Pengolahan

Sistem
Anaerobik
Perombakan Anaerobik:

Perombakan bahan organik oleh

mikroorganisma pd kondisi tanpa udara
utk stabilisasi bahan organik dihasilkan
methan (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2),
biomassa baru dan produk anorganik.
Pengolahan Anaerobik sangat sesuai utk
limbah yg kandungan organiknya tinggi.

Pengurangan padatan:
• Limbah ternak (feses)
• Limbah manusia (kotoran/nightsoil),
• Limbah pertanian
• Limbah perkotaan
• Lumpur organik
 CO2 + H2O

Aerobic process
Biodegradable
organic

New biomass

Waste + O2 → CO2+H2O + new cells

Biogas
Anaerobic process
Biodegradable
organic
New biomass

Waste → CH4 +CO2 + new cells

Comparison between Anaerobic & Aerobic processes

Anaerobic Aerobic
Organic loading rate:
High organic loading Low organic loading rates
(for high rate reactors, e.g. AF, & UASB) (for activated sludge process)

Biomass yield:
Low biomass High biomass
(biomass yield is not constant but depends (biomass yield is fairly constant irrespective
on types of substrates metabolized) of types of substrates metabolized)
 Anaerobic Aerobic

Microbiology:
Multi-step process and diverse group of Mainly a one-species phenomenon
microorganisms degrade organic matters
in a sequential order

Environmental factors:
Highly susceptible to changes in Less susceptible to changes in
environmental conditions environmental conditions.
Advantages of AD

1. Less energy requirement as no aeration is needed

0.5-0.75 kWh energy is needed for every 1 kg of COD removal
by anaerobic process

2. Energy generation in the form of biogas

1.16 kWh electricity is produced for every 1 kg of COD removal
by anaerobic process

3. Less biomass (sludge) generation

Anaerobic process produces only 20% of sludge that of aerobic process
 Advantages of AD - continued

4. Less nutrients (N & P) requirement

Lower biomass synthesis rate also implies less nutrients requirement:

5. Application of higher organic loading rate

5-10 times higher organic loading rates than aerobic processes

6. Space saving
Higher loading rate requires smaller reactor volume
 7. Odor control.
8. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions by
producing renewable energy and carbon
credits.
9. Pathogen reduction.
10. Improved treatability of manure
Teknologi Biogas
Permasalahan yg dihadapi:
•Lingkungan Hidup
•Pangan
•Energi
Masalah Limbah
Permasalahan nasional adalah energi:
• Tidak dpt diperbaharui
• semakin langka
• mahal
Energi Kayu
•Hutan rusak
•Polusi emisi bakar
Pangan Biofuel
Peran Peternakan
Kebijakan pemerintah :
• Pengurangan dan pengalihan penggunaan BBM utk
keperluan rumah tangga ke LPG.

• mendorong upaya penggunaan sumber-sumber

energi alternatif (layak teknis, ekonomi, dan
lingkungan)
• Biogas adalah campuran dari beberapa gas yg
dihasilkan dari proses penguraian bahan-bahan
organik oleh mikroorganisme pd kondisi tanpa
oksigen (anaerob).

CH4

CO2
Rataan Komposisi Biogas
• Biogas dpt menyalakan bunga api, dg energi
6400-6600 kkal/m3,
• shg dpt dijadikan sumber energi alternatif yg
ramah lingkungan dan terbarukan.
Penggunaan Biogas
Biogas digunakan sbg sumber energi
utk penerangan, memasak atau
menggerakkan generator listrik.
Biogas dapat ditangkap
(captured) dari tum-pukan
sampah dimana bahan
organik dirombak dibagian
bawahnya.

Biogas dapat diproduksi

(generated) pd bio-digester.
SEJARAH

• Anecdotal evidence indicates that biogas was used for

heating bath water in Assyria during the 10th century BC and
in Persia during the 16th century
• In the sixteenth century by Robert Boyle and Stephen Hale,
who noted that inflammable gas was released by disturbing
the sediment of streams and lakes
• Jan Baptita Van Helmont first determined in 17th century that
flammable gases could evolve from decaying organic
matter
• Count Alessandro Volta concluded in 1776 that there was a
direct correlation between the amount of decaying organic
matter and the amount of flammable gas produced.
SEJARAH …….

• In 1808, Sir Humphry Davy determined that methane was

present in the gases produced by cattle manure.
• The first anaerobic digester was built by a leper colony in
Bombay, India in 1859.
• In 1895 the technology was developed in Exter, England,
where a septic tank was used to generate gas for street
lighting.
• Also in England, in 1904, the first dual purpose tank for both
sedimentation and sludge treatment was installed in
Hampton.
AD – Waste Treatment and Resources Recovery
Renewable
Energy

Food
CH4,
Liquid Wastes
(Industrial, H2
Domestic etc.) Fish
Scrubbing
ponds
Slurries CH4, H2S,
(Sewage sludge, H2, CO2
Liquid manure)
Treated Post-
Anaerobic treatmen
bioconversion effluent
Solid Wastes t
(Manure, NH4+, PO43-,
Organic Refuse) S2-
M Irrigation
ic
Agri- residues r
o-
ae
(Crops ro
Biosolid bi
residues etc.)
c
s So
Food
recover
y
Organic
Food Fertilizer
 Biogas

Cair
CH4 + CO2 (liquid)

Ba Lumpur
Or ha
Ai ga n Methanogenesis • Kaya nutrisi
r ni • Stabil
k
+ Acetogenesis • Bau kurang
Acidogenesis
Hidrolisis
Padat
Bahan Organik
(solid)
• Bakteri anaerob pembentuk biogas (Price dan
Cheremisinoff, 1981):

• Methanobacterium,
• Methanobacillus,
• Methanococcus
• Methanosarcina.
 Bakteri Metanogenik yg Terlibat dalam Pembentukan Methan
Jenis Bakteri Substrat Produk Akhir

Methanobacterium formicum CO, H2 + CO2, Format CH4

M. briantii H2 + CO2 CH4
M. thermoautotropicum H2 + CO2 CH4
M. mobilis H2 + CO2, Format CH4
M. propionicum Propinat CO2 + Asetat
M. ruminantium Format, H2 + CO2 CH4
M. Sohngenii Asetat, butirat CH4 + CO2
M. suboxydans Kaproat, butirat Propionat, Asetat
Methanococcus mazei Asetat, butirat CH4 + CO2
M. voltae H2 + CO2, format CH4
M. Vannielii H2 + CO2, format CH4
M. Maripaludis H2 + CO2, format CH4
M. Deltae H2 + CO2, format CH4
M. Jannaschii H2 + CO2, format CH4
M. Thermolithotrophicus H2 + CO2, format CH4
Methanosarcina bakeri H2 + CO2, methanol, asetat CH4 + CO2
M. methanica Asetat, butirat CH4 +CO2
 • Secara umum, reaksi pembentukan CH4

CxHyOz + (x-¼y-½z) H2O (½ x-1/8y+¼z) CO2 + (½x-1/8y+¼z) CH4

C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4

Reaksi pembentukan CH4 (Price dan Cheremisinoff,1981):

(C6H10O5)n + n H2O 3n CO2 + 3n CH4

(C6H10O6)x + xH2O (C6H12O6)
Karbohidrat air glukosa

(C6H10O5)n (s) + n H2O(l) n C6H12O6

Selulosa air glukosa

Reaksi asidogenik senyawa glukosa:

n (C6H1 2O6) 2n (C2H5OH) + 2n CO2(g) + kalor

glukosa etanol

2n (C2H5OH)(aq) + n CO2(g) 2n (CH3COOH)(aq) + nCH4(g)

etanol asam asetat metana

2n (CH3COOH) 2n CH4(g) + 2n CO2(g)

asam asetat gas metana
Produksi Biogas
Produksi Limbah Produksi Gas
Limbah
(kg/kepala/hari) (m3/kg)
Sapi dan Kerbau 10 - 35 0.023 - 0.080
Babi 1.2 – 3.5 0.040 - 0.110
Ayam 0.12 – 0.15 0.065 - 0.126
Manusia 0.13 - 0.52 0.020 - 0.054
 3
1 m biogas setara dg:
• Elpiji 0,46 kg
• Minyak tanah 0,62 liter
• Minyak solar 0,52 liter
• Bensin 0,80 liter
3
• Gas kota 1,50 m
• Kayu bakar 3,50 kg
▪ Water vapor must also be removed
completely before any gas compression can
occur.

▪ H2S is poisonous, odorous, and highly

corrosive, causing damage to equipment
and piping systems.

▪ CO2 is also slightly corrosive and lowers the

caloric value of the gas, thus reducing its
value (Schomaker et al, 2000).
Keuntungan Teknologi Biogas
↳ • Mengatasi pencemaran
• Peningkatan kesehatan masyarakat
• Pengurangan jumlah padatan
• Kontrol bau
• Energi bersih
• Pupuk organik
 Pendekatan
• Zero cost :
– bahan baku masukan berupa limbah

• Added Value :
– limbah menjadi bahan yg bernilai guna (BBG
dan pupuk)

• Zero waste :
– tidak dihasilkan limbah
 Faktor yg Mempengaruhi Produksi Biogas

1. Bahan organik (substrat)

• Limbah pertanian, peternakan, sampah organik,
• BK optimum 7-9%
• Pengenceran 1:1-3 (BO:Air)
 2. Imbangan C/N
optimal 25 – 30

C/N CH4 CO2 H2 N2

Rendah Sedikit Banyak Sedikit Banyak
Optimum Banyak Sedang Sedikit Sedikit
Tinggi sedikit banyak Sedikit Sedikit
C/N Ratio dari beberapa Limbah
Limbah (Bahan Segar) C/N Ratio
Itik 8
Ekskreta Manusia 8
Ayam 10
Kambing 12
Babi 18
Domba 19
Sapi dan Kerbau 24
Eceng Gondok 25
Gajah 43
Jerami Jagung 60
Jerami Padi 70
Jerami Gandum 90
Derbuk Gergaji > 200
3. Derajat Keasaman
Netral pH 6.5 – 7.5
Tahap awal pH turun (< 6)
Ca (OH)2 ; CaCO3 ; Na2CO3

4. Temperatur
Stabil tidak terjadi perubahan temperatur

•Temperatur yg paling baik termopilik

•Menstabilkan temperatur:
•Memberikan pemanas di dlm digester
•Menyelimuti digester
•Menanam digester dlm tanah
Temperature

Psychrophilic AD:
• T < 20 °C

Mesophilic AD:
• T: 30-35 °C
• retention time: 15-30 days

Thermophilic AD:
• T > 55 °C
• retention time: 12-14 days
• able to destroy a larger number of pathogens
• more costly and complicated
5. Zat toksik
Harus bebas dari pestisida, detergen, kaporit

6. Loading rate
Perlu pengisian bahan organik yg kontinue setiap hari dg
memperhitungkan waktu tinggal dan volume digester.

Volume digester
Loading Rate (kg/hari) =
waktu tinggal
 Hydraulic retention time (HRT)
Hydraulic retention time (HRT) :

Influent flow rate Q

(Q), m3/day
V, m3

Volume V (m3)
HRT (θ), days = =
Flow rate Q (m3/day)

Digester volume, V (m3) = Flow rate (Q) x HRT (θH )

7. Pengadukan
menghomogenkan bahan perlu dilakukan pengadukan
sebelum dimasukkan ke dlm digester maupun di dlm
digester

biogas

Kerak

Larutan

Lumpur
8. Ukuran partikel
Ukuran partikel mempengaruhi kecepatan proses
perombakan.
• perlu pencacahan atau penghalusan BO
9. Kandungan Serat Kasar
Semakin tinggi kandungan selulosa, hemiselulosa atau
lignin, maka semakin lama proses perombakan dan biogas
yg dihasilkan sedikit.
10. Starter
• Utk mempercepat proses perombakan atau
meningkatkan produksi biogas dpt ditambahkan starter
berupa mikroorganisma.
• Digester dua tahap (Two stage digester)
11. Waktu retensi/waktu tinggal
• Diperlukan waktu tinggal di dlm digester sekitar
20-60 hari tergantung jenis bahan organik
 Substrates (Bahan Organik Masukkan)

– Two or more substrates (Co-digestion)

• Major amount of a main basic substrates (e.g.
manure or sewage sludge) + Minor amount of a
singe, or a variety of additional substrates
– Multi-purpose process serving at the same
time
• Waste upgrading
• Energy production
• Improvement of fertilizer quality
 Benefits of Co-digestion
• Improved nutrient balance and digestion
performance
– A nutrient ratio of TOC:N:P = 300:5:1 to achieve
optimal digestion performance
Manure Crop or Crop residues

Low C/N ratio– high ammonia High C/N ratio– high carbon content
High alkalinity Low alkalinity
Rich in macro/micro Lack of macro/micro
nutrient nutrient

Improve the C/N ratio, buffering capacity and more biodegradable substrate
• Effective utilization of digester volumes
– Help to utilize the availability of free capacities
• Co- digestion of energy crops and manure
resulted in the doubling of the plant capacity
from 500 kW to 1000 kW retaining the
digester volume (Lindorfer et al., 2007)
– The wide distribution of sewage treatment
plants minimizes transportation costs.
• improved nutrient balance and digestion
• equalization of particulate, floating, settling,
acidifying
• additional biogas collection
• possible gate fees for waste treatment
• additional fertilizer (soil conditioner) reclamation
• renewable biomass (“Energy Crops”) disposable
for digestion in agriculture.
• Source of organic waste streams can be co-digested
with manure
– Food Industry Waste
• potato, sugar beet, meat, and dairy processing
– Grain Industry
• Damaged grain
– Paper Industry
• Newspaper and recycled
paper
– Domestic Wastes
– Livestock Wastes
– Crop Residues
• Corn stover and switchgrass
 Case 1
Increased by
65 % Manure + 30% sugar beet
tops
Cow manure
alone

Increased by
58 %
Manure + 30% grass
Cow manure
alone

Increased by
16 %
Manure + 30% oat straw
Cow manure
alone

Lehtomaki et al.,
 Case 2
• Whey co-digestion with diluted poultry manure
– For an hydraulic retention time of 18 days at 35 °
C and organic loading rate of 4.9 g COD/L
• Biogas production increased by 40%

Gelegenis et al.,
2007
Instalasi
Biogas
Beberapa bagian Instalasi biodigester :
a) Sumur pencerna (biodigester).
e
Merupakan tempat utk menampung
bahan baku limbah organik.
b) Pengumpul gas (gas holder). Pengumpul
biogas yg dihasilkan.
b
c) Pipa masukkan (inlet). Saluran masuk c
d
bahan baku ke dlm digester.
d) Pipa pengeluaran (outlet). Saluran
pembuangan lumpur (sludge).
e) Pipa penyalur biogas. Pipa penyaluran a
biogas dari instalasi ke tempat
penggunaan (kompor gas di dapur atau
generator).
Instalasi Biodigester
Tipe :
Berdasarkan konstruksi ada dua tipe:
•Tetap (fixed dome plants)
•Terapung (floating dome plants)
Sistem :
• Kontinyu
• Curah (batch)

Bahan :
• Semen beton
• Metal
• Fiber glass
• Kantong plastik (Plastik digester)
Tipe :
• Tetap (fixed)/kubah Tipe
• Terapung (floating) Tetap

Tipe
Floating
Types of plants. concerning the feed method:
· Batch plants
· Continuous plants

Batch plants are filled and then emptied completely after a

fixed retention time.
• Each designand each fermentation material is suitable for
batch filling, but batch plants require high labor input.
• As a major disadvantage, their gas-output is not steady.

Curah
Tipe Tetap
Floating Biodigester
 Drum Gas
Inlet outlet

Outlet

In let
Pipe Out let
Pipe

Digester

FLOATING DRUM TYPE

BIOGAS PLANT
 Biogas Plant

20 m3/day Capacity Biogas Plant

Tipe Kubah
Pengaman Instalasi Biogas

Selang plastik

Diisi air
warna
Ukuran Digester

• Ukuran volume digester (Vd) yg akan dibangun sangat

tergantung pd:
• Laju pengisian (LR)
• Waktu tinggal yg harapkan (WT).

Vd (m3) = LR (m3/hari) x WT (hari)

• Tujuan pengolahan:
• Kebutuhan biogas (energy)
• Mengolah limbah
Loading Rate tergantung pd banyaknya air yg
digunakan utk memperoleh BK 7-9%.

LR (LR) = Bahan Organik + Air

Perbandingan Bahan Organik dan air yg

umumnya dipakai:
1:1-3
Volume digester : Berdasarkan
Kebutuhan Biogas

Kebutuhan Minyak tanah rumah tangga memasak

dan penerangan 2 l/hari

1 m3 biogas ≈ 0.62 l minyak tanah,

1 l minyak tanah ≈ 1.61 m3 biogas
2 l minyak tanah ≈ 3,22 m3 biogas
1 kg kotoran menghasilkan 0,08 m3 biogas
1 ekor sapi dewasa 10 kg kotoran/hari

Jumlah kotoran = 3,22 / 0.08 = 25 kg

Jumlah ternak = 25 / 10 = 2,5 ekor ≈ 3 ekor

Perbandingan kotoran : Air = 1 : 2

Vol. masukkan 25 + (25 x 2) = 75 kg
Volume digester (Vd) = LR x WT

Vol. digester = 75 x 20 hari = 1500 kg

= 1,5 m3 = 2 m3
Vol. penampung gas 40% sumur = 40% x 2 = 0,8 m3

Vol. Total digester = Vol. sumur + vol. penampung

Vol. Total digester = 2 + 0,8 = 2,8 m3 = 3 m3
Volume digester : Berdasarkan Jumlah Limbah

Suatu peternakan mempunyai 200 ekor sapi

bali yg siap potong.

Berapa besar volume digester yg harus dibuat

?.
Perhitungan:
• Jumlah kotoran/hari
= 200 ekor x 10 kg/ekor/hari
= 2000 kg/hari

• Laju Pengisian = 2000 kg + (2 x 2000)

= 6000 kg/hari

• Vd = 6000 kg/hari x 20 hari

= 120000 kg = 120 m3 .
• Prod. biogas/hari = 2000 kg x 0,08 m3 /kg
= 160 m3

• Vol.penampung gas = 40% Vd

= 40% x 120 m3
= 48 m3 .

• Total Volume biodigester

• = 120 m3 + 48 m3
• = 168 m3.
Bentuk Biodigester Tabung
2
Volume Sumur =πr t
2
= 3.14 r t
Bentuk Biodigester Kotak

Volume Kolam
=plt
 Lumpur

Pemisahan
padatan dan
cairan
 Lumpur

▪ Perombakan Anaerobik mengurangi padatan

50-80%

▪ Lumpur keluaran biogas disebut digestat

Pupuk Padat & Cair

Aplikasi pada Tanaman Pertanian

Table 2. Quantities applied to the ponds of effluent, total N
and NH3-N, according to the source of the
effluent (retention times of 10 and 30 days)
Retention time, days
10 30
N, mg/litre effluent 1003 1066
Effluent, litres/m2/day 0.26 0.24
N, g/m2/day 0.133 0.133
NH3-N, g/m2/day 0.066 0.080
Komposisi N, P, dan K Lumpur Buangan Biogas

Komposisi (% Bahan kering)

Hara Kotoran Segar Digestat
Nitrogen (N) 2.0 2.6
Phosphorus (P) 0.6 1.4
Kalium (K) 1.0 1.7

Adapted from Gómez y Viniegra, 1979

 Diagram of a Biogas Project
To Grid

Gas Flare Gas Cleaner/Compressor

Mortalities Maceration/ Heat Recovery

. Sterilization

Heating
Digestor
Hog Farm
Biogas
Manure Slurry

Effluent
Separator Electricity Generation
Hog Barn Digester
Liquids
Solids
Liquids back to Farm
Reduced N & P Water

Fertilizer Mineral Extraction

Crops
April 16, 2009 “solutions for a sustainable
113 world”
MIT Enterprise Forum
 Instalasi
fiber glass
4 m3

Instalasi semen
Instalasi Plastik
Polyethylene
 Instalasi
Tandon air
 Kantong
Bak Katup satu plastik
Masukkan arah

Pipa/slang Kran
gas gas

Bak Keluaran

Pipa
Paralon Pipa Kompor
Paralon Gas
Tandon air
plastik
8m3 gasbio utk
masak
3,75 m3 lampu
20.4 m3 total gas
Tabel 7. Total Pengeluaran untuk biogas kapasitas 5 m3 bahan plastic polyethylene

No. Bahan
A. Pengeluaran
1. Plastik Polyethelene lebar 1.5 m Rp 170.000
2. Paralon 1/2 inch, 1 batang Rp 15.000
3. Paralon 6 inch, 1 batang Rp 30.000
4. Lem karet, 1 kaleng Rp 10.000
5. Lem PVC, 1 tube Rp 10.000
6. Lakban selotip, 1 buah Rp 15.000
7. Kran gas, 1 buah Rp 25.000
8. Selang plastik 1/2 inch, 10 m Rp 30.000
9. Sambungan paralon T, 1 buah Rp 2.000
10. Shock drat paralon (sepasang), 2 buah Rp 4.000
11. Karet ban dalam (20 cm2), 1 lembar Rp 2.000
12. Tali karet ban dalam, 8 helai Rp 4.000
13. Clamp selang, 5 buah Rp 2.500
14. Kompor gas, 1 buah Rp 250.000
Total Pengeluaran Rp 569.500
B. Produksi Biogas
1. sehari 2,4 m3 setara 1,49 liter minyak tanah @ Rp 3.000 4.470
Rp
2. sebulan 72 m3 setara 44,54 liter minyak tanah @ Rp. 3.000 133.620
Rp
3. setahun 864 m3 setara 535,68 liter minyak tanah @ Rp. 1.607.040
3.000 Rp
C. Keuntungan dari Pembuatan Biogas
1. sebulan, Rp 133.620 – 47.458 Rp 86.162

2. setahun, Rp 1.607.040 – 569.500 Rp 1.037.540

D. Kebutuhan minyak tanah

1. sehari, 2 liter @ Rp. 3.000 Rp 6.000

2. sebulan, 60 liter @ Rp. 3.000 Rp 180.000

3. setahun, 720 liter @ Rp. 3.000 Rp 2.160.00

E. Penghematan minyak tanah

1. sehari, Rp 6.000 – Rp 1.559 Rp 4.441

2. sebulan, Rp 180.000 – Rp 47.458 Rp 132.541

3. setahun, Rp 2.160.000 – Rp 569.500 Rp 1.590.500

Biogas dari WC
 Managing Human Excreta - Options
“Dry” Collection:
– Open defecation
– Collect in a container
• e.g., chamber pot
– Discharge to the
environment w/ or w/o Rx
• Latrines – several kinds
– Treat or dispose of or both
• Latrines, cesspools/waste
pits
– Separate feces and urine
• Then, treat/store
(latrines), use or
dispose to the
environment
 Managing Human Excreta - Options
• Semi-wet (or semi-dry)
• Use some water
• Pour-flush toilets/latrines and other low water
use systems
– Needed where water is used for anal cleansing
– On-site systems needed handle additional water
• Can be done by infiltration and on-site treatment of
semi solid wastes in latrine pits, composting pits,
twin-pit pour-flush latrine, etc.
• Alternatively, collect waste onsite and removed
for further centralized or decentralized Rx
 Managing Human Excreta - Options

• Wet Systems
– On-site Septic Systems
– Other On-site systems
• Soak pits
• Sand filters
– Sewerage – liquid system to convey sewage off-site
– Sewage treatment systems (off-site)
• Subject sewage to physical, biological and chemical
treatment processes
– Separate settlable solids from remaining liquid
– Biologically degrade ands stabilize organic matter
– Biologically reduce pathogens
– Physically and chemically disinfect pathogens
 Domestic/Community Sanitary Sewage
• Human feces and urine diluted in water + other “stuff”
• ~20-50 grams feces dry weight (100-250 grams wet
weight) + 1-1.5 L urine/500-800 L raw sewage
• Dry weight suspended matter is about 0.1-0.2% (~1-2
grams/L)
• Most is organic
• Contains many pathogens, especially larger but also
smaller ones
• Sewage also contains “soluble” organic matter
– of ten measured directly/indirectly as carbon or
biodegradable carbon
– Smaller microbes are part of the “soluble” matter:
viruses + bacteria
 Human Excreta – Resource or Risk?
• Human excreta as a potential resource
• Contains nutrients (N, P, K, and organic matter)
• Nutrients and organic matter are:
•Detrimental in water, esp. surface water Nitrogen (N) 4.5
•Eutrophication, anoxia, fish kills Phosphorous (P) 0.6
• Beneficial on land Potassium 1.0
•Fertilizer, soil conditioner, land stabilizer
Organic matter 35
• Widely used as a fertilizer and soil amendment in
(as BOD)
both developed and developing countries
• Potential for excreta misuse and environmental Annual Amounts/Person, Kg
pollution is great without proper attention to
management plans and human behavior
considerations
Nutrient Content of Human Excreta
• Rich source of inorganic plant nutrients: N, P K and organic matter
• Daily human excretion: ~30 g of C (90 g of organic matter), ~ 10-12 g
N, ~ 2 g of P and 3 g of K.
• Most organic matter in feces most N and P (70-80 %) in urine. K
equally distributed between urine and feces.
 “ANIMAL WASTE MAY BE A
STINKLY BUSSINESS,BUT TO
US IT SMELL LIKE MONEY”
 Sekian
Terima Kasih
Theoretical methane yield per kg COD at STP
Assumption: No oxygen demand could be satisfied in
an anaerobic reactor but production of
methane
Step 1: Calculation of COD equivalent of CH4
CH4 + 2O2 --------------> CO2 + 2H2O
16 g 64g

⇒ 16 g CH4 ~ 64 g O2 (COD)
=> 1 g CH4 ~ 64/16 = 4 g COD ------------ (1)

Step 2: Conversion of CH4 mass to equivalent volume

=> 1 Mole CH4 ~ 22.4 L CH4

=> 16 g CH4 ~ 22.4 L CH4

=> 1 g CH4 ~ 22.4/16 = 1.4 L CH4 ------------ (2)

Step 3: CH4 generation rate per unit of COD removed
From eqs. (1) and (2), we have

=> 1 g CH4 ~ 4 g COD ~ 1.4 L CH4

=> 4 g COD ~ 1.4 L CH4

=> 1 g COD ~ 1.4/4 = 0.35 LCH4

or 1 Kg COD ~ 0.35 m3 CH4 ----------- (3)

Complete anaerobic degradation of

3
1 Kg COD produces 0.35 m CH4