x 1

Q3. Prove that  ln x  x  1 x  1 .

x
Sol. Method 1: First we will show that ln x  x 1 .
Consider the function f ( x)  x  1  ln x on the interval [1, x ] , where 1  x .

The function f ( x ) is continuous on [1, x ] and differentiable on (1, x) .

1 x 1
Because f ( x)  1    0 the function f ( x ) is increasing on [1, x ] .
x x
It follows that f (1)  f ( x)  0  x  1  ln x  ln x  x  1

x 1
Now we will show that  ln x .
x
Consider F ( x)  x  1  x ln x . Because F ( x)   ln x  0 for x  1 the function f ( x ) is
decreasing on [1, x ] . It follows that F (1)  F ( x)  0  x  1  x ln x  x  1  x ln x .

x 1
Finally, because 0  x we get  ln x .
x
Method 2: Consider the function f ( x)  ln x on the interval [1, x ] , where 1  x .

The function f ( x ) is continuous on [1, x ] and differentiable on (1, x) .

f ( x)  f (1) ln x  0 ln x
By MVT there is c  (1, x) such that f (c)    .
x 1 x 1 x 1
1 ln x 1 1 1 ln x
It means  . Because 1  c  x    1   1
c x 1 x c x x 1
x 1
Since 1  x we get  ln x  x  1 .
x
Q4. (a) Show that  x  sin x  x x  0 .

(b) Show that x  sin x   x x  0 .

(c) Show that  x  sin x  x x   .

(d) Show that lim sin x  0 .

x 0

sol. (a) Consider the function f ( x)  x  sin x .

We have f ( x)  1  cos x  0 x    f ( x) is increasing.

For 0  x we have f (0)  f ( x)  0  x  sin x  x  sin x

Now we will prove that  x  sin x for x  0 .

If 0  x  1 , then 0  sin x . Since  x  0 , then x  sin x .

If 1  x , then  x  1 . Since 1  sin x , then x  sin x .
(b) Allying part (a) for the positive number  x we get
( x)  sin ( x)   x  x   sin x   x

Hence x  sin x   x .
(c) Part (c) is a direct result of parts (a) and (b).
(d) Part (d) is a direct result of part (c) .
1
Q5. (a) Show that 1  x 2  cos x x   .
2

(b) Show that lim cos x  1 .

x 0

x2
sol. (a) Consider the function f ( x)  1  cos x  .
2
It follows that f ( x)  sin x  x .

Using part (a) of Q4 we see that f ( x )  0 for x  0 . Therefore f ( x ) is decreasing on the

interval [0, x ] . Hence f ( x)  f (0) , x  0 .

On the other hand, using part (b) of Q4 we see that f ( x )  0 for x  0 . Therefore f ( x ) is
increasing on the interval [ x, 0] . Hence f ( x)  f (0) , x  0 .

1 2
From all of the above one can write f ( x)  f (0) x   . Thus 1  x  cos x x   .
2
 (b) Using part (a) and that cos x  1 x   one can write

1 2
1 x  cos x  1 x  
2
Passing to the limit as x goes to 0 we get the required result.