................................................................................................11
2.3 Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................................................11
2.4 Study Limitation.............................................................................................................................12
References............................................................................................................................................13
APPENDIX..........................................................................................................................................15
1.0 Budget......................................................................................................................................15
2.0 INFORMATION SHEET...............................................................................................................16
2.0 RESPONDENT’S CONSENT FORM.....................................................................................18
3.0 QUESTIONNAIRE..................................................................................................................19
2.4 ACTION PLAN.............................................................................................................................21

v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

 DRE Digital Rectal Examination

 PSA Prostate Specific Antigen

 ACS American Cancer Society

 NTH Ndola Teaching Hospital

vi
Vi
CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Prostate cancer also called prostate adenocarcinoma is cancer that occurs in the prostate

gland. The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland in males that produces the seminal

fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. It is located inferior to the bladder and

anterior to the rectum. It surrounds the urethra. The urethra is a tube that carries urine

from the bladder out through the penis. This is why men with an enlarged prostate have

difficulty urinating.

Prostate cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths for men in the U.S.A.

According to the American Cancer Society’s estimates for prostate cancer in the United

States for 2021, about 1 in 9 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their

lifetime, with 248,530 new cases and about 34,130 deaths from prostate cancer. Thus,

represented the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide with 1,111,700 new

cases of prostate cancer diagnosed and 307,500 deaths in 2012.

In Europe in 2012, according to the population-based cancer registries (CR), there were

400,364 new cases and regarding mortality, there were 92,328 deaths. In 2015, it was

estimated that 3,037,127 Italians had been previously diagnosed with cancer and

398,708 were previously diagnosed with prostate cancer.

1
Prostate cancer is the number one cancer in males in Africa, both in terms of incidence

and mortality, accounting for 40,000 (13%) male cancers and 28,000 (11%) male

cancer-associated deaths. In the developed world, the probability of being diagnosed

with cancer is more than twice as high as in developing countries. In developing

countries, most cancer victims are diagnosed at a late stage, with incurable tumours,

pointing to the need for education schemes and better detection programs.

Zambia is not an exception to this global trend. It has one of the highest cases of

prostate cancer both by incidence and morbidity.

Possible causes of prostate cancer are unclear although increasing age, race and

previous family history of the disease are known risk factors. All men are at risk for

prostate cancer, but African-American men are more likely to get prostate cancer, for

some men, genetic factors may put them at risk for prostate cancer. It has a high

incidence in men above the age of 50. Most prostate cancers (89%) are found when

the disease is in only the prostate and nearby organs. This is referred to as the local or

regional stage. The 5-year survival rate for most people with local or regional prostate

cancer is nearly 100%. For people diagnosed with prostate cancer that has spread to

other parts of the body, the 5-year survival rate is 30%. (Cancer Facts and Figures,

2021).

The two most common tests done to screen for prostate cancer are the Digital Rectal

Examination (DRE) and the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test. Understanding the

attitude of patients towards prostate cancer and how it affects screening and treatment

is important for physicians and public health practitioners as this information clarifies

existing knowledge and provides valuable information for the design of public health
2
programs to reduce the disease burden of prostate cancer. Thus, this study seeks to

assess the knowledge, attitude and practice about risk factors and treatment of prostate

cancer among male patients attending the urology clinic at Ndola Teaching Hospital

(NTH).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Prostate cancer has been the second most prevalent cancer and number one cancer in

Zambian men with a standardized incidence rate of 60.3 per 100,000 male Patients.

Mortality is relatively much higher in third-world countries like Zambia due to a lack

of awareness of the risk factors and screening for prostate cancer. Treatment is

possible if the diagnosis is made early.

According to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society’s (ACS)

publication, Cancer Facts and Figures 2021, and the ACS website, the Prostate cancer

incidence rate rose sharply in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to increased

screening with the PSA test. But from 2013 and 2017, incidence rates have stayed

steady. Around 60% of cases are diagnosed in men aged 65 or older. The disease

rarely occurs in those younger than 40. The number of new cases diagnosed in black

men is nearly 80% higher than the number of new cases diagnosed in white men.

1.3 RATIONALE/ JUSTIFICATION

Seeing that similar research studies had been conducted in line with the assessment of

knowledge, attitude and practice towards prostate cancer. These studies were more

concerned about patients/ men’s views towards prostate cancer and prostate cancer

screening. With the literature being reviewed, no standing detail has been made on

3
assessing men’s knowledge, attitude and practice about risk factors and treatment for

prostate cancer. This is the gap of interest this research is trying to tackle and bring to

the attention of physicians’ and public health units.

Treatment of prostate cancer is dependent on its stage. Treatment should begin if the

results of the tests done during active surveillance (watchful waiting) show signs of

the cancer becoming more aggressive or spreading, if the cancer causes pain, or if the

cancer blocks the urinary tract. (Cancer.Net Editorial Board, 09/2020). Therefore, this

study aims at determining people’s knowledge and practice about risk factors and

treatment which are the core for the progression of prostate cancer.

This study will help improve the health system with knowledge about people’s

attitudes about the risk factors and treatment of prostate cancer and will strive to

involve the community in the awareness of this prevalent and morbid disease. This

will broaden the physician's view on various strategies to use to help reduce the

continuously escalating demographics of people with low knowledge of prostate

cancer screening, risk factors and treatment which will eventually change the statistics.

It will also show the associations of the mentioned characteristics with the prevalence

of prostate cancer in males. Further, this study will help to come up with ideas and

concepts that will lessen the burden of disease

1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

This section contains reviews on various related research literature and scholarly

written articles concerning the Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice

4
towards prostate cancer. The review highlights descriptions of prostate cancer,

summaries of research studies, critical evaluation of methodology and results obtained

from studies in multiple research areas. It also summarizes global perspectives and

narrows them down to Zambian perspectives.

Global perspective

Prostate cancer is characterized by both physical and psychological symptoms. Early-

stage prostate cancer is usually asymptomatic. More advanced disease has similar

symptoms with benign prostate conditions such as weak or interrupted urine flow,

hesitancy, frequency, nocturia, hematuria or dysuria. Late-stage prostate cancer

commonly spreads to bones and causes pain in the hips, spine or ribs [4]. The

commonly used screening methods for prostate cancer are digital rectal examination

(DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests. (Gift et al. Afr J Urol, 2020).

A study was conducted in Italy, and the study aimed to evaluate the knowledge,

attitudes and behaviours towards prostate cancer and its prevention. A cross-sectional

survey was conducted on a random sample of 625 fathers of students attending eight

public schools. The self-administered questionnaire included questions on Socio-

demographic characteristics, personal and familiar medical history of prostate cancer,

Knowledge about prostate cancer and the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test,

perception of risk towards prostate cancer, perception of the benefits of having a PSA

test, willingness to receive the PSA-test and sources of and needs of information

regarding prostate cancer and the PSA-test (Morlando M, Pelullo CP, DiGiuseppe G

(2017) outlined the findings of this study, according to their results 72.7% of

respondents had heard about the PSA-test and 51.1% of those had heard about it

5
through their physicians. This knowledge was higher: in men with older age, in those

who had a higher level of education, in those who had a relative with prostrate

problems or prostate cancer and in those with prostate problems. Perceived personal

risk of contracting prostate cancer was associated with a higher level of education, in

those who had received information about prostate cancer from a physician and in

those with prostate problems. Only 29.6% of men had undergone a PSA test and

59.4% were willing to do so in the future. The significant predictors of the willingness

to receive a PSA test were the belief that the PSA test was useful, the perception of not

very good personal health status, and the need for additional information about the

PSA test (Morlando M, Pelullo CP, DiGiuseppe G (2017) concluded their research by

stating that Respondents had moderate knowledge about prostate cancer and a good

propensity to undergo the PSA-test. “Therefore, it would be necessary to increase

information on the risks.”

1.4.1 Regional Perspective

Several researches were conducted in the region. A certain research was done among

Ugandan men in 2013. “This study assessed the current knowledge, attitudes and

practices of adult Ugandan men regarding prostate cancer.” (H. Nakandi et al, 2013).

They conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using interviewer-administered

questionnaires and focus group discussions among 545 adult men aged 18–71 years,

residing in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. Quantitative data were analyzed with

SPSS version 20. Qualitative data were collected using audio-recorded focus group

discussions, transcribed and analyzed by clustering into themes.

6
In their results the majority of the respondents (324, 59.4%) were aged 18–28 years,

295 (54.1%) had heard about prostate cancer and 250 (45.9%) had never heard about

it. The commonest source of information about prostate cancer was the mass media.

Only 12.5% of the respondents obtained information about prostate cancer from a

health worker, 37.4% did not know the age group that prostate cancer affects and

50.2% could not identify any risk factor for prostate cancer. Participants in the focus

group discussions confused prostate cancer with gonorrhea and had various

misconceptions about the causes of prostate cancer. Only 10.3% of the respondents

had good knowledge of the symptoms of prostate cancer and only 9% knew about

serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Although 63.5% thought they were

susceptible to prostate cancer, only 22.9% considered undergoing a serum prostate-

specific antigen 9(PSA) testing and only 3.5% had ever undergone a serum PSA test.

In conclusion, there was generally poor knowledge and several misconceptions

regarding prostate cancer and screening in the study population. Community-based

health education programs about prostate cancer are greatly needed for this

population.

In addition, a similar study design in Johannesburg, South Africa was undertaken. The

study aimed to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of men living in

Muldersdrift, South Africa, concerning prostate cancer. The setting was Ward 23,

commonly known as Video, a resource-poor area, in Muldersdrift. A door-to-door

survey was conducted. The convenience sampling method was used on a sample size

of n=183. Data were collected using structured interviews and a questionnaire served

as the data collection instrument. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics

7
and the Fisher’s Exact Test was used to calculate statistically significant differences

between the variables. Of the sample (n=183) about half were above the age of 70

years (48.1%; n=88), mean of 52.4, SD ±9.5 and median 50. Over a third of

respondents were from the Tswana cultural group (36.6%; n=67) and the highest

percentage never went to school (30.1%; n=55).

The majority of respondents (90.2%; n=165) had never heard of

prostate cancer and only 9.8% (n=18) had ever heard of the disease.

When calculating the overall knowledge about prostate cancer, all

respondents (n=183) scored between 0 and 49% (equates with low).

The majority of the respondents (72.0%; n=132) had a positive attitude

towards prostate cancer. Out of the 10 answers considered to be

positive practices, approximately two-thirds of the respondents (60.7%;

n=111) responded positively to two questions only. (Bontshwanetse

Baaitse, 2018).

The author further concluded that the study provided evidence that the men living in

the study setting had limited knowledge of prostate cancer. “However, they presented

with a positive attitude regarding prostate cancer, and high percentages were ready to

perform prostate cancer screening and to learn about the disease.” (Bontshwanetse

Baaitse, 2018).

8
1.4.2 National Perspective

In Zambia, this was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study aimed at

assessing knowledge, practice and attitude towards prostate cancer screening among

male patients aged 40 years and above at Kitwe Teaching Hospital, Zambia.

A total of 200 men took part in the study (response rate = 100%). Of the 200

respondents, 67 (33.5%) had heard about prostate cancer and 58 (29%) expressed

knowledge of prostate cancer out of which 37 (63.8%) had low knowledge. Twenty-

six participants (13%) were screened for prostate cancer in the last 2 years. 98.5% of

the participants had a positive attitude towards prostate cancer screening. Binary

logistic regression results showed that advanced age (p = 0.017), having secondary or

tertiary education (p = 0.041), increased knowledge (p = 0.023) and family history of

cancer (p = 0.003) increased prostate cancer screening practice. After multivariate

analysis, participants with increased knowledge (p = 0.001) and a family history of

cancer (p = 0.002) were more likely to practice prostate cancer screening. (Sakala Gift,

2020).

The study revealed low knowledge of prostate cancer, low prostate cancer screening

practice and positive attitudes of men towards prostate cancer screening. “These

findings indicate a need for increased public sensitization campaigns on prostate

cancer and its screening tests to improve public understanding about the disease with

the aim of early detection”. (Sakala G and Kasongo N, 2020).

9
1.5 OBJECTIVES

1.5.1 General Objective

To assess knowledge, attitude and practice about risk factors, screening and treatment

of prostate cancer among adult male patients attending urology clinic at Ndola

Teaching Hospital (NTH).

1.5.2 Specific Objectives

1. To determine the knowledge about risk factors, screening and treatment of prostate

cancer

2. To establish the attitude towards risk factors, screening and treatment

3. To determine the practice of risk factors, prostate cancer screening and treatment

among the participants

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What is the significant association between knowledge and prostate cancer

screening and treatment? What are some of the perceptions about prostate cancer

screening? What are some of the practices among participants to prostate cancer

screening and treatment?

10
1.7 MEASUREMENT

1.7.1 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ACCORDING TO THIS

STUDY

Male patients – Those older than 40 years

Level of education – Primary, Secondary or Tertiary education

Prostate cancer screening – Tests used to detect prostate cancer. It can be PSA or

DRE

Treatment – methods of curing prostate cancer. I.e. active surveillance, surgery,

chemotherapy etc.

Attitude – Perceptions of patients towards prostate cancer.

Knowledge: patients' understanding of prostate cancer screening and risk factors.

11
1.7.2 MEASUREMENT SCALE

TYPE OF MEASUREMENT CATEGORY SCALE

VARIABLE

dependent Knowledge Ordinal

Dependent Practice Nominal

Dependent Attitude Nominal

Extraneous Race Nominal

Extraneous Genetic factors Nominal

Extraneous Income Ratio

Intervening Extent of sensitization from; Ordinal

 Media (TV, radio etc.)

 Doctor
 Public health intervention

Independent Education level Ordinal

Independent Age Ratio

12
 Independent Religion Nominal

1.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
 Race
 Genetic factors
 Income


INTERVENING VARIABLES
Extent of sensitization
from media, doctors and
public health services.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
 Age
 Education level  Knowledge
 Cultural group  Attitude
 Religion  Practice

13
 Fig 1.0. Schematic of a conceptual framework
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 METHODOLOGY

Study site

NTH in Ndola, Copperbelt province of Zambia. NTH also called Ndola Central Hospital

has a bed capacity of 851 beds and 97 baby cots. It is the second-largest health institution

in Zambia. It is a referral Centre for the northern part of the country.

Target population

This study focuses on male patients older than the age of 40 attending urology clinics at

NTH. The population is a choice for this study because one of the major risk factors of

prostate cancer is an older age and symptoms present mostly as urinary problems.

Study design

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that utilizes a structured questionnaire to

collect data from the study participants.

Sample size

The sample size will be ascertained using the ‘Statcalc’ function of Epi Info Version 7.

The following formula will be used to determine the required sample size using the

statistical program in Epi Info Version 7.

14
n (sample size)= Z21-a/2 P(1-P

e2

TABLE 1. O Sampling components

INDICATORS INFORMATION

1. Estimated prevalence of indicator/Frequency 50% ( as of no

(P) estimates)

2. Level of confidence (α) 95%

3. Z-score corresponding to the degree of 1.96

confidence (Zα)

4. Confidence limit (е) 5%

Required minimum Sample Size (n) 202

n= (1.96)2(0.5) (0.5), taking P as 50%

(0.05)

Therefore, the sample size is 384.

15
Sampling procedure

The sampling procedure which will be employed in this study is the Simple Random

Sampling (SRS) probability sampling. This sampling technique is easy to use, and

cost-effective and also the level of accuracy will be increased. In addition, with this

technique, the rate of acquiring information is efficient.

Inclusion criteria

 Male patients attending the urology clinic at NTH

 Male patients willing to give written consent

Exclusion criteria

 Male patients attending clinics other than the urology clinic

 Male patients not willing to give written consent

2.1 Plan for data collection

 Data will be collected through a questionnaire that will be administered to the

study participants.

 First, permission will be requested from the senior medical supretendant.

16
  In the urology clinic, the objectives of the study will be explained to the

patients and then, written informed consent will be acquired from male patients

before they are admitted to the clinic.

 The questionnaire which will cover aspects of knowledge, attitude and practice

about risk factors, screening and treatment of prostate cancer will be

administered to the patient.

 Participants will be enrolled utilizing a well-structured questionnaire as shown

in “Appendix 3.0”.

 The questionnaire will cover aspects of knowledge, attitude and practice about

risk factors, screening and treatment of prostate cancer.

 It will also collect data on family history of cancer, age and level of education.

 Translations to the questionnaire will be done from English to a suitable local

language according to the participant’s preference. The responses will be

recorded as given by the participants.

2.1.2 Data management

Data collected during the study will be checked for completeness and double-entered

into the Epi Info version 7 software. Frequency tables and graphs will be generated for

relevant variables (Gift et al, 2020). The data will be analyzed using Statistical

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.

2.2 Plan for Data Analysis

Data will be analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.

17
2.3 Ethical consideration

An ethical clearance will be obtained from the Copperbelt University- Biomedical

Research Ethics Committee (CBU-BREC). Management at Ndola Teaching Hospital

will be assured that confidentiality will not be breached and that the data obtained in

the study will not be used for any other purpose besides that specified in the study

protocol. Informed and written consent will be obtained from participants. During data

collection, no identifying images or other personal or clinical details of participants

will be collected. They will be treated with the utmost respect and dignity and their

privacy rights and confidentiality will not be violated at any point.

2.4 Study limitation

The generalizability of the findings of this study must be done with caution since this

will be a hospital-based study. There is thus a need for more studies to be done in

other institutions such as universities and colleges, urban and rural communities,

district, general, central and other teaching hospitals to have comprehensive

knowledge. In addition, certain aspects of knowledge are not assessed, for example,

that prostate cancer can present without symptoms. As such, the study findings were

limited to comparisons with studies that also did not assess the asymptomatic

presentation of prostate cancer.

18
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Adibe MO, Oyine DA, Abdulmuminu I, Chibueze A (2017) Knowledge, attitudes and
perceptions of prostate cancer among male staff of the University of Nigeria. Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 18(7):1961–1966
Ebuechi OM, Otumu IU (2011) Prostate screening practices among male staff of the
University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. Afr J Urol 17(4):122–134

APPENDIX

1.0 Budget

ITEM QTY UNIT PRICE TOTAL

(ZMK) PRICE (ZMK)

Rim of plain paper 2 80 160

Pens/ pencils 3 5 15

Transport 400 400

Interpreter/ assistant 2 500 1000

Printing & Binding 25 3 75

proposal per page

Typing & printing 1 80 80

Report

Photocopying of 300 300

questionnaire/

Consent

Food allowance 500 500

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 TOTAL 2,530

2.0 INFORMATION SHEET

RESEARCH TITLE: Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice about risk

factors, screening and treatment of prostate cancer among male patients attending

urology clinic at Ndola Teaching Hospital (NTH).

LEAD RESEARCHER: EXSAVIOR C BAKASA

LOCALITY: Urology clinic at Ndola Teaching Hospital (NTH).

INTRODUCTION

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

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This study is aimed at determining the knowledge, attitude and practice about the risk

factors, screening and treatment of prostate cancer among male patients attending

urology clinic at Ndola Teaching Hospital (NTH). The study also aims at highlighting

the demographics of participants and knowledge of prostate cancer, attitudes and

practice towards prostate cancer screening and/ or treatment.

You are therefore asked to take part in a research study to determine the knowledge,

attitude and practice towards prostate cancer screening and treatment. The research

has been approved by the Copperbelt University School of Medicine as well as the

school administration.

In this study, you will be asked to respond to the questions in the questionnaire

regarding your personal information and social life.

TIME COMMITMENT

The study will typically take 10 minutes only.

CONFIDENTIALITY/ ANONYMITY

The data collected will be treated with confidentiality and will not be used for any

other purpose other than those specified in the objectives. No one will link the data

you provided to the identifying information you supplied.

PARTICIPANT’S RIGHTS

You may decide to stop being a part of the research study at any time without

explanation. You have the right to ask that any data you have supplied to that point be

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withdrawn or destroyed. You also have the right to omit or refuse to answer or

respond to any question that is asked of you as appropriate and without penalty. You

have the right to have your questions about the procedures answered (unless

answering these questions would interfere with the study’s outcome). If you have any

questions as a result of reading this information sheet, you should ask the researcher

before the study begins.

BENEFITS AND RISKS.

There are no known risks for you in this study. Beneficial privileges of the study

include being enlightened about prostate cancer screening, risk factors and treatment.

COST, REIMBURSEMENT AND COMPENSATION.

Your participation in this study is voluntary. No credit will be given in return for your

participation.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

If you have any concerns, I will be glad to answer your questions about this study at

any time. You may reach me at this email address: exsaviorc5090@gmail.com

Or contact me on +260967250856. If you want to find out about the final results of

this study, you should contact the HOD for Public Health Unity, CBU-SOM.

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2.0 RESPONDENT’S CONSENT FORM

CONSENT FORM

I……………………………………………………… have read and understood the

terms and conditions of this study and I hereby agree to participate in the above-

described research study. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I

may withdraw at any point in time. As a participant in this project, my signature or

thumbprint testifies that I understand the consent process and management of

confidentiality as indicated above.

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 Signature of Research Participant: ………………………….…………….

Date……………….......

Thumbprint of Research Participant: .........................................................

Name and Signature of Witness: …………………………. /…………….

Date……………….

Name and Signature of researcher………………………/…………….….

Date……………….

3.0 QUESTIONNAIRE

Topic: assessment of knowledge, practice and attitude towards prostate cancer

screening, risk factors and treatment among male patients attending urology clinic at

Ndola Teaching Hospital (NTH).

NAME OF INTERVIEWER: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SERIAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANT: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DATE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section A: Demographic Characteristics

Instruction: Please, tick as appropriate.

1. Age: …………..…years

2. Marital status: Single [] Married [] Divorced [] Separated []

3. Religion: Christian [] Muslim [] Traditional []

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4. Educational level: Primary [] Secondary [] Tertiary []

No formal education []

5. Occupation: Trader [] Civil servant [] Taxi driver []

Businessman [] Electrician [] Mechanic [] Barber [] Other

(Please specify)

Section B: family history of cancer

6. Does anyone in your family have cancer? Yes [] No []

If Yes

i) What type of cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ii) What is their relation to you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Has anyone in your family died of Cancer Yes [] No []

If Yes,

i) What type of cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ii) What is their relation to you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …...

Section C: Knowledge

8. Have you heard of prostate cancer before: Yes [] No []

If Yes,

i) Where did you hear it from Friends [] Read about it [] TV [] Radio [] Doctor []

Nurse [] Relative []

ii) Which gender does prostate cancer affect Men only []

Women only [] both men and women [] I do not know []

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iii) Which of the following factors could make a person more likely to develop

prostate cancer? Please tick as many as possible

a) Family history of the disease [] b) Drinking alcohol

[] c) Age [] d) Exercise [] e) Diet [] f) Smoking []

9. Do you know the symptoms of prostate cancer Yes [] No []

If yes, what are they? Tick as many as possible. a)

Excessive urination at night [] b) Headache [] c) blood in urine [] d) High temperature

[] e) Bone pain [] f) Painful sex [] g) Loss of sex drive [] h) Infertility [] i) Cough []

10. Is prostate cancer preventable Yes [] No [] I do not know []

If yes,

a) How can it be prevented? Genital hygiene [] regular screening [] condom use [] use

of the right diet [] avoiding many sexual partners []

11. Is prostate cancer curable Yes [] No [] I don’t know []

12. Do you know any method of prostate cancer treatment? Yes [] No [] I don’t know

[]

Section E: attitude towards prostate cancer screening

14. Prostate cancer screening is good Yes [] No []

15. Going for prostate cancer screening is a waste of time Yes [] No []

16. Prostate cancer screening has side effects that can cause harmful effects to the

body Yes [] No []

17. Do think any diagnosis will lead to early treatment and survival? Yes [] No [] I

don’t know []

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Section D: practice

12. Have you been screened for prostate cancer within the last two years? Yes [] No []

If yes,

a) Which method was used Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

[] Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) [] I do not know []

b) What was the outcome of the screening? Positive []

Negative []

13. Do you have any intention of getting screened shortly? Yes [] No [] I don’t know

[]

Thank you.

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2.4 ACTION PLAN

The task to be performed APRIL MAY AUGUST DECEMBER/MAY

2021 2023 2023 2023/2024

Present draft to
supervisor

Present the complete

research proposal

Ethical approval

Data collection

Data entry

Data analysis

Report writing

Submission of report

30