LESSON 1: ELEMENTS OF ART
 Elements of art are sort of like atoms
in that both serve as “building blocks”
for creating something.
 The Elements of Art are the building
blocks of all art. Every piece of art
ever created includes one or more of
this elements. Line, Color, Shape,
Form, Value, Space and Texture.
LINE
 Is the path of a moving point:
horizontal, vertical, diagonal.
 Is the mark left by a tool: brush,
pencil, and pen.
 Contour lines are a mix of straight and
curved lines that enclose an area
composed of the points with the same
value, either in terms of height (in a
topographic map), color (in a
painting), or any other measured
quality.
 They may be curved, straight, thick,
thin, smooth, long, and short and so
forth.
 Lines are used to create shape,
pattern, texture, space, movement
and optical illusion in design.
SHAPES
 A shape is an element of art.
Specifically, it is an enclosed space,
the boundaries of which are defined
by other elements of art
 Shapes are flat, and can only have
height and width.
TWO TYPES OF SHAPE
 POSITIVE
-Term to describe the figure or subject.
 NEGATIVE
-Term to describe the background.
TWO CATEGORIES OF SHAPES
 Geometric shapes- can be defined as
figure or area closed by a boundary
which is created by combining the
specific amount of curves, points, and
lines. Different geometric shapes are
Triangle, Circle, Square, etc.
 Organic shapes- are shapes with a
natural look and a flowing and curving
appearance.
-Organic shapes and forms are
typically irregular or asymmetrical.
-Organic shapes are associated with
things from the natural world, like
plants and animals.
SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC
FIGURES
 A figure or shape that can be divided
into two equal parts by a line is
called symmetric figures. The shapes
and objects that are irregular and do
not resemble each other when
divided into two parts are
called asymmetric figures.
COLORS AND VALUE
  Tone

- is created by adding both white and

black. Any color that is “greyed down” is
considered tone.

C O L O R HARMONIES

1. Complementary
 Colors that are opposite each other
on the color wheel are considered to
be complementary colors (example:
red and green).
 The high contrast of complementary
colors creates a vibrant look
especially when used at full
saturation. Complementary colors are
really bad for text.

2. Analogous
 Analogous color schemes use
Color is an element of art made up of colors that are next to each
three properties. other on the color wheel
(example: green, yellow-
HUE- name of the color.
green, and blue-green).
VALUE- hue’s lightness and darkness ( a color’s  Analogous color schemes are
value changes when black or white is added). often found in nature and are
harmonious and pleasing to
INTENSITY- Quality of brightness and purity
the eye.
(high-intensity= color is strong and bright;
3. Triad
low-intensity= color is faint and dull).
 A triadic color scheme uses
colors that are evenly spaced
around the color wheel.
 Hue (example: purple, orange,
and green).
- these are the purest and brightest colors.
 Triadic color harmonies tend
They form the full spectrum of colors which
to be quite vibrant, even if
progress around the primary color wheel in
you use pale or unsaturated
gradual increment.
versions of your hues.
 Tint

- It’s simply any color with white

added.

 Shade

- A shade is any color with black added.

 4. Split-Complementary
 The split-complimentary
color scheme is often a good
choice for beginners, because
it is difficult to mess up.
 The split-complementary
color scheme is a variation of
the complementary color
scheme. In addition to the
base color, it uses the two
colors adjacent to its
Complement (example:
green, red-violet, and
orange).
5. Rectangle (Tetradic)
 The rectangle or tetradic
color scheme uses four colors
arranged into two
complementary pairs
(example: red, blue, green,
and red-orange).
6. Square
 The square color scheme is
similar to the rectangle, but
with all four colors spaced
evenly around the color circle
(example: red, blue, green,
and yellow-orange).
Space
 It deals with the illusion of depth on a
flat surface. You might overlap shapes
to make some look closer, or make
objects in the distance smaller to look
like they are farther away.
Six ways to create the illusion of space
 Overlapping
 Shadding
 Linear perspective
Texture
 Texture refers to the surface quality
in a work of art or object. The way
something feels or how it looks like it
would feel.
 Some things feel just as they appear;
this is called real or actual texture.
Texture may be used in a work of art to:
 create visual interest or a focal point
in a composition.
 to create contrast within a design
composition.
 to help visually balance a design
composition.
*Simulated or Invented texture
 A two-dimensional piece is created in
such a way as to look like something it
is not. Texture or surface quality not
intended to resemble textures found
in real life.
*Actual texture
 Texture or surface quality you can see
and feel through touch.
Form
 Form is very similar to the element of
design shape. The difference is that
the term is form is used in art work
that has three dimensions instead of
two as shapes. The three dimensions
are length, width and depth.
 Geometric Forms
 As with geometric shapes. Geometric
forms are based on mathematical
descriptions. Since they are three
dimensional (3D) instead of two
dimensional.
 Free-form or Organic Forms
 Organic forms are irregular and are
the type of forms that most things in
nature are. Cloud formations,
mountains, trees and bushes are all
relatively free- form. animals and even
humans tend to be more free- form
too, as they are ever changing forms.
Lesson 2: Principles of design
- Design differ from art in that it has to have a
purpose. Visually, this functionality is
interpreted by making sure an image has a
center of attention, a point of focus.
-The principles of design are the rules a
designer must follow to create an effective
composition that clearly delivers a message to
its audience.
Balance
 Visual equality in shape, form value,
color etc. Balance can be symmetrical
or asymmetrical. Objects, values,
colors, textures, shapes, forms, etc.
can be used in creating a balance in a
composition.
 Symmetrical Balance
- is achieved by placing elements in an even
fashion. If a design has a symmetrical balance,
it can be divided in the center with a line of
symmetry. In other words, symmetry occurs in
any orientation as long as the object/image is
the same on either side of the central axis.
Near symmetry
-occurs when one half is slightly different to
an extent that does not completely change its
balance asymmetrically
Biaxial symmetry
-is composition that contains more than one
axis of symmetry.
Radial Balanced
-designs revolve around a central point, or
seem to radiate out from the center.
 Asymmetrical Balance
-Designs have elements that do not mirror
each other on a linear axis. This type of
balance does not rely on symmetry.
Contrast
- Contrast shows the difference
between shapes and can be used as a
background to being object out and
forward in design.
- Contrast refers to the arrangement of
opposite elements and effects.
- Contrast can be used to create
variety, visual interest, and drama in
an artwork.
Rhythm
- A principle of design that suggests
movement or action.
- Rhythm is usually achieved through
repetition of lines, shapes, colors, and
more.
- It creates a visual tempo in artworks
and provides a path for the viewer’s
eye to follow, a movement in which
some elements recurs regularly.
Movement
- Movement can be thought of in two
ways
A. First refers to how an artist depicts
movement using the elements and
principles of art.
B. The second way refers to the visual
flow of an artwork, indicated by the
path a viewer’s eyes take as they look
at the artwork.
- Lines, edges, shapes, and colors can
be utilized by the artist to point the way
through an artwork as a map for our eyes to
follow.
Emphasis - Music, art concerned with combining
vocal or instrumental sounds for
- The focal point of an image, or one or
beauty of form or emotional
more area stands out the most.
expression, usually according to
- Means the giving the proper
cultural standards of rhythm, melody,
importance to the parts or the whole.
and, in most Western music,
- As a principle of art, emphasis refers
harmony.
to the area of an artwork that
dominates attention or draws Music as auditory art
interest. It is often the place a viewer
looks first. - Music moves through time, thus it is
called temporal.
Proportion - Music appreciation is the acquired
ability to listen to music intelligently.
- relationship to one part to another or
the whole with respect to the size, 3 components of music:
quality, or degree: a ration
- Artists can use the scale and - ability to appreciate music is not inborn
proportion to create sensations such
- acquired by anyone who makes up his
as depth, realism, disorientation, and
mind to do so
drama.
- conscious effort
Unity or Harmony
Functions of Music
- When all the elements work together
to create a pleasing image. 1. An attempt to imitate the natural sound
- Unity, also known as harmony, is a
design principle that refers to the 2. Release of one’s emotions or feelings
cohesiveness of an artwork—how (therapeutic)
whole, consistent, and complete it 3. As signals in wars
appears.
- the pleasing combination of 4. Means of worship and vehicles of
elements to create a harmonious rituals
composition. 5. Used to accompany dance
Variety 6. A form of entertainment in community
- refers to the elements of a celebrations
composition that differ from one 7. Symbols of life’s cycles
another. Variety creates visual interest
and energy. Sound (Tones): The Physical
Material Property of Music
Lesson 3: Auditory Arts Elements
▪Vibration is what produced a sound
What is music?
▪Regular vibrations produce tones or
Music
musical sounds
- is composed of tones and silences
▪Irregular sounds yield noise
organized in such a manner to convey
the emotions and ideas conceived by
the composer.
Four general qualities in sound:
1.Timbre
-This refers to the quality which
enables us to distinguish one sound from
another A sound may not be audible
unless it is amplified by something.
Resonator- any object which amplifies the
vibrations.
2.Pitch
-This refers to the relative highness or
lowness or a tone
▪ This is the result of the frequency of
vibrations
▪ The higher the frequency the higher the
pitch
Scale- series of different tones which are
arranged at definite fixed distances or
intervals from one another.
Octave- western music uses a scale
consisting of 12 pitches in 7 different
tones designated as: A, B, C, D, E, F, G or
la, ti, do, re, mi fa sol.
Sharps- mean a tone is to be raised.
Flats- tone to be lowered.
3. Intensity
-This refers to the loudness or
softness of a sound This results from the
pressure or force which is used to cause
the vibrations that produce a sound
Dynamics- the degree of loudness or
softness in music
Four general qualities in sound:
Dynamics Indicators:
A. Forte- loudly
B. Fortissimo- very loudly
C. Piano – softly
D. Pianissimo- very softly
E. Mezzo Forte - medium loud
F. Mezzo Piano - medium soft
G. Crescendo- gradually louder
H. Decrescendo or diminuendogradually
softer
4. Duration
-It refers to the length of time which a
sound occupies. Notes- relative time values
indicated in musical notation by symbols
Elements of Music
A. RHYTHM
-The tones and silences of varying
durations moving through time
Time signatures:
1. 2/4
2. 3/4
3. 4/4
4. 6/8
B. MELODY
-Melody is the pitch added to the
rhythm other synonymous terms: Tune, air,
theme, motif and melodic line.
Characteristics of Melody:
A. Dimension
a. Length - an amount of time or how long
or short a note, phrase, section, or
composition lasts.
b. Range -distance between the highest
and lowest notes.
B. Progression
-The motion of upward or downward,
the distance between one tone and the next
as the melody moves forward.
C. Direction E. TEXTURE

-Considers the distance between This is the characteristic disposition and

individual, successive tones - Relate to the
climax of the repertoire.
D. Register
-Considers the pitch of most notes Are
they mostly high.
C. HARMONY
The simultaneous sounding of tones .
Melody is the horizontal aspect while
harmony the vertical side.
Tonality - or key feeling results when a single
key is used thus providing a tonal center.
Chord -3 or more tones of different pitches
sounded together .
Consonance- quality when the combination
of sounds or tones is satisfying or pleasant. If
unpleasant - dissonance or discord (producing
tension)
D. TONE COLOR
This is the result of tempo, dynamics and the
timbre or the medium or mediums.
relationship between melody and harmony.
Types of Textures:
1. Monophonic - one melody is sung or played
with no accompaniment
2. Homophonic - song sung to the chordal
accompaniment of a guitar or piano or any
instrument or two people sing one soprano
and the other alto, homophonic music is
produced.
3. Polyphonic - Polyphonic results when two
or more melodies are played together.
4. Heterophony- is a texture created by the
simultaneously varying a single melody. It is
usually associated with non-folk or non-
Western music.
6. FORM The overall design or plan is called a
musical structure or musical form.
Sectional forms:
Binary Form
Ternary Form

Tempo - speed indicated into:

a. presto – very fast

b. Allegro -fast

c. Moderato - moderate speed

d. andante- moderate slow

e. Adagio -slow

f. Largo -very slow

g. Ritardando -the gradual slowing down

h. Accelerando -gradual increase

i. Tempo rubato -music to be played with

irregularity.