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Peruvian Workshop on Solar Energy 2022 (JOPES 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2538 (2023) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2538/1/012004

Development of a low-cost monitoring system for the

measurement of DC and AC electrical parameters in grid-
connected photovoltaic systems based on IEC standards

M A Zamudio1,2, A M Carhuavilca1,2, L A Conde2, M A García2, A E Berastain2, J

Montes-Romero3, J De la Casa3, J A Töfflinger2* and M A Cataño1
1Automation, Robotic and Computer Vision (ARViCo), Engineering Department,
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru
2Materials Science and Renewable Energies (MatER-PUCP), Science Department,

Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru
3IDEA Research Group, Electronics and Automation Engineering Department,

Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n. 23071–Jaén, Spain

*Correspondence: japalominot@pucp.edu.pe

Abstract. The rapid development of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic solar
energy, makes it possible to sustainably cover part of the energy demand in different parts of the
world. Thus, higher efficiency of photovoltaic systems is sought to provide higher yields,
security, and stability in their operation and energy production. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor
the variables of interest and verify the correct operation of photovoltaic systems. This article
presents the development of a monitoring system that allows the acquisition and recording of the
main electrical parameters, both in direct and alternating current, enabling the evaluation of the
array and final yield of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The developed monitoring system
follows the concept of the Internet of Things for remote data analysis. In addition, it allows local
data logging in a computer for data acquisition over a long period. The measurements of the
developed monitoring system comply with the International Electrotechnical Commission
standards specified in IEC 61724-1. This validation is performed after contrasting the
measurements obtained by the developed system with those obtained by the high-precision
WT5000 power analyzer, where the relative differences of each electrical parameter analysed
are less than 2%. Finally, the system developed is characterised by its low cost, which is less
than US$ 140.

1. Introduction
It is a fact that the economy is driven by energy. That is why the energy sector is an essential pillar in
the economic development of a country. In this sense, the abundance and availability of low-priced
energy support the economy of countries, aiming to achieve greater economic growth and improved
productivity [1]. Electricity is the most demanded form of energy [2], which has become an essential
service for developing the various activities people perform in their daily tasks [3]. However, the current
structure of electric power generation is not entirely sustainable since it is based on the burning of fossil
fuels [4], which emit greenhouse gases in an uncontrolled manner. In the face of this, renewable energy
sources stand out as the energy forms that can avoid the accelerated pace of this future threat, particularly

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Peruvian Workshop on Solar Energy 2022 (JOPES 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2538 (2023) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2538/1/012004

solar photovoltaic energy, whose capacity is projected to surpass that of coal by 2027, becoming the
largest in the world [5].
In order to know the performance and energy production of photovoltaic systems, it is necessary to
develop technologies that track their generation. Thus, monitoring systems are presented as the solution
to maximize the PV array’s reliability and inform about the factors influencing production below the
expected levels [2]. A review of the literature has revealed that several applications for data
measurement, acquisition, and monitoring have been carried out. These existing acquisition systems are
based on software requiring operating licenses [6]. In addition, these systems are relatively complex and
costly to use and in some cases, are also distinguished by the limited number of monitored parameters
they offer in DC or AC [6][7]. There are even commercial solutions with drawbacks in the
communication protocols and knowledge of these systems, as they make it difficult for the user to add
new functions [8], such as the monitoring systems included in the most popular commercial inverters.
In [9], a prototype of a PV module energy monitoring system developed in India is shown, which is
remote and applies the Internet of Things (IoT) concept but only measures DC electrical parameters. In
[7], a SEM-LoRaWAN smart energy meter was proposed to measure energy consumption and monitor
various parameters such as voltage, current, power, energy, light intensity, temperature, and humidity
and send them to the cloud using LoRaWAN technology. However, this technology has not yet been
widely used to monitor PV systems, its performance is not yet known with certainty, and it can only
acquire DC electrical parameters. The system developed in [10] can measure PV modules’ voltage,
current, and temperature parameters. It also sends data to the internet through mobile networks so the
user can review it, but it only monitors DC electrical parameters. In [11], a system integrated by a
wireless sensor network for monitoring AC current, AC voltage, AC power, and active energy was
proposed in Thailand, which is low-cost and sends the measured data to a web platform where users can
review the information in real-time. However, it only provides information on AC electrical parameters.
Thus, many monitoring systems developed are limited to acquiring a limited number of electrical
parameters according to the monitoring needs or objectives of grid-connected PV systems or stand-alone
PV systems or do not perform experimental validation.
This paper aims to develop a monitoring system that acquires electrical parameters in direct and
alternating currents and provides information on the energy production of grid-connected photovoltaic
systems under exposed climatic conditions. This developed system will meet the requirements of the
IEC 61724-1 standard [12], tested on a 1.5 kWp grid-connected PV system at the Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Perú.

2. Development of the monitoring system

2.1. Acquisition of electrical parameters in grid-connected PV systems

The acquisition of electrical variables is essential for monitoring and ensuring the expected performance
of a PV system. There is a great diversity of photovoltaic module technologies that, when put into
operation, show different power losses and gains due to the operating conditions [13]. Additional power
losses can occur on the generator and system level due to module mismatch, shading, soiling, cable
resistivity, and inverter efficiency [14], among others. Therefore, measuring the main parameters of
grid-connected photovoltaic systems under real operating conditions is essential to determine their
reliability and ensure their correct operation [2], as well as estimating losses. The acquired data allows
for verifying the PV system’s final yield [15]. The IEC 61724-1 standard indicates the electrical
parameters required for the system evaluation. In direct current, the required variables that need to be
measured correspond to current, voltage, and power that allow estimating the DC energy at the inverter
entrance, which is useful for calculating the PV array yield. In alternating current, the standard requires
measuring the RMS voltage, RMS current, and AC power with which the AC energy produced is
estimated, as well as the final yield of the system [11]. Table 1 shows the precision requirements
demanded by the standard for electrical measurements.

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Peruvian Workshop on Solar Energy 2022 (JOPES 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2538 (2023) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2538/1/012004

Table 1. Measurement precision for electrical parameters required by the

standard IEC 61724-1.
General Inverter Parameters Symbol Measurement
Parameters Precision
Input voltage (DC) VA ±2 %
Electrical
Input current (DC) IA ±2 %

Input power (DC) PA ±3 %

Output voltage (AC) Vout ±2 %

Output current (AC) Iout ±2 %

Output power (AC) Pout ±3 %

2.2. General Design of the electrical parameters acquisition system

Figure 1 shows the block diagram design of the acquisition system in which the general scheme of the
sensor connections used to measure the DC (inverter input) and AC (inverter output) electrical
parameters is presented. The acquisition unit records the sensor output data and sends it to a free IoT
platform in the cloud and, optionally, via serial communication to a local computer that acts as a backup.
The data is visualized in real-time through the developed graphical interfaces.

Figure 1. Design of the block diagram of the data acquisition system (DAQ).

2.2.1. DC current sensor

Direct current (DC) monitoring is performed through a linear Hall-effect sensor that provides a
voltage proportional to the measured current at its output. Unlike a shunt resistor which also has a linear
output, but requires additional components to protect the control part, the Hall-effect device provides
the electrical isolation intrinsically, required in photovoltaic applications. This ACS712-20A sensor
operating on this principle involves the generation of voltage due to current flow through a conductor
within a perpendicular magnetic field [10]. The maximum current generated by the PV module array of
our PV test system is 10 A and the sensor has the capacity to withstand up to 20 A between its conducting

3
Peruvian Workshop on Solar Energy 2022 (JOPES 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2538 (2023) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2538/1/012004

terminals. The methodology employed through a calibration process that includes code adaptations and
mathematical adjustments makes it possible to overcome the drift and uncertainty problems that sensors
operating under the Hall effect principle may present.

2.2.2. DC voltage sensor

A resistive voltage divider is used to reduce the voltage to a level suitable for the microcontroller [9], as
the output of the PV array for testing reaches a maximum voltage of 600 V. For electrical isolation, an
isolation amplifier (AMC33330) [16][17], whose input is limited to a maximum voltage value of 1 V,
is used. Its output is in differential mode and corresponds to the input voltage multiplied by a gain of 2
[16].

2.2.3. Analog to digital converter

The signals generated by the DC current and DC voltage sensors are acquired using a 16-bit analog-to-
digital signal converter (ADS1115) with 4 single or 2 differential channels [18]. This allows for
establishing a higher resolution to the signals provided by the measurement sensors and performing the
reading in the differential mode of the DC voltage sensor output. In addition, it directly sends the
digitized data to the control unit (microcontroller) through the I2C communication protocol.

2.2.4. AC power sensor

A DDS238-1 ZN power meter module developed with internal totalizers was used to measure electrical
parameters such as RMS current, RMS voltage, active power, reactive power, apparent power, frequency
and power factor from the reading of its internal registers. The module uses the MODBUS RTU
communication protocol with RS485 physical layer to obtain the required electrical parameters at the
inverter output.

2.2.5. Transceiver
An RS485 to UART protocol converter is required for the logic-level conversion. This MAX485
converter module made it possible to obtain the alternate electrical values in a format, such as UART,
compatible with the microcontroller.

2.2.6. Microcontroller
The ESP32 microcontroller was selected for its processing power, low cost, and low power
consumption. In addition, the ESP32 microcontroller-based board has the advantage of integrating a
WiFi module, which is useful for sending data to the remote platform. Also, its flexibility to be
programmed in different programming languages and with an open-source integrated development
environment makes it ideal for acquiring DC and AC electrical parameters in a less complex and space-
saving way due to its small dimensions [19].

2.2.7. Visualization platform

The Thingspeak platform is used for remote monitoring, as it is open source, free, and has options such
as viewing, processing, and downloading data in comma-separated value (CSV) format [19]. The
interface designed in it allows the behavior of the acquired electrical variables to be observed in real-
time. LabVIEW software was also used to develop an interface for local logging of the acquired data.
Both interfaces make it possible to record and visualize the data in real time.

3. Results for recording electrical parameters

The electrical parameters monitoring system developed was installed in the Physics Section of the
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú to measure a PV system with a 1.65 kW generator consisting
of five 330 W modules in series based on Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer (HIT) technology.
The PV system is connected to the grid through an SMA Sunny Boy 1.5 kWp inverter. The measurements
performed by the monitoring system were compared with a power analyzer Yokogawa WT5000, which

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Peruvian Workshop on Solar Energy 2022 (JOPES 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2538 (2023) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2538/1/012004

has a power precision of ± 0.03%. The measurements were simultaneously performed every minute.
The data was saved on a local computer through LabVIEW software and sent to the Thingspeak platform
for remote monitoring.

3.1. Comparison between DC and AC electrical measurements

To estimate the developed monitoring system’s measurement precision, the PV system’s measured
electrical parameters were compared to those measured by the referential power analyzer WT5000
during an exemplary day (06/26/2022). The power curves (DC and AC) generated over time and the
respective relative percentage differences, using the measured powers by the WT5000 as a reference,
are shown in figures 2 and 3. After performing an experimental calibration process on the daily data,
correlations were obtained between the power measured by the WT5000 and the power measured by the
acquisition system. Figures 4 and 5 correspond to the DC and AC power calibrations.

800 30 800 30
DC Power - DAQ AC Power - DAQ
DC Power - WT5000 27 AC Power - WT5000 27
700 700
Rel. Difference (%) Rel. Difference (%)
24 24
Relative Difference (%)

Relative Difference (%)

600 600
21 21
DC Power (W)

AC Power (W)

500 500
18 18

400 15 400 15

12 12
300 300
9 9
200 200
6 6
100 100
3 3

0 0 0 0
07:30 09:00 10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30 07:30 09:00 10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30
Hour Hour

Figure 2. DC power comparison (measurement: Figure 3. AC power comparison (measurement:

06/26/2022). 06/26/2022).
800
800
CORRECTED DC POWER - DAQ (W)

CORRECTED AC POWER - DAQ (W)

700
700
600
600
500
500

400 400

300 300

Equation y = a + b*x 200

Equation y = a + b*x
200
Intercept 1.33205 ± 0.2 Intercept -1.76623 ± 0.0
100 Slope 0.9969 ± 5.40 100 Slope 1.00434 ± 2.1
0
R-Square (COD) 0.99982 0
R-Square (COD) 0.99997

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
DC POWER - WT5000 (W) AC POWER - WT5000 (W)

Figure 4. DC power WT5000 (W) vs. corrected Figure 5. AC power WT5000 vs. corrected AC
DC power DAQ (W) (measurement: power DAQ (W) (measurement: 06/26/2022).
06/26/2022).

The relative differences with respect to the WT5000 standard instrument for an exemplary day were
calculated using equation (1).
|𝑀𝐷𝐴𝑄 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖 |
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (%) = × 100% (1)
𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖

5
Peruvian Workshop on Solar Energy 2022 (JOPES 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2538 (2023) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2538/1/012004

The values of all the average relative differences related to each electrical parameter are shown in
table 2. An average relative difference of 0.06% for the DC current parameter was calculated. DC voltage
presented an average relative difference of 0.12%, and DC power was obtained with an average relative
difference of 0.10%. In AC, the electrical parameters such as RMS current, RMS voltage, and active
power were obtained with average relative differences of 0.09%, 0.08%, and 0.15%, respectively.

Table 2. Average relative differences of the developed monitoring system

for electrical parameters with reference to the Yokogawa WT5000 power
analyzer.
Electrical Average relative
parameters differences
Input current (DC) [A] 0.06 %
Input voltage (DC) [V] 0.12 %
Input power (DC) [W] 0.10 %
Output current (AC) [A] 0.09 %
Output voltage (AC) [V] 0.08 %
Output power (AC) [W] 0.15 %

3.2. Calculation of statistical error indicators

Statistical error indicators such as Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and Normalized
Mean Bias Error (NMBE) were also calculated. The NRMSE specifies the degree of dispersion and
average error between the data measured by the developed system and the reference data measured by
the WT5000 power analyzer, while the NMBE indicates whether the developed system presents
overestimated or underestimated data [20]. These indicators can be calculated from the expressions
shown in equations (2) and (3) given with respect to the values obtained from the WT5000 reference
device.

√ 1 × ∑𝑁
𝑖 (𝑀𝐷𝐴𝑄 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖 )
2
𝑁 (2)
𝑁𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸(%) = 100 ×
1
∑𝑁
𝑁 × 𝑖 𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖
1
𝑁 × ∑𝑁
𝑖 (𝑀𝐷𝐴𝑄 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖 ) (3)
𝑁𝑀𝐵𝐸(%) = 100 ×
1
∑𝑁
𝑁 × 𝑖 𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖

Table 3 shows the NRMSE and NMBE values calculated for each of the electrical parameters
required by IEC 61724-1 after the calibration process. The NRMSE values showed that for the whole
measurement range a good result was achieved, as there is a remarkable closeness and agreement
between the values measured by the developed system (DAQ) and the reference system (WT5000). In
addition, positive MBE values were obtained, indicating that the data from the monitoring system are
slightly overestimated with respect to the reference. Due to the high precision of the WT5000 power
analyzer, it can be stated that the developed monitoring system shows suitable results in accordance with
the IEC 61724-1.

Table 3. NRMSE and NMBE for measured electrical parameters.

Electrical NRMSE NMBE
parameters (%) (%)
DC Current 0.09 % 0.07 %
DC Voltage 0.13 % 0.10 %

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Peruvian Workshop on Solar Energy 2022 (JOPES 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2538 (2023) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2538/1/012004

DC Power 0.14 % 0.12 %

AC Current 0.11 % 0.08 %
AC Voltage 0.10 % 0.07 %
AC Power 0.17 % 0.13 %

Finally, the monitoring system developed can be considered accurate according to the requirements
specified by IEC 61724-1 and low-cost compared to commercial measurement systems. Table 4 shows
the costs of the main components used to implement the final system.

Table 4. Cost of major electronic components.

Concept Cost (US$)
Current sensor ACS712-20A 3.01
Amplifier AMC3330EVM 90.90
Energy meter DDS238-1 ZN 16.32
Microcontroller ESP32 10.36
ADC converter ADS1115 5.11
Transceiver MAX485 0.96
Voltage regulator 2.65
Power supply 8.43
Total 137.74

4. Conclusions
This paper presented the design of an electrical parameter monitoring system that acquires DC and AC
electrical variables of grid-connected PV systems. Likewise, the components that make up the developed
system and the advantage of using them according to the objectives set for the design of this system
were indicated. In addition, the block diagram highlighting how the measurement devices are connected
was detailed. The way in which the measured variables are acquired and the recording of all the data
every minute both in the computer and in the Thingspeak remote monitoring platform was also
explained. For testing, measurements were made during one day with a PV system made up of
photovoltaic modules of HIT technology located at the facilities of the Pontificia Universidad Católica
del Perú in Lima, Peru. The measured data were compared with a high-precision power analyzer
Yokogawa WT5000 as a reference device, with an precision of ± 0.03%. Given the precision of the
standard instrument certified by the manufacturer, the results obtained after the calibration process
showed that the electrical parameters acquired by the monitoring system reached values very close to
those provided by the WT5000 power analyzer. Therefore, it is ensured that the developed system
complies with the IEC 61724-1 standard for a class A system, making the developed system reliable for
performing electrical monitoring of small-scale unmonitored photovoltaic installations. Finally, the
developed monitoring system is portable and low-cost because the elements used for the measurements
were mostly acquired in the local market, without affecting the quality of the complete system.

Acknowledgments
This work received financial support from PROCIENCIA and The World Bank through contract 013-
2020-FONDECYT-BM. The authors also acknowledge the financial support from the Vice-Rectorate
for Research of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú through contract 2021-A-0028/PI0737.

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Peruvian Workshop on Solar Energy 2022 (JOPES 2022) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2538 (2023) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2538/1/012004

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