NGUYEN QUOC HUNG, M.A. HUGNG DAN KY THUAT BIEN DICH ANH - VIET VIET - ANH TRANSLATION ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE VIETNAMESE - ENGLISH (Ti ban lan thit I c6 sita chifa va bé sung) NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA SAI GON - 2007MUC LUC Unit 1: Landscape (Cah quan van héa) Translation techniques: Ambiguous translation (Cau dich mo hd) Unit 2: Diéu Linh Translation techniques: The intention of the author (Thé hién ¥ dé clia téc gid).... 36 Unit 3: The Thorn Birds (Tiéng chim hot trong bui man gai) Translation techniques: Word for word translation (Dich tiing ttt) .. 1 44 Unit 4: Communication Giao tiép) Translation techniques: Emphasis (L6i ndi nhéin manh)... 5) Unit 5: Dinh lang Viét Nam Translation techniques: Translation of cultural terms (Dich thuat ngif ndi ham van hod Viét). Unit 6: Environmental Problems: Garbage and Dust (Nhitng vain dé vé moi truing: Réc thai va Bui) Translation techniques: Traps (Sa bay). Unit 7: Cultures are different (Cac nén van héa déu khéc nhau) Translation techniques: SL interference (Su can thiép ciia ng6n ngif nguén)....80 Unit 8: Original man came from the sea (Loai nguéi bat nguén tir bién) Translation techniques: Passive form-1 (Dang bi dOng - 1 88 Unit 9: Small World (Thé gidi cla cOng cy vi tiéu) ‘Translation techniques: Synonyms (Tit ddng nghia) 1. 95 Unit 10: Report: Information Services, Fashion Design, JOLT, World Book Day (Béo céo: Dich vu théng tin, Thiét ké thdi trang, Jolt. Ngay doc sch thé gidi) Translation techniques: Sty!es-1 (Van phong - 1). 103Unit 11: British Cinema (Nén dién anh Anh) Translation techniques: Cultural features (Dc thi vin héa).... Unit 12: The Panda’s Last Chance (Co hi cudi cing cila gau trtic) Translation techniques: Collocation -1 (Két hdp ti -1). Unit 13: Underground Cities (Nhting thanh ph6 dudi long dat) Translation techniques: Collocation-2 (Két hdp tit-2 Unit 14: Genetically Modified Food (Thuc phém bién déi gen) Translation techniques: Passive form-2 (Dang bi d6ng-2)... Unit 15: Novels in English (Tiéu thuyét viét bing tiéng Anh) Translation techniques: Word & Concept (Ti va khdi niém)... Unit 16: Space Travel and Health (Du hanh vii try va sttc khée) Translation techniques: Collocation-3 (Két hgp tit-3).. Unit 17: Dogs: A Love Story (Ché: Cau chuyén tinh thugng) Translation techniques: Using a dictionary (Sit dung ty dién).. Unit 18: Endless Love (M6i tinh bat tan) ‘Translation techniques: English ways of expressing ideas (Cach dién dat cia nguéi Anh) . Unit 19: Slaves of the Screen (N6 Ié cia man hinh) Translation techniques: Styles-2 (Vin phong-2).... Unit 20: English Poems (Tho Anh) Translation techniques: Poetry translation (Dich tho)... Unit 21: Sunday Morning at Granny’s (Ngay Chi nhat 6 nha ba) Translation techniques: Literary translation (Dich van hoc).. Unit 22: Christmas (Mila Gidng sinh) Translation techniques: English humour (Dich truyén cui ciia ngudi Anh)...... 239 Unit 23: Virtual Reality (Thue tai ao) Translation techniques: Academic texts (Van phong khoa hgc)... Unit 24: Snakes and Man (Rén va con ngudi) Translation techniques: Paraphrase (Dich sit dung ngif giai thich) .. Passages for translation into Vietnamese...LOI CAM ON ‘Toi xin thnh that c4m dn Nha xuat ban Oxford Australia d4 cho phép t6i sit dung mOt sO tu ligu trong hai cu6n sdch: IELTS Preparation and Practice: Practice Tests by Wendy Sahanaya & Teri Hughes; JELTS Preparation and Practice: Reading and Writing by Vladamir Pejovic & Michael Nicklin , va IELTS Practice Tests by Peter May. Trong qué tinh sit dung tai ligu nay 4 day thit nghiém chting t6i nhan duge nhiéu ¥ kin héi Am cia cdc ban déng nghiép va sinh vién, T6i xin thanh that cdm on. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Towe a great debt to Oxford University Press Australia who permit me to repro- duce some texts from JELTS Preparation and Practice: Practice Tests by Wendy Sahanaya & Terri Hughes and from JELTS Preparation and Practice: Reading and Writing by Vladamir Pejovic & Michael Nicklin , and JELTS Practice Tests by Peter May In the process of field testing the manuscript I received much helpful feedback from my colleagues and students whom I wish to acknowledge.DE DAN DICH L@ MOT NGHE NGHI€P (TRANSLATION IS A CRAFT) Rai néi dén “dich” (translation), Roman Jacobson (On Linguistic Aspects of Translation) phan biét ba loai dich: (1) dich ndi ngit (intralingual translation), tic 1a sidi thuyét ky hiéu Idi ndi nay bing ky higu Idi n6i khéc ciia cing mot ng6n ngit, (2) dich ngoai ngtt (interlingual translation/translation proper), tic la gidi thuyét ky hiéu Idi néi cia ngon ngif nay bing ky hiéu ciia mét ngOn ngif khéc, va (3) dich ky ty, hode sf chuyén d6i ky tu (intersemiotic translation/transmutation), tic la sit gidi thuyét ky higu ngOn ngo thanh Ii (verbal signs) bing ky higu ngOn ngif khéng thanh loi (non- verbal sign systems). Trong quyén séch nay chting toi chi han ché 6 loai hinh thi hai: dich ngoai ngtt, va chting t6i goi chung 1a dich (translation). Vé linh vue nay, Peter Newmark 4a dinh ngbiia nhu sau: “Dich la mét nghé nghiép bao ham hoat d6ng thay thé’ mét thong diép bang chit va/hodc mét bdn tudng thudt cia ngén ngit nay bang mét thing diép va/hodc ban tudng thudt gidng nhw thé cia mot ngon ngit khdc.” (Peter Newmark: 7) Nhitng ngudi ngodi gidi ng6n ngit vA ngoai nei thudng ngd nhan ring biét (gidi) mOt ngoai ngif 1A c6 thé dich (gidi) duge. Thyc ra biét mot ngoai ngif 14 c6 duge mot nang lve sit dung ting trong giao tiép (communicative competence). N6 bao gdm ky nang nghe, ndi, doc, viét bing thi tiéng muc tiéu dy. Naing lc ng6n ngit chula phai la nang Itc dich. Nhiéu ngudi khi hoc doc (learn to read) thudng tim cach dich bai viet bing ting muc tiéu ra tiéng me dé dé “hiéu”, hodc khi hoc viét lun thudng viet bing ti€ng me dé r6i dich sang tiéng nuéc ngoai. Diing vé phucng phap hoc ngoai ngtt nhu thé la sai lm. N6 cdn trd nang luc hiéu truc tiép, hay n6i w..ch khéc né 1a vat can trén con duting tién ti tu duy bing ngoai ngif khi sit dung ngoai ngit. Bung vé mat dich thuat, nhy thé Ia khéng chudn xdc. Van ban dich (miéng hogc viét) theo kiéu ay chi la nhiing ti ghép lai vi nhau mot céch ling ciing, c6 khi boc 16 nghia ating, 6 khi bop méo ni dung théng diép. Chang thé ma cé hoc sinh khi 1am bai tap viét luan tiéng ‘Anh da viét bing tiéng Viét réi ty minh chuyén sang tiéng Anh, dan dén nhitng cau nhu “my village is small small, stays around a river” a€ din t& ¥ “lang t6i nho nhéd, 6 ven song”.Quy trinh dao tao mét ngudi dich (translator / interpreter) bao gém hai giai doan: (a) giai doan hinh thanh nang Ive sit dung tiéng (vi du: d&o tao cif nhan tiéng Anh’ Viét Nam), va (b) giai doan dao tao niing luc dich. Nhu vay diém két thtic cia quy trinh d4o tao ngoai ngif la diém bat dau cia quy trinh dao tao dich. Nang luc dich ddi héi nguéi dich khong nhiing gidi ngoai ngit ma cdn phai dude hudn luyén vé cdc k¥ thuat dich, dich néi va dich viét. C6 lan, mét ngudi phién dich cho mét hi thdo vé ung thu. Ngudi noi 1a mot bac si ngudi Anh, ngudi nghe 1a nhiing bac si ngudi Viet biét iéng Phap. Sau nam phiit dau, ngudi dich biét rang minh rat thiéu tit chuyén m6n. Anh ta nhé dén mot ky thuat da dugc hudn luyén nén ty gidi thoat bing cach dé nghi véi thinh gid: “Thwa cdc bac Si, t6i khOng biét nhiéu ti’ chuyén mén. Vy khi vi khdch Anh ding ti chuyén nganh nao thi tdi chuyén tir ay sang tiéng Phép, va khi cdc bac si phat biéu thi xin ctf phat am nhitng tif chuyén nganh bing tiéng Php, t0i sé chuyén né sang tiéng Anh, ding qua tiéng Viét”. Thyc ra néu thong qua tiéng Viét, ngudi dich khéng tim dude tir chuyén nganh tuong duong vi khong cé kién thie y hoc chuyén nganh. Anh ta da khon khéo ding ky thuat “transcription” (phién 4m), Vi du: tiv nao c6 4m cuéi 1a /-idn/ thi chuyén am thanh /-San/, ho&c / -até / thi chuyén thanh /-eit/, v.v. va ngugc lai. Trong ly thuyét dich, ky thuat nay ciing nhu ky thuat chuyén ma (code switching) dutge phép sit dung khi ngu®i dich va thinh gid (hodc ngudi dich va ngudi ndi) c6 cing chung mét phuong tién giao tiép thtf ba (the third medium). Vi du: nay c6 thé minh hoa mét diéu ring nhifng ngu®i biét ngoai ngi nhung’khéng dude dao tao vé ky thuat dich thi kha nang thanh cng trong dich thuat 1a diéu hiém hoi. Cau dinh nghia cla Peter Newmark 6 trén mang m6t ham rt 1én. Khi chuyén mot thong diép tir ng6n ngiv nay sang ng6n ngi khéc ngudi dich vap phai rat nhiéu kh khan. Peter Newmark (1984:7) dé cp dén b6n kh6 khan chinh: MOt la, tit nhting tinh hung trung tinh (neutral situation) hoic khéng mang dic thd quée gia (non-national ground), Vi du: niu nghién cifu toan hoc, mét miéu ta thi nghiém y hoc, v.v..., cn thi viée dich bao gid cling mat nghia (Joss of meaning). Nghé dich hudn luyén ngu®i dich thuéng phai tay tinh hung, vn cdnh ma chon lifa hodc 1A phién am (transcribing) tii/nh6m ty tiéng nuéc ngoai sang ban ngit, mot ky thuat hay ‘duigc ding Khi dich tén riéng Vi dy: Somerset Maugham = Som-sét Mom, hodc dich tiing ti vi trong ngén ngif ngudn khong cé khdi niém dy (translating) Vi du: environ- mental friendly = than m6i trudng, hodc thay thé bing mdt den vi tudng duong c6 trong nén vin hod ctia ngudi dich (replacement) vi du: ché cli vé ring = carry coals to Newcastle, hoc bién mét tit phai dich thinh mét tit vay mugn (borrowing) vi du: snooker —-> mén sntic-cd, hoac collect call —-> c6-léch cén, cudc goi dién thoai ma ngudi nhan tr tién, hodc dich theo kiéu dinh nghia (defining) vi du: stakeholder = 10nhiing d6i tugng c6 quan tam dén va duge quan tam dén ciia mOt dy dn. Hai la, phan 16n céc ng6n ngtt déu khéc nhau vé cdc hé théng tit vung, ngtt phép va ngit 4m. Peter Newmark néu ra bén binh dién khéc biét 4é minh hoa ring rat hiém hi 06 suf tudng ducng hoan toan di cp 46 ty hay nh6m ti hay cau gitfa hai ngOn ngit: (1) formality, (2) feeling of affectivity, (3) generality or abstraction, va (4) evalu- ation. (Chi tiét xem Newmark, 1969). Bala, céch sit dung ng6n ngi ciia rigudi ndi/viét va ngudi dich khong ddng nhat. ‘Thong thutding téc gid ndo cling mang mau sic c4 bit (idiosyncrasy) trong viée sit dung ti, va thing hay gén “y d6 cd nhan” cia minh trong sif dung tw. Piéu nay lam cho ngudi dich rat ling ting. (Chi tiét xem Newmark, 1984:8) Bon Ia, ngudi dich va ngudi n6i/viét thudng khéc nhau vé quan diém ngi nghia cfing nu cdc gid tri ngon ngit. Ngudi dich thuting hay 1am cho ban dich ctia minh “cd mau sic” hon ban géc, tite 1a thu@ng phat huy nghia s&c thai (connotational meaning) hon 1a ding nghia dinh danh (denotational meaning). Ngudi dich hay tim kiém biéu tugng (symbolism) trong khi ngudi viét lai hién thye (realism). (Chi tiét xem Newmark, 1984:8). Bell cfing ting ndi: Ngay trong mét ngén ngit citing da khéng cé sé déng nghia hodn toan gitta cdc ti \éi nhau thi sao ching ta Iqi ngac nhién khi thdy thiu cdc don vj déng nghia gitta hai ngén ngit? (Roger T. Bell: 6) Kh khan trong dich khOng phai chi 18 ng6n ngif, van phong ma con 1 vn hod. Sy khdc biét ding ké giita cdc nén vin hod ciia céc cong déng khéc nhau 1a trd ngai 1dn cho nguéi dich. Chua cb hai ngén ngit ndo hoan toan gidng nhau dé cé thé coi chiing 1a hai dai dién cita cing mt thc thé xd hoi. Nhiing thé gidi trong dé cd nhiing cOng dang khdc nhau chung song [a nhiing thé gidi khdc bigt nhau, chit khOng phdi chi la moe thé gidi véi nhitng nhan higu khdc nhau. (Edward Sapir) Diéu nay thé hién rat ro 6 nhiing théi quen si dung ng6n net cia ting cong déng. Do su'khéc biét gitta vin hod ng6n ngt ngudn (SL=source. language) va ngOn ngtl muc tigu (TL=target language), nhiéu khi ngudi dich phai vién dén mot phi hgp céc don vying6n ngtr dé thé hign mt don vi ngon ngi. Jakobson dan mot vi du: vé ti tiéng Nga syr (mt m6n an Lam bing sifa dong ép Jen men) dich sang tiéng Anh la cottage cheese. Trong trudging hgp nay Jacobson néi ring dich chi la phuong thife gidi thuyét (interpre- tation) day di cia mt don vi ma tong duong (an alien code unit), con tong dudng thue su (equivalence) thi khong thé c6 dug. Hign tugng nay thutng xuyén xdy ra trong hoat dong dich Viét- Anh va Anh - Viét vi su céch xa gitta hai nén vin hod phutong iLphudng Déng va phutdng Tay. Nhiing m6n an, nhiing tap quan thé hién trong 1é héi, nhiing phong tuc vé ma chay, cui xin, v.v... tia ngudi Viét khong thé cé tong dung trong tiéng Anh. N6i t6m lai ngu®i dich, véi ban dich ciia minh, chi c6 thé tao ra mot hiéu qua sdt nhat c6 thé duge v6i ban géc ma th6i, chit khOng thé hoan toan binh ding dude. Dé cé thé vugt qua duge nhitng khé khan trén, ngudi dich phai (rat) gidi ngoai ngif va tiéng me dé, gidi tdi muic c6 thé phat hién va khdng dinh dugc su chéch huéng va mic d6 chéch hudng ciia m6t van ban so véi chudn myc dang ra phi cd cia vin ban dy. Vi dy: mét van ban tiéng Viét viét ring “Anh ta dat cdnh tay quanh vai t6i” thi ngudi dich phdi khAng dinh duc ring ngudi Viét khéng noi thé, mac dd cau dé diing ngit phép. Chugn muc cda cau nay 1a “Anh ta khodc vai t6i”; Néu mot vin ban tiéng Anh viét ring “Although the patient had never been fatally ill before, he woke up dead” thi ngudi dich phai phat hién duge ring day 1a cau phi 16-gic, mc 16i vé su thé hién ngif nghia. ts Ngoai ra ngudi dich phai ném dugc ky thuat chuyén dich m6t céch tr6i chay gitta hai hoat d6ng co ban ciia quy tinh dich: chuyén dich ti chd hiéu van ban ng6n ngit nguén (comprehension), trong d6 c6 ca hoat dong gidi thuyét (interpretation), sang tao dying hinh thai thé hién bang ng6n ngif muc tiéu (formation), trong 46 c6 cd hoat dong tdi tao (recreation). Nghé dich bao gém hai loai hinh hoat d6ng: dich n6i, bao gém hai hinh thtéc: dich dudi (consecutive interpretation) va dich song song (simultaneous interpretation), va dich viét (translation). Trong quyén s4ch nay chting ta ban dén mt s6 nguyén thc tong dich viét, déng thdi dua ra mét loat bai Iuyén cho tifng loai hinh. SACH THAM KHAO Bell, Roger T. (1994) Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. Longman Newmark, Peter (1984) Approaches to Translation. Pergamon Press. Newmark, Peter (1969) Some notes on translation and translators. Incorporated Linguists 8 (4) 79-85 Sapir, Edward (1949) Language. Harvest Books 12DICH VIET (TRANSLATION) “Ly thuyét dich quan tam dén sy la chon va quyéi dink, nhumg khong phdi [a lua chon vs quyét dinh mot cdch co hoc trén co sd.ngon ngit ngudn hode ngon ng muc tieu.” The translation theory is concerned with choices and decision, not with the mechanics of either the source language or the target language. (Peter Newmark, 1984: 19) Trong dich thuat ngwdi ta ndi d€n suf la chon va quyét dinh cia nguéi dich, tite 1a noi 4€n méi quan hé gitta tw duy (thought), su ya chon nghia (meaning) va sit Iya chon ng6n ngit (language); ngdn ngit 5 day duge hiéu Ia 16i ndi (expression). DE c6 thé lam duoc viée d6 ngudi dich, qua ban dich ctia minh, khong phai cht thé hién duge nhitng khdi niém phd quat, ma cdn phai boc 19 duge nhting hanh vi van ngOn ngit myc tiéu (TL), trong 46 06 cf nhting ¥ 46 4 nhain cla ngudi viet (individual aspects). Nh&m thuic hién muc tiéu trén, ngudi dich cn quan tam dn nhting binh dién sau day: 1.¥ dé ciia tac gid bai viet Naubi viét khong phdi lée nao cig boc 10 ¥ 46 céla minh trén mat gidy. Vi du: mét cong ty khi néi vé sn phém cila minh, béo céo ring “During the past year we have already sold 30,000 dolis” thi con s6 nay khOng phai chi phyc vu muc dich thong ke | (66 ligu), ma cdn phuc vu myc dich quang céo (An J: san phdm tuyét voi, duge khdéch hing va thich, ban chay). Nguvi dich phai trung thanh vdi f 46 cia tée gid bing céch trong ban dich cila minh 10t t& duige ¥ d6 46. Vi du: ¢6 hai eéch dich cau trén: a. Trong nam qua chiing t6i ban dugc 30.000 con biip bé (thong ké) b. Chi trong mét nm qua chting t6i da ban dutge 14i 30.000 con bup bé (quang céo tren cd sé thong ké) Cau (b) da bac 16 duuge § 48 cia tic gid, vi ngudi dich da khéo Iéo khai théc mot 86 tir d@m mang tinh nhén manh: chi, mdt, da, ti, nhim gay an tugng vé tin nhiém ciia sin pham. 2. ¥ dé ciia nguvi dich Nauti ta thuting vi m6t téc phd dich nhut mot difa con lai vi mot lé don gidn né Ia suf séng tao két hgp gitta ngudi viét va ngudi dich. Ngudi dich di trung thanh v6i téc gid dén may di chang nifa thi cling khong thé thoat hoan toan khdi ban than minh 4é ird thanh téc gid trén moi binh dién: ng6n ngit (language), phong céch (style) va nét oc biét (idiosyncratic features). Trong khi tién hanh hoat dng dich, nguBi dich phai 13duong dau véi nhiéu van dé phitc tap nhu: (a) su khdc biét vé van hod. C6 nhiing nét van hod mang tinh phd quat, c6 tén tai hode c6 thé hiéu dugc trong moi c6ng déng van hod. Vi du: khi n6i vé su xa cdch cita hai ngu@i than, ngudi ta cé thé vi: Hai ta nhu ngay nang trénh ngay mua Nhv mat tring mat trdi céch trd. Su vi von nay c6ng déng van hod nao cfing cé thé cim nh4n duge. Nhung néu ta noi: Hai ta nhw sen mda ha, ctic mia thu ‘Thang mui héng, thang nam nhan. thi c6 1é chi ai 1A ngudi Viét méi cdm thu duge sy x6t xa, va céi budn man mac, Ngudi Anh khéng c6 khdi niém phai ch’ dn mia ha sen méi nd, mia thu ctic mdi ra hoa, thdng mudi hong méi chin va théng nam nhan mdi ngot. Va nhit 1a: Hai ta nhwy sao Hém sao Mai kh6ng cing 6 thi chi c6 trén dat Viét. Ngay cd 6 Trung Quéc ngudi ta tuy cing cé khd4i niém nay nung lai 1a sao Sam va sao Thudng, hai ngOi sao c6 vj tri d6i nhau khOng bao git’ xuat hién cing m6t lic trén bau trdi: t6i thdng giéng sao Sam moc giffa tri (chom sao Sam, 7 sao 6 phia tay), t6i thang sdu sao Thuong moc gitfa trdi (chdm sao Thuong, 3 sao 6 phia dong) . Va trong nhfing trudng hgp nhv thé, ngudi dich cdn x4c dinh mét hudng di cho minh, hoe 1a Iya chon cach gitf nguyén ban séc cia ban gc (ng6n ngif nguén: SL), hoac 18 chuyén né theo huong vj cia ng6n ngif muc tiéu (TL). Vi du: dé dich cau tuc ngit: Ding cd tring khdn hon vit, néu ngu®i dich chon phuong thiic gif nguyén huong vi cia SL, thi c6 thé dich la: a duck’s egg cannot be wiser than the duck itself, cdn néu chon phuong thtic tao hudng vi cla TL thi sit dung tuc ngf Anh tuong duong: Don’t teach your grandmother how to suck eggs. (b) Sukhée biét vé cdiu mite ngon ngit. Gitta tiéng Anh va tiéng Viét d6i khi c6 sy gidng nhau vé cdfu ric ngOn ngt, nhung 46 chi 1a nét ngdu nhién ma thoi, khong mang tinh tuong déng cau tric nhu tiéng Anh va tiéng Phap. Cau tric dai ti’ quan hé, tan ngir (relative pronoun, object) la mét vi du: vé su giéng nhau ngau nhién gitta mau cau tiéng Viét va tiéng Anh. Mozart is the musician (whom) I admire. Mé-za la nhac st (ma) t6i ham m6.The woman I saw in the park was feeding the pigeons Ngudi phu nit t0i trong thay trong cong vien dang cho chim bé cau an. Céc cfu khdc thu6c loai mau nay déu c6 thé dich ting tY nhu vay dude. Ngoai ra da phan 1a khéc nhau, ma hon nifa lai khée nhau rat xa. Hang loat nhiing mau cau tiéng Anh nhut It is (adjective) to do something, to have something done, that SVO V (O), vv... khong thay cé trong tiéng Viét. Vi thé trong qué trinh day hoc, chting ta thug phé binh sinh vién 1a khi dich tty Viet sang Anh thi ting Anh “rat Viét”, va khi dich nguge lai thi ban dich lai “rat Anh”. Vi du: Cac cita huit cd mét cdlu tao dac biét duge trinh bay 3 so dé, Nhu da n6i 6 tren ld cé sit tao thanh sy tron lan va sy xody ti uu trong xy lanh dé sut chdy dat higu qua. Ti€ng Anh thudng hay c6 nhting céch ding nh6m danh tir (NP) nhu thé nay, trong khi 46 clu triic tung dung trong tit Viét 1a d6ng ti. Hay so sénh: Tdi xin i vi su trd loi chm cia t6i (Anh) va Toi xin loi vi da tré lai anh cham/chém tré loi anh (Viét) M6t Vi du: khéc vé I6i van phong: Ching 161 giif né (nhitng tdi anh), néu anh khéng phién (Phim “Cac con & dau?”). Cau géc: We'll keep them, if you don’t mind. Day 1a mét loai cau 4é nghi lich sy, mot ca chuyén dich tifng tit sang ting Viet. au trtic rat dac thd ctia ting Anh, khong nén Ditng vé mat edu triic ngOn ngit, ngudi dich phi lu6n lu6n tuan thi cd triic TL. Cau tric SL chi lA y€u t6 tham khdo. Hay néi m6t céch khéc, ngudi dich can hiéu duge ni dung thong diép thong qua céch thé hién (cau tric) cla SL, sau a6 dién dat lai thong diép dy bang cu tric cau cla TL. Vi du: We stayed there for two days and I was offered more kindness than I was willing to accept. Nhidu cau tric bi dong trong tiéng Anh khong thudn tai v6i ngudi Viet, vi thé néu ta dich cau trén 1a: Cluing 101 & dé hai ngdy va toi da dugc ban ting nhiéu long t6t hon la t6i che doi, thi cdu dich nghe rat “tay”. Chiing ta nén chuyén thanh cu tric chi Ong theo vain phong ciia ngudi Viét: Ching 10i 6 dé hai ngay. Nguoi ta da déi xt voi 16i tit t& hon la toi mong dgi (tudng). Mot Vi du: khéc: When low results are obtained, instruction must be given to improve the quality of the concrete mix. Cau nay Khi dich ra tiéng Vit khong thé gitt nguyén thé bj dng nhut sau: Khi két qud thd duge dat tdi thi su chi thj phdi duge ra dé tang cuvdng chat lwong ciia bé tong. Ting Viet thudng n6i 1a: Khi thay két quid thdp, 15can phdi hudng dan cach tang cudng chdt lung ctia bé tong. (c) Sukhdc nhau vé khdi niém ding sau tit, Mi tt tit vung (lexical word) trong mét ng6n ngi déu co m6t khdi niém dting sau nd. Khai niém nay gitfa tiéng Anh va ting Viet rét khéc nhau. Vi du: tiéng Viét c6 ty “lang qué” va tiéng Anh cé ti “village”, nhung hinh Anh lang qué cla ngutsi Anh khong gidng ngudi Viét. Thong thung sy khéc nhau khong roi vao nghia dinh danh (denotational meaning), ma vao nghia s&c théi (connotational meaning). Hoac nhu khi ngwoi Anh nhc dén ‘pub’ (tam goi 1a quén rugu) thi 46 1a mot hinh anh than thuong, tru mén, mdt hinh anh ma khi di xa ho hay nhé vé. Nguge lai ti ‘quan rugw’ trong tiéng Viet thuOng tao ra hinh anh mét dia diém dn Ao, an to néi 1én, day nhiing ngudi say sua, day nhitng 1di khong lich sy. Dién dat duge y tung cilia ngudi viét, ké cA nghia sac théi cila van ban 1a nghé thuat cia nguvi dich. 3. Doc gid Khi cm bit dich ngu®i dich thuéng ty héi: Minh dich cho ai doc day? Trinh 46 vin hod, ting 16p, gidi tinh, va wdi téc cila doc gia? Tat cA nhting yéu tO nay anh hu@ng quyét dinh dén I6i di&n dat, cach.thé hién tinh cdm, mite 46 sit dung ng6n ngit (khé, 48). Tat nhién c6 nhiéu van ban ty than n6 da xéc dinh d6i tong doc. Chang han cdc bai phat bigu cia mé6t hdi nghi chuyén dé, vi du: bdo tn bdo tang, thi nguéi doc khong ai khdc 1 cdc chuyén gia, hodc nhiing ngudi quan tam cé kién thifc vé bdo tén bao tang. Vay ngudi dich phai bao dm van phong koa hoc, ding dting ti chuyén nganh ya cu cd phi chat ché. Ban dich cang bam sat véi ban géc cng tét. Ngudc lai c6 nhiéu van ban, nhét 1a nhitng bai viét vé nhitng van dé xa hoi, van hod, thuting khéng chi phuc vu cho gidi chuyén mon, nghién cifu, ma déi tugng 1a dong do céng chting. Vay tir stt dung phai mang tinh phé quat hon, cach thé hién nhiéu khi phai mang tinh chat gidi thuyét hon, v.v... Dich van hoc thyc sy 1a mot nghé thuat, tuy n6 phuc vu dng ddo dan ching. C4i kho 18 ngudi dich phdi git duige cai hén cia nguyén ban, ciing vdi van phong cla n6. Trong truting hgp nay ngudi dich c6 quyén vién dén nhitng tha ph4p phy tr¢ (cdt bd hodc thém vao: add and/or omit) nhim bam sat duge nhting ¥ nghia t€ nhi, kh6 dién dat cda ban SL. 4, Chat lugng ctia van ban gc Nguvi dich nhiéu khi phai d6i ddu vi chat lugng téi cla mét ban géc, nhat 1a nhiing van ban doc khé hiéu va thi€u chém phdy, hodc chm phdy khéng ding quy cdch. Trong trudng hgp nay ngudi dich, truéc khi dich, phdi d6ng vai mt bién tapvién, thyc hién nhfing buéc sau day: - Tim hiéu théng diép va gid tri giao tiép cila n6 - Bién tap lai bai viét, t6 chtic lai thng tin: thay thé nhttng cau viét vung, don gién hod nhing cau khé hiéu, bé bét nhitng ¥ lp di lip lai kh6ng cn thiét, néu bat nhiing diém can nhin manh, gidm bét cdch n6i bong gi6, phat hién va 1am r6 nhfing céch dién dat mo hé dé gay hiéu lim ling ting cho ngudi doc. Lam nhw vay ngudi dich thyc chat d phai dich hai lén, dich néi ngtt, r6i dich ngoai ngtt (double translation: intra-lingual and inter-lingual). Vi du: cau “If industrialists are so keen for Britain to join why does not the Government make it possible for those who want to get into Europe without the sacri- fice to British sovereignty...” (The Times, 18 July 1961, quoted in The Use of English, R. Quirk, Longman, 1964) c6 thé bién tap lai nhw sau: “As industrialists are so keen, why does not the Government make it possible for Britain to get into Europe without sacrificing her sovereignty...” Vi du, chiing ta c6 thé phat hién ra trong cau: “é nha qué, ba con kiém ra dong bac khong dé, t6i lam dai Ly vat tut ndng nghiép la dé phuc vu nhu cdu ca déng rugng, nguyén tdc cita t6i 1a kinh doanh phuc vu, Idy phuc vu lam chinh.” 6 yéu t6 mo hé va cham phay kh6ng dving quy tic, lam cho cau trd nén vung vé thi ngudi dich trude hét phai tim hiéu nghia oila nhiing t¥ mo hé nhw nhu cdu déng rung (thuc ra JA nhu cdu canh téc, nhu cdu vé vat ty ding cho néng nghiép), hoiic ding tit khong chudn xdc trong vin cnh nhw kinh doanh phuc vy (thuc ra 1a kinh doanh cac dich vu thuge vé n6ng nghiép, va ¥ ciia tdc gid 1a tuy kinh doanh nhung van lay tinh than phye vu lam chinh, ly cong lam 1ai); va vé mat nghia, ddng ra cAu trén phai c4t thanh ba cau: dat dau chim sau “khong dé”, dat du chm sau “déng rugng”. §. Trdnh dich titng tit Vé phuong phép, trong quy trinh hoc dich, ngu@i hoc cdn trénh théi quen dich tiing tir. LY do chii yéu Ia tiéng Viet va tiéng Anh khéc nhau rét xa, van hod Vigt va van hod Anh cing thu6c hai phudng tri cdch biét. di khi chting ta cling c6 thé tm duige mot doan nao 46 ma thi phdp dich titng t van c6 higu qué, vi du: In all my life I witnessed your fight against God. In the end you are loved. In all you have lost, you never lost love. And me, sometimes I want you, sometimes I want God. In all my mistakes, the worst is that Inever make a choice... of love. My love... half for you, half for God. But in fact all was for my ambition. (C. McCullough: The Thorn Birds; from the Film) 7Ca cude ddi anh, anh da chitng kign cude chién du cia em ch6ng lai chia, Nhung cudi cing em van duge yéu. Trong tat cd nhiing diéu em da mat, chia bao gid em mat fink yéu. Con anh, hic thi anh muén c6 em, Itic thi anh muén cé Chiia. Trong tat cd nhding 16i lam, diéu t6i t€ nhdt 1a chua bao gid anh Iya chon... tinh yéu. Tinh yéu cla anh... ntfa danh cho em, nifa danh cho Chia. Nhung thu ra tat ca 1a danh cho tham vong ciia anh. (Phim Tiéng chim hot trong bui man gai) Tuy nhién nhitg co hoi nhw thé nay rat hiém khi thy trong céc van ban dich Vigt - Anh hoa Anh - Viét. Phan Ién khi chting ta dich ting ty, van ban dich trd nén kh6 hiéu hodc khong hiéu dugc hodc Idi 1é nghe “khdng lot tai”. Vi du: The Supplier, therefore, hereby expressly agrees to promptly disclose all such inven- tions, designs or discoveries or computer software to A, ... Ben cing ting, do do, 6 day ding ¥ ngay lap tite tit 16 tat cd cdc phat minh , thiét ké hay khdm phd hay phan mém mdy tinh cho A, .. KY THOGT DICH (TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES) Trong dich thu4t co rat nhiéu ky thuat xit ly quy trinh dich. Trén co's tham khdo kinh nghiém ciia nhiéu gido vién day cdc mén dich trong tring dai hoc, chting t6i chi xin gidi thigu 10 ky thuat thong dung nén hudn luyén cho ngui hoc dich, vi d6 IA nhiing ky thuat gitip ngudi hoc vugt qua duge nhifng tinh huéng théch thttc. 1, Dich ten ring Noi chung tén riéng (ngudi, vat, su ki@n) c6 dac thi rat riéng. N6 khong co mot thuge tinh thong nhét, Vi du: khong phai tat c& céc tén riéng déu khdng c6 nghia, va cling khong phai tat c& céc tén riéng déu c6 nghia. 6 géc a6 dich thudt, tén riéng 1a yéu t6 “khong thé dich dugc (untranslatable)” va cling “khong nén dich (not to be translated)". Vi du: mot ngudi sinh ra vao nam “hgi” va b6 me dat tén 1a Hgi. Trong van ban dich ti “hgi (Ign)” tré thanh yéu t6 khong dich dugc, vi khong ai dich thanh Mr. Pig, ma vin phai gitf nguyén Mr. Hoi (goi theo céch cila ngudi Viét, Naudi Anh ding ty xung h6 Mr., Mrs., Miss., Ms. véi ho, chit khong di véi tén riéng). Neuige Iai néu gitf nguyén tén tiéng Anh thi chi c6 mot sO ngudi biét ngoai net mdi doc dude, nhung ciing rat dé doc sai vi tén riéng tiéng Anh khong biéu am. Vi du: Mr. Home kh6ng phdi 1a / houm/ ma 1a / hju:m/, hoge Bysshe dgc 18 / BIS /, v.v.. Vé tén riéng, khi dich ti’ Anh sang Viét chting ta nghiéng vé ky thuat phién am hon 1A dich, vi trong tiéng Anh c6 nhiéu tén da tré thanh mot yeutd lich sit cia qué trinh phat trién nue Anh, vi dy: The Times, William the Conqueror, The Mayflower, v.v.. Ngoai 18ra con phai tinh dén théi quen sit dung lau ddi cia mOt cng déng. Vi du: nguBi Viet quen ding Dic (Germany), Phap (France), v.v... Thudng trong nhting truting hgp nay ngudi dich nén giit nguyén théi quen nay hon 1a 4p dung kj thuat phién 4m nh Germany = Gid-man-ni, France = Fd-ran-sd. Vé binh dién nay, Peter Newmark (1984: 70-83) Iwan ban khé chi tiét. Diing 6 goc 6 nguti hoc dich, chting ta c6 thé chp nhan mot vai nguyén tac co ban, Vi du: nhu: Chap nhan nhiing tén da dich va d4 quen thudc véi ngudi Viét, vi du: Cudc chién tranh Hoa héng (the Wars of the Roses). Chap nhan nhiing tir da chuyén dich thong qua tiéng Hén Viét va da quen thudc véi ngui Viét, vi dy: Luan Dén (London), Béc Kinh (Bejing). Tuy nhién khong nén sit dung nhiing tén chuyén Hén Viet it ngudi biét dén, Vi du: Thach Si Bia (Shakespeare). Phién 4m, cang sat vdi nguyén géc cang t6t, tao digu kién dé dang cho vigc khdi phuc tén ban ngif, vi dy: Séc Dichken (Charles Dickens). np . Chon tif dich h¢p véi phong c4ch/vin phong TL. Khi phai dich m6t ti SL ma trong TL c6 mot s@ tit dng nghia co thé thé hién duge nghia 46 thi ngudi dich nén chon tif nao sat vi van phong TL nhét. Vi du: trong cau “He leans over the window looking out”, tit “lean” c6 hai nghia: tva, ti; nhuing ty over di x4c dinh cho né nghia #. Bén lot over né lai c6 nhting nghia c6 thé ding trong trudng hgp nay nhu: trén, va0, 6 trén, lén. BOi véi tit window hinh nhw né chi cé mét nghia Ia cita sé, nhung trong vn cdnh nay né cé thé c6 hai tir dé dich, 46 Ia cita sé, va khung cita sé. Vi thé cudi cing ngu¥i dich c6 thé chon “Anh ta ti tay lén khung cita sé nhin ra ngoai”. 3. Nhiing yéu t6 mang dic th quéc gia C6 nhttng tit mang m6t khd4i niém cu thé nhung khdi niém d6 chi tén tai trong mét cong déng nhat dinh. Vi du: trong tiéng Anh sit dung 6 An D6 c6 ndy sinh ra mot tir dé biéu dat mét thoi quen cia ngudi An Dé: bed tea. Day 1A thoi quen udng mot chén ché sita néng vao buéi séng sém khi vita ngii day, “cdn ngéi trén giutng”. N6 kh6ng phi 14 morning tea. DOi voi ngudi Anh, morning tea (khodng 11 gid séng), afternoon tea (khoang 4 gid chiéu) va evening tea (khong 9 gid tdi) 14 mot hé théng bifa an nhe (light meals) trong mot ngay. Ciing nhu vay, tiéng Viét c6 cé mét khoi lugng phong phui nhifng ti dac thd cia cong déng Viét, nhu nhiing tif thude cdc 1é hdi, Vi du: dang huong, nhitng tap tuc nhy an ming tré con day thang, nhiing trd choi truyén thdng nhw 6 dn quan, v.v.. 19Khi gap nhiing yéu t mang dic thd quéc gia nhu vay, ngudi dich khong nén tao ra Ott, vi du: “bed tea=ché trén giuOng”, dé r6i lai phai gidi nghia chinh cdi tif minh vita tao ra. Trong day dich ngudi ta thuéing dua ra ba bién phép: (a) Tao hoc tim ra m6t tit mang khéi niém cia tit SL, nhung ciing dé hiéu va duigc chp nhan trong TL, Vi du: dinh lang dich 1 common house, (b) Dich theo khdi niém ciia tit d6 va mé ngoae € gidi thich 10 hon (néu thay can thiét). Vi du: tir “Ong Ba Muoi” trong tiéng Viét 06 thé tam dich theo khdi niém 14 “con hd ma ngudi ta thd cing” “The Worshipped Tiger”; va (c) Phién 4m (hoac gitf nguyén tix SL) rdi md ngoac dé gidi thich. Vi du: eu sari = 4o sa-ri (40 quan quanh ngudi cia phu nit An D6), hoe Morris dance = mia Mo-ris (digu mia dan t6c eda ngu¥i xtt Inh-glan), hode Scottish kilt = vay kin (vay cia din Ong xtt Scét-len) 4, Lap lai tit Gitta tiéng Anh va ti€ng Viét cO mot suf khac nhau rt 16n vé quy 6c khi nao nhfc lai khi nao khéng nhc lai mot yéu t6 d@ dude n6i dén. Vi du: trong tiéng Anh ngudi ta ding dai tit nhan xung dé trénh nhdc lai danh tiy chit ngif hodc tan ngit. C6 mét cau chuyén vui vé mét bin dich: “Téi dang nghi dén nang thi nang bude vao tuoi cudi vdi 16i. Nang tién Iai gan toi va 6m cham Idy t6i. Ca 16i va nang cing khéc.” Doc ngude lén doan trén thi mdi biét “nang” chinh la “me tdi”. Néu 1a doan van tiéng Viét thi khong thé cé sy lam lan nay duoc vi tir “me t6i” sé duge nh&c di nhc Iai nhiéu lan, chit khong phai nhu tiéng Anh, tit “my mother” chi duge nhac dén m6t lan r6i tiv sau a6 thay bing “she”. Ngoai ra trong cd tric véi dai tit quan hé, tiéng Viét thudng nhac lai danh tix chii ngtf hogc tan ngi, trong khi 46 tiéng Anh chi ding “who, which”. Hay so sénh: Imet some people who knew my father. Truting hop khéng nhdn manh ngudi Viét n6i: Toi cd gap mot s6 nguei biét cha 163. Nhung khi cdn nh&n manh ngudi Viét ding thi phép nhic lai: Toi co gap mét s6'ngusi, nhing ngudi biét cha t6i. Thi phdp nay khong thay c6 trong tiéng Anh. Lam grateful to the doctor who saved my mother. Ti rat biét on ngudi bac si, ngudi dd citu séng me toi. Nhv vay, ngudi dich can quan tam dén ky thuat nhdc lai khi dich Anh-Viét, va trinh nhdc lai khi dich Viét-Anh, dé dam bdo van phong TL. 205, Tiy nim trong thé phan bé adi ap Nhidu khi ngu¥i dich gap phai tru®ing hop trong mot van ban SL ngudi viet ding hai ba ti khac nhau dé noi vé mét vat thé/su kién, nhung trong TL lai chi cé mét tir chi tén vat thé/sy kién d6. Hién twong nay trong tiéng Anh va tiéng Viét déu xuat hién khé nhiéu. Nguyén nhan cia né 12 trong kho tY vung cia tiéng Viet c6 cd dong thudn Viet va Han Viet. Vi du: hau thé/40i sau, thit cuw/bdo thi. Con trong tiéng Anh cé dong thudn Anh (Anglo-Saxon), ddng mugn cla tiéng Phdp va tiéng Latin. Loai nay trong ting Anh goi IA lexical twins (néu [a hai tit) vi du: guts/courage, climb/ascend, wish/desire, ho8c triplets (néu [a ba tit), vi du: rise/mount/ascend, ask/question/interro- gate, v.v... Trong truding hop nay, ngudi dich c6 hai cach xt ly: (@) Dang tir duy nhdt dy cia TL dé dich cf nhitng tit SL kia, khOng nén “tg0" ra Ur méi. Vi du: hgu thé va adi sau chi nén dich la: later generations. Nguige lai hai tir wish va desire chi nén dich 1a mong mudn. (0) Téi tg0 ti dy theo cau tric tiv cla TL, nhung dé trong ngode kép, néu th SL 06 mot ham ¥ dic biét khée véi tir thong dung khéc. Vi du: “Thdp biit con lai mai véi that gian” va “Thdp But tro gan cling tué nguyét” 1a hai cau c6 cling mét ¥ nghia nhung Kchde nhau vé su trang trong, tinh 8, va su thé hién dang vé uy nghi. Che ring ngudi dich khé tim duge hai céu tuong dvong nhu tén trong tiéng Anh. Cling co thé ngudi dich vin phdi ding ti hién dai rime nhumng viet theo chinh td 6 d€ dich “tué nguyét = tyme” (ME=Middle English), a8 trong ngoae kép, a€ thé hign sy khéc biét tren. 6. Ti rong Trong ngon ngtt nao cling o6 mot s6 ti 6 ndi dung ngit nghia rat thap, goi 1 “empty words”, Vi du: di dao!, (tiéng Viét), well (tiéng Anh). Nguoi dich c6 thé bd qua khong dich nhting y€u t6 nay hoe chuyén 46i thi phdp: ngudi Viet ding bién phép tu tir thi chuyén sang bién phdp ng am cla ngudi Anh. Vi dy: “Moi tht cia anh bao gid chdng dep” chuyén thanh “Yours is beautiful” v6i ng digu xuéng-lén (fall-rise) (thé hién bing chit viét nghiéng trong in Gn), Trong nhting tru@ng hgp biém hoi 6 hai tt tuong dung trong hai ngén ngff thi ngubi dich can chuyén déi, vi du: di! = Ouch! ‘Tuy nhién c6 nhitng trutng hgp “ti rSng” gitip ta lam r6 nghia ca cau, vi dy: Tiéng Anh: This hat is Nan, our maid. I am the dog. No, the dog is himself, and I am the dog. Oh, the dog is me, and I am myself... Dich (thiéu hu ti): Chiéc mi nay 1a Nan, c6 hau géi cla chting t6i. Tdi 1a con cho. KhOng, con ché la con ch6, va tdi 18 con ché. Oi, con ché 18 t6i, va ti lat 21Dich (c6 sit dung hw ti): Chiée mii nay 18 Nan, c6 hau gai. Ta ma 1a con ché x? Khong, con ché 14 con ché chiz. Ta 1a con ché 1? Oi, con ch6 1a ta W/? Ta van Ia ta chit... Néu dich theo cach thit nhat, thiéu hu ty, nguéi doc sé rat kh6 hiéu tai sao lai c6 cau néi “IGn xn” nhu thé dugc. Nhung néu chting ta thém hu tif vao dting ch@, n6 gitp ngudi doc dé nh4n ra day 1a cau néi cila mét ngudi bénh tam than. t: C6 ba loai tir viet tat: 7. Viet (a) Viet tt tén riéng, Vi du: ILO, WB, v.v... Ngu@i dich nén git nguyén tén viét tt nay va md ngoic dich tén t6 chite 46. ILO (Té chtic lao dong quéc té), WB (Ngan hang thé gidi), dic biét 1a nhting tén viét tét khong thong dung, Vi du: ISDA (International Swap Dealers Association= Hoi nhitng ngudi buon hang trao adi quéc té). (b) M6t s6 ty viét tat theo uée 16, vi du: e.g (for example), i.e. (that is), ads/adverts (advertisements), v.v... D6i v6i nhttng ti nay néu trong TL khong cé ti viét tit tuong dung thi ngudi dich céin dich va viét ddy di, vi du: i.e. (that is) = nghia 1a, Gp (group) =nhom, HO (head office) = co quan dau nao. (c) Tir viet tt vé m6t hoat dng, mot su kién théng dung trong moi céng déng c6 lién quan, Vi du: trong gidi ngan hang ta thay cé DD (direct debit), GDP (gross domestic products). Trong trudng hgp nay, co hai ky thuat dich: m6t 1a giif nguyén ty viét tdt néu la ban dich cho gidi chuyén m6n doc, vi céc chuyén gia thudc linh vuc dé déu rat quen thudc véi nhting tir viét tit nay. B6i khi néu ngudi dich dich sang TL, cc chuyén gia lai cdm thay kh6 hiéu hon. Hai 1a, trong cdc ban dich cho dai da s6 quén chting doc, gift nguyén tir viét tét néu tir d6 thong dung trong dan chting, vi du: GDP, hodc dich sang nghia tiéng Viét, vi du: DD = khau tri true tiép. 8. Tiéu dé MOt 6 bai chuyén dé thuding c6 tiéu dé sat v6i nGi dung. Tiéu 48 béc 10 ngay chi dé cia bai viét, Vi du: “Cultural Landscape” (Canh quan vin hod), mét bai néu nhting quan diém khéc nhau thé nao la mét nh quan van hod. Hoac “Dinh lang Viét Nam”, mOt bai néu 1én chic ning cia dinh lang va suf phét trién ctia né trong lich sit. Tuy nhién nhting bai viét mang tinh van hoc (literary text), tho, truyén ngén, tiéu thuyét thudng c6 nhiing tiéu dé ma ngudi doc khong thé hiéu ngay dude, Vi du: “Lam duyén cing chia”, hoac tiéu thuyét “Great Expectations” cia Charles Dickens, v.v... Nguti dich nén dich tiéu 48 cuéi ciing, sau khi da dich xong ca bai. 229. Phi dinh va khang dinh Dang thife va cau tric phi dinh thong thung déu c6 tong duong trong tiéng Anh va tiéng Viét, ké cd nhitng dang phi dinh gidn tiép nhu c4ch ding tit too (Anh) va tit qud (Viét), Vi dy: too high = qué cao. Tuy nhién cing c6 nhiéu trudng hop dang thife phi dinh cia SL khéng thé hodc kh6 c6 thé dich sang dang thifc phi dinh cla TL. Vi du: “Not until I got to the house could I believe his story “ khOng thé chuyén thanh dang thie phii dinh trong tigng Viét vi nghia cia né 18 “Mai cho dén khi t6i dén ngdi nha @y t6i mdi tin cau chuyén cita anh ta”. Nguic lai trong ting Viet, c6 nhting tinh hudng sit dung cu tric khang dinh, nhung mang ham ¥ phi dinh, khéng c6 cu tric tung dung trong tiéng Anh. Vi du: Tinh huéng: A Cau ban thit di nao. B Minh khong ban dau. A Cit bain di. B Thi bén. (it thi bain vay). Cau “Thi bdn.” mang ham ¥ mién cuOng, trong long kh6ng muén nhung mién cudng lam 4é vui long ngu6i kia. Néu ban dich [a “Yes, J will” thi n6 1am mét han ham § cia cAu ni, tite 1a khOng thé hién duige ¥ 46 cia téc gid. Mot cach xitly 6 thé chap nhan duge 14 chuyén no thanh dang thtic phi dinh “I don’t want to, but... yes... [ will hodc I'll try.” 10. Nhitng yéu t6 can thiép Hién tuyng vay mugn (borrowing) la bién tudng phé bién d6i vdi moi ng6n ngtt. Thong thing cdc ngdn ngit gin nhau hay vay mugn ldin nhau dé lim gidu thém von tir vung vé nghia dinh dank néu chufa cé tit chi Khai niém dy, hod vé nghia se théi néu da c6 mét tif chi khdi niém dy nhung cn thém mot ti mdi véi sdc thai méi. Tit tiéng Anh du nhap vao tiéng Viét kha nhiéu, Vi dy: cdc tiv chi mot sO mon thé thao nhw Ca-ra-te (Karatedo), gon (goal-keeper), ... nhfing tit chi dé an thife udng nh hem- bd-go (hamburger), xang-duych (sandwich), v.v. Nhiing tiv mugn 4é b8 sung cho vn tit vung thing khong gay kh6 kh’n cho ngudi dich. Nhung diéu phai quan tam 1a nhiing ti mugn chi “dude mugn” mét nghia, nhiéu khi la nghia it thong dung, chit khong mugn tat c& cdc nghia ca tir ay trong ngon ngit géc, Vi du: tit “model” trong tiéng Anh co 6 nghia: 1. Representation of smth smaller than the original 2. Particular design or type of product 233. Simplified description of a system 4, System as a basis for a copy 5. Person or thing regarded as excellent of his/its kind and worth imitating 6. Person employed to pose for an artist, photographer Th6ng thudng Khi ngudi Viét noi dén m6-den 1a n6i dén mot cdi gi 46 a4 ted thanh m6t mau ma dé nhan lén (nghia 4). Con cdc nghifa khéc, trong tiéng Viét cing di c6 nhiing ti tong dung, Vi du: (1) mé hinh, (2) mau san pham, (3) sd dé hé thong, (5) mét t4m guong, (6) ngudi m4u (vé, chup anh). Negay nay cdc thuat ngif tin hoc tiéng Anh tran vao tiéng Viét khd nhiéu, va phdn I6n nhting ty dy chi mugn ngbfa trong Iinh vuc tin hoc cila né ma théi. Vi du: “file” trong tiéng Anh co ba nghia: (1) any types of drawers, shelf, hoder,v.y... keeping loose paper together and in order, (2) file and its contents (3) organised collection of related data or material in a computer. Khi vao ting Viét n6 chi duge ding trong tin hoc véi nghiia s6 (3); ngoai ra moi “files” khac déu goi la “hé so”, Vi du: khong ai goi lA “Inu git phai cdn b6” ma goi la “lu git hd so cén b>”, mac di trong tiéng Anh van goi la: “to keep a file on each member of staff”. Chiing t6i xin chd thich ring nhting ky thuat trén cing chi 1a nhitng goi ¥ nhim gitip ngudi hoc mét phuong thiic xi ly tinh hudng dich. Ching toi khéng cho ring nhting ky thuat ay 18 t6t nhat hodc da hoan thién. SACH THAM KHAO Bassnett-McGuire (1980). Translation Studies, Methuen & Co. Newmark, Peter (1984). Approaches to Translation. Pergamon Press. Snell-Homby (1998). Translation Studies, An Integrated Approach. Shanghai FL Education Press HUONG DAN HOC DICH THEO 6 BUOC (Tentative Steps for a Translation Lesson) Trong m6t buéi luyén dich, ty luyén 6 nha hay trén Idp c6 thay, ching ta thuéng c6 théi quen cam ban dich, doc dén dau gap tit mdi thi tra nghia tiong ty dién réi dich lun sang TL. Trong viéc lam dy chting ta da lam mat di tinh hudng ctia ng6n ngit dude sit dung, khong tao cho ngudi dich mt cam gidc (feeling), mét &n tong (impression) vé ban g6c, m6t cém gidc va dn tugng tao hung di cho toan bai dich nhu van phong, cae nét van hod, chi dé, v.v... Thiéu dinh hudng thu@ng tao ra nhiing két qué thiéu tinh hé théng. 24Ching t6i xin gdi ¥ m6t quy tinh dich nhu sau: Buée 1: Read through (Ind:vidual work). Doc bai dich tix dau dén cudi mét lugt. Muc dich: nhan dién ¥ twang cia bai viét. Vi du: bai vit vé chil dé bdo vé méi tudng (Environment protection). Sau khi dgc, cho ngudi hoc tom t&t chit dé ciia bai viet trong bén cau. Réi tom tht trong ba cau, réi hai cau, r6i mdt cau. CO thé t6m tét bang tiéng Viét. Muc tiéu cia hoat dng nay 1a rén luyén cho hoc vién cach ndm bat ¥ tung mét cach c6 dong nhat. Trong lin doc nay chting ta kh6ng cn doc ting cdu titng chit, va cfing khéng cain biét nghia cia moi tit. Bay 1a bude “survey the original”, (tim hiéu ban géc). Don’t try to understand the exact meaning of every word ! Bue 2: Learn new words/phrases difficult to translate (Class work/Group work). Nhan dign ttt/nhdm tiy kh dich. Vi du: statutory nuisance. Muc dich: hoc tix trong van canh. Chii ¥ nhting nhém tit c6 dinh va nh6m tif thanh ngi. Vi du: with a view to doing smth, to spend some time dcing something... Bue 3: Identify sentence structures (grammatical patterns). (Individual work -> Class work) Nhan dién miu cu. Muc dich: tp phan tfch cau thanh nhting thanh phan edu tao 48 higu dugc chinh xée nghia cla cau. Vi du: cau The second provision under which member states may restrict free trade on environmental ground is Article 130%, which was also inserted by the Single European Act. duge phan tich thanh: The second provision is Article 130t, ... under which member states may restrict free trade on environmental ground, ... which was also inserted by the Single European Act. Buéc 4: Translation activities (Group work —> Class work). Dich ting cau, ting doan. Yéu cdu: dich chinh xéc vé nghia, diing vin phong. Khong phéng dich (imita- tion). Sau bude nay ngudi hoc phai hiéu duge chinh xéc ¥ nghia cia tig cau. Bue 5: Style: Bién tp lai cau sao cho phd hgp v6i 16i néi cla ngudi Viet (dich Anh- Viet), va nguti Anh (dich Vigt-Anh) Vi du: N6 da duge tt. + todn réing... —> Ngudi ta da tinh todn rang... Bude 6; Comments: Binh luan bai dich: ddng-sai, chinh x4c-kh6ng chinh xéc, thich hgp véi van cnh - khéng thich hgp vdi van cnh, vin phong thudn Viét - van phong thudn Anh, v.v. Chui thich: Bude 4+5+6 c6 thé thuc hién cho titng cau hog titng doan. 25_ CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Cah quan vin hod Task 1: READING Read through the text below once. Don't try to understand the exact meaning of every word. Read the questions in Task 2 before you read the text CULTURAL LANDSCAPE The recognition of the significance of the concept of cultural landscapes is now widely accepted around the world in cultural heritage conservation practice. Reflecting this world-wide trend, UNESCO’s Operational Guidelines for World Heritage listing were amended in 1993 to include cultural landscapes. There is often the tendency to assume that only rural areas are included in the concept of cultural landscapes. But it does really embrace urban areas. In the context of the AWPNUC Symposium in Hanoi the cultural landscape construct is particularly germane because it proposes a contextual view of human settings where the material culture and human values are inextricably associated. The concept of cultural landscapes demands that human settings, urban and tural, are seen as composite entities where inter-relationships between people, events and place exist through historic periods. Hence cultural landscapes have continuity because they are imprint of human history. They are the results of human 26intervention and present a record of human activity and human values. They reflect our, and our predecessors’, relationships with our surrounds. They are a record of who we are and of our experiences, customs, and ideologies. Thus cultural landscapes are a social construct. They are not what we see, but a way of seeing where we interpret what we see through cultural conditioning. Given that people value their past, both its physical manifestations and meanings inherent in places which we are bound up in the world ‘heritage’, there are two fundamental canons which apply to the cultural landscape idea: 1. The first canon is the existence of layers in the landscape which can be read and their meaning interpreted. It is the layers which reflect human values and significance. 2. The second, and following from 1, is that heritage is not a matter of separate dots on a map where individual sites or buildings are separately listed. The cultural landscape idea means that everything is interconnected because of the composite nature of cultural landscapes. People find attachment, and therefore heritage values, in these interconnections. There is a connection here with one of the focuses of the Symposium, that is the comprehensive value in the heritage listing of Urban Conservation Areas where the transaction between urban patterns, specific components and cultural traditions are integrated so that conservation of social value is awarded due recognition. It also embraces that fact that there are two categories of cultural landscapes. These are: (i the icons or special places, and (ii) ordinary, everyday places. It is important to remember that the latter are just as important as the former when it comes to deciphering heritage significance. Conservation is not about protecting only the Great White House. , (After Ken Taylor, Professor of Landscape Architecture) Task 2: WHAT’S THE MAIN IDEA? Now answer the following questions 1. What is the topic? 2. Where is the text probably taken from? 3. What is the writer’s main purpose? 4, Who is the intended reader? 5. In what style is it written? 27