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1. Introduction
This paper is a follow-up to our previous publication [1], where we employed the Bloch
modes of a slit array in a semi-infinite metallic host to investigate the transmission of a
normally incident plane-wave through sub-wavelength slits. Toward the end of that paper, we
briefly discussed the case of oblique incidence at small angles (i.e., close to normal
incidence), thus demonstrating the utility of the Bloch mode analysis for interpreting the
results of experiments involving oblique-incidence on metallic gratings, such as those
x
y
w p
Fig. 1. A TM-polarized plane-wave (Hx, Ey, Ez) is incident from the air on a semi-infinite slit
array at the angle θ. The plane of incidence is yz, the vacuum wavelength of the light is
λo = 1.0 μm, and the slits are in a silver host having εm = − 48.8 + 2.99i. Throughout this paper,
the period of the structure is fixed at p = 1.2 μm, and the slit apertures, filled with air, are
assumed to have a width w = 0.1μm (i.e., one-tenth of one wavelength). The bottom of the
array is placed at z = ∞ to eliminate the influence of the light returning from the bottom facet
on reflected and transmitted light at the top (entrance) facet of the array.
Section 2 describes the propagation constants and field profiles of the various
electromagnetic modes of a semi-infinite slit array in a metallic host. For any given angle of
incidence θ , the modes satisfy the corresponding Bloch condition [1], and are therefore
referred to as Bloch modes. Matching the tangential components of the E- and H-fields at the
entrance facet of the array is discussed in Section 3, where we demonstrate the convergence of
the Bloch mode series for three representative angles of incidence. The three skew angles
selected for discussion represent the cases of ordinary behavior (i.e., incidence angles that are
sufficiently far from anomalous angles), Wood’s anomaly, observed when a new diffraction
order appears/disappears on the horizon [4], and the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons
(SPPs) at the entrance facet of the array [5-7]. In Section 4 we analyze the behavior of a slit
array throughout the entire range of skew angles (θ = 0 : 90˚), and examine the
aforementioned three types of behavior for specific incidence angles. The anomalous angles
revealed by the Bloch mode analysis will be shown to satisfy simple formulas involving the
incident light’s wavelength, the period of the array, and the SPP’s characteristic refractive
index. Also presented and discussed in Section 4 are the field profiles in and around the slits.
As in the previous paper [1], we use Raether’s definition of the SPP [8], a localized
electromagnetic wave confined to the vicinity of a dielectric-metal interface, consisting of a
single evanescent plane-wave on the dielectric side of the interface, and a single
Fig. 2. Propagation constants of modes numbered 3 to 40 for the slit array depicted in Fig. 1 at
θ = 30°; the arrows indicate the direction of increasing mode number. For each mode, the
propagation constant along the z-axis, σ z, is the same in the slit and in the metallic cladding.
Along the y-axis, the propagation constants in the slit are ±σys, while those in the metallic
region are ±σym; see Eq. (1). Parameters of the first two modes (not shown because they are off
the charts) are: σz(1) = 1.2119 + 0.0066i, σys(1) = 0.0116 − 0.6847i, σym(1) = 0.2219 + 7.0941i and
σz(2) = 0.0002 + 4.8308i, σ ys(2) = 4.9332 − 0.0002i, σ ym(2) = 0.3126 + 5.0567i.
Fig. 3. Profiles of the first twelve modes of the slit array depicted in Fig. 1 at θ = 30˚; left: Hx,
right: Ey. In each case, the field’s magnitude is shown at the top and the corresponding phase
profile at the bottom. For display purposes each profile is individually normalized.
3. Matching the boundary conditions at the entrance facet of the slit array
For the system depicted in Fig. 1 with λo = 1.0 μm, θ = 30°, p = 1.2 μm, w = 0.1 μm, silver
host, we computed the coupling coefficients by matching the tangential fields, Ey and Hx, at
the entrance facet using a total of N = 120 modes in each space (i.e., 120 modes in the
free space of incidence and 120 modes in the slit array). Our method of minimizing the
mismatch at the entrance facet is described in Ref. [1]. The matched field magnitudes on both
sides of the z = 0 interface are plotted in Fig. 4. The match is excellent, and the difference
between the incident optical power and the combined reflectance and transmittance of the
array, R + T, was found to be less than 0.1%. The sharp peaks of the Ey-field at the slit edges,
y = ± 0.05 μm, represent a significant accumulation of electrical charge at these sharp corners.
Fig. 4. Profiles of Hx and Ey magnitudes across a full period of the slit array in silver host
(λo = 1.0μm, θ = 30˚, p = 1.2 μm, w = 0.1 μm). A total of N = 120 modes (in each space) was
used to reduce the mismatch between the tangential E and H fields at the interface.
Next, we examine the convergence of the Bloch mode series expansion. With reference to
Fig. 5(a), the magnitudes of the first five modes of the slit array, C1, C2, … C5, were computed
using values of N ranging from 2 to 120, N being the total number of modes included in the
calculations. For the first five modes, we have plotted (versus N ) the difference between the
intermediate values of each coefficient (computed with N < 120) and the final, steady-state
value (obtained with N = 120). Shown in Fig. 5(a) are plots of the mode-magnitude error,
|ΔCn |, versus the number N of modes used to match the boundary conditions. It is seen that,
with increasing N, the mode coefficients rapidly converge to their steady-state values. In
general, we found N ~ 50 to be sufficient for obtaining the coupling coefficients with less than
0.1% error. (This is roughly twice the number of modes needed in the case of normal
incidence [1], where only “even modes” are excited, while odd modes are ignored at the
outset.)
Figure 5(b) shows the magnitudes of the first 20 modes of the slit array (computed with
N = 120) for three cases of interest, labeled as Ordinary, Wood, and SPP. The “Ordinary” case
Fig. 5. (a) Convergence of the coefficients of the first five modes of the slit array to their final
values, displayed as function of the number of modes, N, used to minimize the mismatch across
the z = 0 interface in the case of θ = 30°. (b) Magnitudes of the first 20 modes (obtained with a
total of N = 120 modes used to reduce the mismatch) for three different angles of incidence:
(blue) θ = 30°, an ordinary case; (green) θ = 9.6°, Wood’s anomaly; (red) θ = 10.2°, SPP
excitation. In all cases the host material is silver, λo = 1.0 μm, p = 1.2 μm, and w = 0.1 μm.
The anomalous incidence angles may be readily estimated from simple formulas [1, 4].
At Wood’s anomaly, the Bragg condition should indicate the appearance, on the horizon, of a
new diffraction order m. The SPP anomaly occurs when a diffracted order m acquires the SPP
wavelength of λ o / Re[nspp], where nspp =√εmεd /(εm + εd). Thus θ Wood, θ spp may be found from:
For p = 1.2μm, λ o = 1.0μm, m = 1, Re [nspp] = 1.01, we find θ Wood = 9.6°, θ spp = 10.2°; these
correspond to the first set of anomalies in Fig. 6. The second set, θ Wood = 41.8°, θ spp = 41.0°,
corresponds to m = −2. Carrying out the Bloch mode calculations in steps of Δθ = 0.1°, we
found close agreement with these predicted anomalous angles.
Fig. 7. Field magnitudes (Hx, Ey, Dz ) and Poynting vector S in the yz cross-sectional plane of
the array of Fig. 1 (silver host, p = 1.2 μm, w = 0.1 μm, λ o = 1.0 μm) for three different cases.
Top row: ordinary behavior at θ = 30°; middle row: Wood’s anomaly at θ = 9.6°; bottom row:
SPP anomaly at θ = 10.2°. The color in the Poynting vector diagrams (right-hand column)
encodes the magnitude of S, while the arrows indicate the direction of flow of energy.
Fig. 8. Profiles of |Hx |, |Ey |, |Dz | and the Poynting vector S in the yz cross-sectional plane of the
array of Fig. 1 at θ = 82.5˚ (silver host, p = 1.2 μm, w = 0.1 μm, λ o = 1.0 μm). In the Poynting
vector plot the color encodes | S |, while the arrows show the direction of flow of energy.
Shown in Fig. 8 are the field profiles at θ = 82.5°, the point in Fig. 6 where R reaches a
minimum (and T a maximum). As in the “ordinary” case of θ = 30° discussed in conjunction
with Fig. 7, a hot spot of accumulated charge appears on the slit’s left edge, but no strong
tendency is observed on the part of the Poynting vector S to turn around and head for the slits.
The peaking of T and T1 around θ = 82.5° is thus a consequence of the reduced incident Sz at
large skew angles rather than an enhancement of the transmitted Sz.
5. Concluding remarks
The Bloch mode expansion of the optical field in a metallic slit array is a viable calculation
scheme, which is readily applicable to the case of incidence at arbitrary skew angles. Each
Bloch mode, being a natural mode of the structure, propagates within the array independently
of all the other modes. The strength of each mode is determined at the entrance facet by
matching the incident E and H fields to the collective profile of the reflected and transmitted
fields. One advantage of the Bloch mode method over the traditional Rigorous Coupled Wave
Analysis (RCWA) [11, 12] is its rapid convergence, although restriction to one-dimensional
structures is a serious drawback. In this paper we employed the Bloch mode scheme to show
that the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons at the entrance facet of a semi-infinite slit
array leads to a substantial reduction in the strength of the guided mode through the slits. This
behavior is quite distinct from that of the Wood anomaly, where the transition of a diffracted
order from just below to just above the horizon produces a tiny peak in the plot of T versus θ,
but does not diminish the strength of the guided mode through the slits.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Moysey Brio, John Weiner, Krishna Gundy, Philippe Lalanne, and
Hongbo Li for many helpful discussions. JVM acknowledges support from the Alexander von
Humboldt Foundation. This work has been supported by the AFOSR contracts F49620-03-1-
0194, FA9550-04-1-0213, FA9550-04-1-0355 awarded by the Joint Technology Office.