Marshall Cavendish UA) tcc: i ICS GCE 'O’ LEVEL 4th Edition Dr Charles Chew * Chow Siew Foong Dr Ho BoonTiong * Tan Peng Yeon Workbook Name Cla© 1995 Federal Publications (© 2001 Times Media Pivate Limited ‘© 2003, 2007, 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational (Singapore) Private Limited (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Us Published by Marshall Cavendish Education Times Cente, 1 New industial Road, singapore 536196 ostomer Service Hotine: (65) 6213 9688 mal: se@mceducationcom Website: werwnceducation com Fist published 1995 Second edition 2001 Third eatin 2007 Fouth edition 2013, Reprinted 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 llrightsreserved, ‘No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retieval system oF tansitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission othe copyight ownet. Any requests for permission shouldbe adresse tothe Publisher. ‘Marshall Cavendish a registered trademark of Times Publishing Limited, 180N 978-981-01417115, Printed in malaysia Acknowledgements ‘The publisher would like to acknowledge the fllowing wie have kindly given permission forthe use of copyright materal Front cover © Redbaron/Oreamstime.cam, Yu_afcus/Oreamstime.com Singapore) Private Limited2 4th Edition Workbook Dr Charles Chew + Chow Siew Foong Dr Ho Boon Tiong + Tan Peng Yeon Marshall Cavendish UA) iiictionPhysics Matters for GCE ‘0' Level Workbook (4th Edition) is the companion workbook to our exciting new Physics Matters for GCE ‘0’ Level textbook. It is specifically developed to fulfil the latest GCE ‘O" Level syllabus requirements set by the Ministry of Education (MOE). All aspects of this new edition have been re-designed to strengthen understanding of concepts, provide ample practice and equip you with the edge and confidence to excel in Physics. —— Comprehensive exercises —— Each worksheet comprises a complete range of exercises — multiple-choice, structured and freezesponse — to give you all the practice you need. The questions are designed to support learning with understanding and give you a firm grounding in conceptual understanding. Self-directed leaming ——____— Work On It! is an enhanced selfdiagnostic tool at the end of each worksheet. It will help you identify concepts that still need working on. In addition, it matches each question to the relevant leaming outcome and Textbook section. This matching gives you the option of building your understanding by topical revision.Handling information and solving problems Data-based questions in the worksheets present information and problems in. reallife contexts. You will evaluate, interpret data and solve interesting problems applicable to everyday situations. Answer It Right! Answer It Right? guides you on how to interpret questions, so you understand exactly what a question is asking for. AS you go through the pointers and accompanying worked examples, you will pick up the secrets to answering questions well. ‘Theme 3: Lignt, Waves 2nd SoundContents THEME 1: GENERAL PHYSICS Answer It Right! 4 Chapter. Measurement Worksheet 1 All topics 5 Chapter 2 Kinematics Worksheet 2A 2.1 Distance and Displacement a 2.2. Speed, Velocity and Acceleration 2.3 Displacement-Time Graphs Worksheet 28 2.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration 15 2.3. Velocity-Time Graphs 2.4 Acceleration due to Gravity Chapter 3. Forces Worksheet 3. All topics 23 Chapter 4 Mass, Weight and Worksheet 4 All topics 33 Density Chapter 5 Turning Effect of Forces. Worksheet 5 All topics. 39 Chapter 6 Energy, Work and Power Worksheet 6 All topics 45 Chapter 7 Pressure Worksheet 7 All topics 55 THEME 2: THERMAL PHYSICS Answer It Right! 63 Chapter 8 Temperature Worksheet 8 All topics 67 Chapter 9 Kinetic Model of Matter Worksheet 9. All topics aa Chapter 10 Transfer of Thermal Worksheet 10 All topics 7 Energy Chapter 41 Thermal Properties Worksheet 11 All topics 87 of MatterTHEME 3: LIGHT, WAVES AND SOUND Answer It Right! 99 Chapter 12 Light Worksheet 128 12.1 Reflection of Light 103 42.2. Refraction of Light 42.3 Total Internal Reflection Worksheet 128 12.4 Refraction by Thin Lenses 115 42.5. Ray Diagrams for Thin Converging Lenses Chapter 13 Waves Worksheet 13 All topics 123 Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Worksheet 14 All topics 133 Waves Chapter 15 Sound Worksheet 15 All topics 137 THEME 4: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Answer It Right! 447 Chapter 16 Static Electricity Worksheet 16 All topies 154 Chapter 17 Current Electricity Worksheet 17 All topes t61 Chapter 18 D.C. Circuits Worksheet 18A 18.1 Series Circuits 169 18.2 Parallel Circuits 18.3. Resistors in Series and Parallel Worksheet 188 18.4 Potential Dividers, 178 48.5. Input Transducers Chapter 19 Practical Electricity Worksheet 19 All topics 179 Chapter 20 Magnetism Worksheet 20 All topics 189 Chapter 21 Electromagnetism Worksheet 24 All topics 197 Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Worksheet 22 22.1 Electromagnetic Induction 207 Induction 22.2 Alternating Current Generators Worksheet 228 22.3 Transformers 211 22.4 CathodeRay OscilloscopesBLANKTheme 1: General Physics Answer It Right! Go through the following worked examples. Use the tips provided to help you answer questions well. Worked Example 1 Acar travels along a straight road from rest. The velocity of the car at various intervals is recorded and tabulated as shown below. T away Dusly 1 JeMsuy Velocity/m s* 0.00 | 8.50 | 15.00 | 20.00 | 23.00 | 24.00 Time/s oo | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 (a) Plot a graph of velocity against time for the car from time t= 0.0 s to time t= 10.0 s, using a best. fit curve. Answer Yetoaym s* 24.00 4 22.00 20.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 12.00 10.00 200 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 oo 10 20 (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte id 30 60 70 90 100 Time/s a2 (b) From the graph plotted in (a), estimate the acceleration of the car at time + Remember to label both the vertical axis and the horizontal axis with the correct physical quantity and its unit. n this example, the vertical axis and horizontal axis are labelled “Velocity/m s** and “Time/s* respectively. * Check whether you need to start the graph from the origin, Le. at (0,0). In this example, the intial velocity is 0.00 m s* at time t = 0.0 s, so you should mark your scales for the vertical axis and horizontal axis from the origin. * Plan carefully to determine sultable scales for the two axes, end such that your plotted graph fills at least half ofthe graph paper. + Plot all the points of the graph carefully and clear using small crosses. (Contrast this to sketehing a graph, where no points are plotted and no actual values are necessary.) + For:more tips on graph plotting, go to Answer It Right! (pages 147 to 149). 5.08. ‘+ When asked to “estimate” the value of a physical quantity, you should provide an answer (measured or Calculated) of reasonable magnitude, using approximated information. ‘+ Here, the acceleration of the car is found by determining the gradient of the best fit graph at time answer vec crsat00 > ere at 220 a Te ce 20.00 + 18.00 4-4 Thome 4 (Answor It Right!) © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe td(24,00 - 8,00) _ Att = 5.0 s, gradient = 20 — EO) The acceleration at time t = 5.0 s is 2.5m Bear in mind to draw the tangent to the curve at the correct point. A large triangle should be used to determine the gradient. The hypotenuse of this triangle is the tangent to the curve. Worked Example 2 box is pulled along a rough horizontal surface at constant velocity with a force of 15 N. box moving at constant velocity a5N ee om rou horizontal surface (a) On the diagram, draw an arrow to indicate the frictional force on the horizontal surface that acts ‘on the box. Label this frictional force R. Answer box moving at constant velocity 15) ugh horlontal surface zR “+ When drawing an arrow to show how a force acts on a body, remember that the arrow should originate from the point where the force acts, The arrow should be attached to the body, and not ‘float’ in the jagram. Give the arrow an appropriate label, and according to what is asked by the question. + In this example, you ate asked to draw an arrow to indicate the frictional force on the horizontal surface. Thus, the arrow should lle along the horizontal surface, and the direction of the arrow should be opposite to the motion of the box. © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe td{b) Determine the value of the frictional force. ‘Answer Since the box is moving at constant velocity, the resultant force on the box is zero. Frictional force = pulling force =15N (c) The box is then pulled along the surface with a force of 40 N, over 2.5 minutes. Determine the power of the 40 N force. Answer Time taken = 2.5 min x 60 = 150s work done time a distance of 100 m in (a). Suggest a method of reducing the fritional force between the box and the horizontal surface. Answer small wheels or rollers can be attached tothe bottom of the box to reduce the fictional force. / A lubricant ccan be applied to the surface to reduce the frictional force. “Thome 4 (Answer It Right!) {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe ltdName: ———__________ ing ee Date Worksheet 1 4. The diagram shows a pair of vernier calipers used to measure the diameter of a ball. What is the diameter of the ball? 1.44 om 1.34 om 2.44 om 2.24. om vom> 2. The diagram shows the reading on a pair of vernier calipers. What is the reading shown? 3 j 4 om Lott iitiiel la ea etal A 0.07 cm B 3.37cm Cc 3.42cm ee 3. Which instruments are most suitable for taking accurate measurements of the diameter of an iron nail and the internal diameter of a test tube? Diameter of an iron nail Internal diameter of a test tube Micrometer screw gauge Metre rule Micrometer sorew gauge Vernier calipers Metre rule Micrometer screw gauge com> Metre rule Vernier calipers © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte id ( ) Measurement T sexdey queweansea4. The diagram shows a simple pendulum. The bob of the pendulum is released at X. If the pendulum takes 6.4 s to make ten oscillations, how long will it take to swing from X to Y? A 016s B 0.325 © 064s D 64s c Working/Explanation 5. The diagram shows a simple pendulum. Which of the following statements about the period of the pendulum is/are not true? 1. Its the time taken for the bob to swing from Q to P and back to Q. 2 tis independent of the mass of the bob. 3 Itincreases as the length of the pendulum increases. A tonly B 4and2ony © and 3only D 2and3only( ) Section B: Baers iy 1. (a) State the Si unit of length. —_ (b) The diameter of the Earth is about 10 Mm, while the diameter of an atom is 0.5 nm. Express the diameters of the Earth and the atom in metres. (c) How many atoms, when lined up next to each other, make up the diameter of the Earth? 6 Worksheet a 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdA student measures the diameter of a garden hose using a pair of vernier calipers (Figure 1.1). luni) {hth (a) Write down the reading of the diameter of the garden hose. Diameter d= om (b) Describe one precaution you need to take when using vernier calipers to measure length, (e) Describe briefly how you can improve the accuracy of the student's measurement. 3. Table 1.1 shows some readings of a micrometer screw gauge. Complete the table by stating ‘the readings obtained before and after correcting the zero errors. y Table 1. OES IE? ——_ mm ——_mm —_mm 48 ok 20 E's —_mm eee 07 nT 104, Astudent checks the accuracy of an antique clock (Figure 1.2) He uses a digital stopwatch to find the period of the clock's pendulum. (a) If Xand Y are the two extreme positions of each oscillation, I state the path of one complete oscillation. (b) His timings for two separate measurements of 20 oscillations are 35.70 s and 34.98 s, Calculate the average period of the clock’s pendulum, @ a Figure 12 (c) Using the terms “increases”, “decreases” or “remains unchanged”, state the effect (if any) ‘on the period of the pendulum when (i) a heavier pendulum bob is used: ee (il) the number of oscillations is increased: (ili) a smaller angle of swing is used: (lv) a longer pendulum is used: Section C: [Gai CS ES is 4. There are various ways to measure the average diameter of a wire. (a) With the aid of a diagram, describe how you would determine the average diameter of a long wire using only a pencil and a ruler. B Worksheet 1 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd(b) Suppose you are given a metre rule, a tape measure, a pair of vernier calipers and a micrometer screw gauge. (i) If the average diameter of the long wire in (a) is found to be 0.47 mm, which of these instruments would you use to confirm your result? Explain your answer. (il) If the wire is about 70 cm long, which of these instruments would you use to confirm its length? Data-Based Question a. Astudent is given a square, steel plate of known density 7500 kgm. Using measuring instruments, he attempts to derive the density of the steel plate. Table 1.2 shows the dimensions of the steel Plate he has measured. ¥ Table 1.2 Length of steel plate/em Width of steel plate/em ‘Mass of steo! plate/g 30.0 30.0 651.2 The student then uses a micrometer screw gauge to measure the thickness of the steel plate. Figure 1.3(a) shows the zero reading of the micrometer screw gauge. Figure 1.3(b) shows the reading of the thickness of the steel plate. 10 ’ iE. BE E. Es J a =a, — (a) What is the thickness of the steel plate? (b) Using the values in Table 1.2, calculate the volume of the steel plate. Give your answer in cubic centimetres. (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Eduction Pte Lid Measurement{e) (i) State the formula for density. (Hint: Think of a unit of density such as kg m* org cm.) (il) Calculate the density of the steel plate correct to two significant figures. Give your answer in kg mr. (a) Suggest one possible reason why the density of the steel plate derived by the student differs so greatly from its known density. @workonm In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). ta Si (a) Show understanding that all physical ‘quantities consist of a numerical - - - 12 magnitude and a unit. (b) Ui base quanti ir {b) Liste seven base quantities andthe 2 Ya) 24) 12 {e) Use prefixes and symbols to indicate very large or very small SI quantities. up) 200) = (@) Show an understanding of how the sizes of objects, such as an atom and the Earth, can range in orders of magnitude. - ue) = 13 {e) Describe how to measure a variety ‘of lengths using the appropriate instruments (e.g. tape measure, meve | 4, 2,3 ea || ced) |e rule, vernier calipers, micrometer screw gauge). (f) Describe how to measure a short period ff time with appropriate accuracy, using 4,5 4 - 14 appropriate instruments. 10 Worksheet 1 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LidNemet_—___ = ne C aa 1. Distance and Displacement 2.2. Speed, Velocity and ‘Acceleration 2.3. Displacement-Time Graphs lass: —___ Worksheet 2A 4. Aman takes 20 s to walk briskly due east for 10 m and then due west for 12 m. What are the average speed and average velocity of the man during the 20 s? (Take due east to be the positive _ Date: | direction.) ‘Average speed ‘Average velocity A _OAmst 0.1 m st B 1imst Oamst c timst =0.1ms* D dims* Lims* Gs) Working/Explanation 2. When an object is accelerating, which of the following has to change? 1 The speed at which the object is moving 2 The velocity at which the object is moving. 3 The force applied to the object A tonly B 2only © Sony Detoends (|) 3. Aman walks at a velocity of 3 m s* before accelerating at a rate of 2 m s~ for 4 s. What is his velocity at the end of the 4s? A 10ms* B itms* © 14mst D 24mst ( ) Working/Explanation © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte d Kinematics Z sedeup soneWaUly4. car's journey is described in the table. ie aaa Which ofthe following displacement-time Test ron | Gonstant solos graphs shows the motion of the car for the scben one y whole journey? Second part Not moving Third part Accelerates A Displacement B Displacement | ie EL. © isplacemont Displacement dl = ol ine iS Section B: EEG OCT ES 9 1 (a) (i) Define velocity. (ii) State what is meant by uniform acceleration. (b) A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates at 1.5 m s~*. Calculate the amount of time taken for his velocity to reach 2.25 m s*. 12 Worksheet 28 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Ple Ltd2. (a) Define speed. (b) 1s speed a scalar or vector quantity? Explain your answer. (ce) Aman leaves Singapore at 8.00 a.m. for Kuala Lumpur, which is 384 km away. If he reaches his destination at 4.00 p.m., calculate his average speed in () kmay (i) ms [koe Free-Response Questions 4. Figure 2.1 shows the displacement-time graph of an object. (a) Determine the velocity of the object during the first 3 s. (b) Determine the velocity of the object from t= 3 s to t= 10 s. (©) Determine the velocity of the object from t= 10 s to t= 15 s. © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid Kinematics 13(d) Determine the acceleration of the object at t= 11 s. (e) Determine the value of b. (f) Find the distance travelled in the first 12 s. (g) State the displacement at t @ work ont In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). (e) Understand ond stays bemroon scalar | ow : sna ietorenonates (b) Distinguish between speed and velocity. 1 Alay), 2(a)_ - 2.2 Oe eee eee 210 a 22 (a) State what uniform acceleration is and calculate the value of acceleration using 2,3 ‘Aten, 4b) 5 22 eae TO) Pot and unten a doplasenont-ine - Bota 4 1 23 Rainer earn ae ee : . = shape of a displacement-time graph Worksheot 28 {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte ltdeS { For topies 2.2 Speed, Velocity Class: Daas oe and Acceleration 2.3. Velocity-Time Worksheet 2B 24 Keeton Section Oe tee me oy 4. Acyolist riding at a velocity of 5 m s braked with uniform deceleration and travelled 3 m before she came to a stop. How long did she take to stop? A 06s B 12s © 133s D 30s hey Working/Explanation 2. Which of the following velocity-time graphs shows the motion of a piece of paper dropping vertically ‘through air? A Wee B Vebciy + o- ——rtine o ie © ebay D Velocity rs of rime 3 Time c) © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Eduction Pte Lid Kinomaties Z Jaxdeuo sonewaulyA car's journey is described in the table. Which of the following velocity-time graphs shows the motion of the car for the whole journey? A locity Ne © Velocity Part of journey Motion First part Accelerates from rest Second part Constant velocity Third part Decelerates to rest Velocity Velocity ; [XZ Which of the following graphs shows a moving object undergoing increasing deceleration? A elit, ° ime CC weioaty (a AA stone is thrown upwards into the air. The velocity-time graph of the stone during the first 2 8 of its motion is shown, What is the acceleration of the stone at its maximum height? A 10ms? B 20ms? 16 Worksheet 28 ms No 7 y 7 30ms? D B Wlociy X D veociy LZ o) 4oms? ( ) © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe td6. The graph below shows how the velocity of an object changes with time. 25. us 25 Which of the following graphs shows how the acceleration of the object varies with time? A aims Bo oams? ° vs {— WW j—_- 6 © ams? Dams? us 4 TT co) Section B: ECTS 4. Figure 2.2 shows the velocity-time graph for eat s* the first 125 s of the journey of a lorry. S . (a) During the journey of the lorry, describe 20 what happens to _ ()) the velocity of the lorry; 20 1 10 5 stiners Ae aoe any eu) eben a0 (il) the acceleration of the lorry. a Figure 2.2 | | (b) Determine the maximum velocity of the lorry in km fr. © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid Kinematics 072. (a) Complete Table 2.1 by sketching the correct velocity-time graphs of an object in motion. Table 2:1 ‘Motion of object Velocity-time graph (1) Object is moving with constant acceleration, (li) Object is moving with zero acceleration. (lll) Object is moving with increasing acceleration. (b) A ball is thrown upwards vertically. The initial velocity of the ball is 20 m s*. The ball takes. 2s to reach the maximum height. (Draw the velocity-time graph for the frst two seconds of its motion. (Assume that air resistance is negligible.) (il)_Using the graph in (b)(I), calculate the acceleration due to gravity. 1B Worksheet 28 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid3. Figure 2.3 shows the velocity-time graph of a car travelling a straight path wim iu a Figure 23 (a) Determine the acceleration in each of the four phases A, B, C and D. {c) Calculate the average speed for the whole journey. 4. Air is removed from a tall jar to create a vacuum. A feather and a coin that are released together from the top of the jar reach the bottom of the jar at the same time. (a) Describe the motion of the two falling objects,(b) Sketch the velocity-time graph of the two falling objects. Eat icn kdl Free-Response Questions 4. Cars A and B are ina race. The velocity-time graph “5 in Figure 2.4 shows the motion of both cars during. 9 es the race. Both cars are at the same starting position fl at t=0, 8 cor 10 5 d vs > Figwe 24 2% 40 6080 (a) Describe the motion of cars A and B up until the time when their velocities become constant. (b) Calculate the distance travelled by both cars at t= 40 s. (c) Determine the distance separating both cars at t= 40 s, State which car is in the lead. (@) (1) Describe the motion of cars A and B from t= 40 s onwards, 20 Worksheet 28 (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe id(il) Calculate the time when both cars are at the same position again. Data-Based Question 2. Figure 2.5 shows an athlete training to achieve maximum distance in the long jump. The objective of the approach run is for the athlete to achieve the ideal velocity before he takes off. Table 2.2 shows how the horizontal velocity of the athlete changes from the start of his approach run to the moment he takes off. oe Time/s: 0 4 2 3 4 5 6 Velocity/m s* 0.0 O7 27 6.1 8.6 9.4 99 (a) On the grid provided, plot the velocity-time graph for the athlete. oe wos ° = 60. 5.0. 40. 30. 20: 10.(b) Estimate his maximum acceleration. {e) Estimate the distance the long jumper runs before he takes off. WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). (6) Understand examples of nonuniform ut i acceleration. i rant) 22 {H) Plot and understand a veloiy-ume want. | __ 3 12a | ne 28 ()_Deduoe Information about motion ftom the | 3, 2,3, 4 Shape of a vlociyume Bap Ze | s.20m0,3 | 4.2 23 @ Determine dspacement by cateulating - we bam2e 23 area under a velocity-time graph. (k) State that the acceleration of free fall rear the Earth's surface is constant, at 5 2tbyil) a 2.8 approximately 10 m s, (1) Describe the motion of free-falling bodies with or without air resistance, Understand what terminal vel 22 Workshost 28 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdName - Class: __ ate: Worksheet 3 Section Minos 1. In which of the following is Fthe resultant force? A B c D = )) 2. The diagram below shows two forces acting at right angles to each other. aN aw Which of the following shows the resultant force? A B c LO D NN Working/Explanation Which of the following is/are possible when an object experiences two equal and opposite forces, as shown below? — 1 The object remains stationary. é object u 2 The object accelerates. 3. The object moves at constant speed. A tonly B tand2ony © tand3ony DB 4,2and3 C7) © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Utd Forces se0104 :¢ saydeyo4, Two forces are applied to a block of mass 0.25 kg in the directions shown below. Assuming no friction is present, what is the acceleration of the block? 15N 126 A 12ms? B 48ms? © coms? D 108ms* to) Working/Explanation 5. Two unequal forces act on a moving object as shown below. What is a possible effect of these two forces acting on the moving object? 1 The object accelerates. Sect oteton | 2 The object decelerates. | 3 The object stops moving and does not move again. = 4s} abject jee | A 3only B tand2only ¢ tand3only DB 2and3ony ( ) The diagram shows a car of mass 1000 kg travelling at a uniform speed of 12 m s~. resiotve force tomation foward civing free If the forward driving force is 2000 N, what is the magnitude of the resistive force to motion that acts on the car? A ON B 2000 © 3000N D 12000N co 24 Worksheet 3 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte ltd7. Aforward force Facts on a block moving on a rough surface. A frictional force facts in the opposite direction. If Fis equal in magnitude to f, the block will undergo constant acceleration. undergo constant deceleration. move forward with constant velocity. move in the opposite direction with constant velocity. c) vou 8. The diagram below shows three forces acting on an object Q. CTTTTT Which of the following forces, if added above, will result in object Q being at equilibrium? A B c D a — oe es 9. The diagram shows a box resting on the floor. The following forces are at work. Fog: Gravitational force acting on the box by the Earth Fg: Contact force acting on the tloor by the box Fy: Contact force acting on the box by the floor Fg: Gravitational force acting on the Earth by the box Which of the following pairs show action-reaction forces at work? donde 2 ents | a) eer 4 Fy and Foy A Land 2 only B 2and 3 only © 3and4 only D 1and 3 only (od (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ud Forces10. A 12 N force acts on a 4 kg mass and a 3 kg mass as shown. Which of the following pairs of forces, . \ w2N is correct? ele ee Force of 4 kg mass Force of 3 kg mass acting on 3 kg mass acting on 1 kg mass A 3N ON B ON 3N |e a ee D ON ON a) Working/Explanation Section B: Faire 4. Figures 3.1 to 3.4, drawn to scale (1 cm : 2 N), each show a 3 N force and 4 N force acting on an ‘object. Find the resultant force when the two forces act, (a) inthe same direction; ans} an a eure 3 {e) at right angles; aN 90" iN 4 Figure 3.3 an Worksheet 2 (b) (a) in opposite directions; an % >4N a Figure 3.2 at angles to each other. an © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte td2. Figure 3.5 shows a bob of weight 40 N suspended by a string at P. The bob is pulled to one side by a spring balance, which registers a reading of 30 N. With the aid of a diagram, determine the ‘magnitude and direction of the tension in the string acting on the bob. spring balance aon a Figure 3.5, 3. Two forces F, and F, act on a small bead P as shown in Figure 3.6 (scale 1.m : 1 N). A third force F, acts on P so that P Is in equilibrium. Find the magnitude and the direction of F,. roof] 8 A > 4 A Figure 3.64 (a). Write down (in symbols) the equation relating the resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a of a body. (b) Atrolley of mass 3 kg is pulled by @ constant force on a frictionless surface. (i) Ifthe acceleration of the trolley is 2 m s”, caloulate the resultant force. (li) Ifthe force applied is 3 N, calculate the aoceleration of the trolley (©) When the trolley in (b) is pushed along a different surface with a force of 6 N. it meses With a constant speed of 0.40 m s. When the trolley Is pushed along the surface With a force of 15 N, describe and explain what happens in terms of the acceleration of the trolley. 5. Acari travelling at a constant speed of 20 m s* along a road with a fictional force of 500 N. 2B Worksheet 3 (2) (i). State the resultant force acting on the Caf. (li) State the driving force of the car. ee (b) When the speed is 20 m 5, the car engine is switched off. (State and explain what happens to the motion of the car when Its engine Is switched off. a (il) Given that the car has a mass of 400 kg, calculate the deceleration of the car- (lit) Calculate the speed of the car 4 s after its engine Is switched off. © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd6. (a) Give one example each of how friction can act as a constructive force and a destructive force. (b) Figure 3.7 shows a 2 kg box being pushed by an external force F of 10 N along a rough tabletop. This causes the box to move at constant speed, constant speed aoe ene 37 rough tabletop (There is another horizontal force acting on the box in Figure 3.7. Name this force. (ii) On Figure 3.7, draw the other horizontal force. Include its direction and magnitude. (ll) Fis increased to 20 N, calculate the acceleration produced. Section C: [7CCS Cee gel yy 1A metal box attached to a small parachute is dropped from a helicopter. The parachute opens shortly after the metal box is dropped. (a) Explain, in terms of the forces acting, why (i) the velocity of the metal box increases immediately after being dropped;(li) the metal box reaches uniform velocity after a short time. (b) The total force opposing the motion of the metal box and parachute at @ particular instant during their fall is 30 N. The combined mass of the box and parachute is 5 kg. (i) Calculate the resultant force acting on the box and parachute. (Take g= 10 ms) (Wl) Briefly deseribe the motion of the box and parachute at this instant. Data-Based Question 2. The G-Max Reverse Bungy (Figure 3.8) is a thrilling ride at Clarke Quay in Singapore. ‘A specially designed opervair reinforced steel capsule, which seats up to three passengers, is attached by two 15 m bungy ‘cords to two towers. Each tower is 35 m high. At the start of each ride, the cords are tightened and then released, catapulting the capsule as high as 60 ml a Fiewe 3.8 ‘elastic bung cords Ieinforced steel capsule cleewomagnetc lock Just before releasing the capsule, the cords are stretched 20 m to a length of 35 m each. The ‘elastic force F,on each cord is given by the following formula (Hooke's Law): Feaxe where 0. = proportionality constant (in N mm); extension (in m). BO) Worsnost 2 1 2014 Maso Cavendish dation Pe idFor a particular ride, the total mass of the capsule and its passengers is 250 kg. Figure 3.9 shows the F-e graph for one of the cords. Fw Figure 3.9 em (a) Determine the value of c. Draw the freebody diagram of the capsule just after it is released. Identify all the (b) acting on the capsule and indicate their magnitudes (take F, to be a vertical forces force). Include your working to show how you derived the magnitudes of these forces. (Take g= 10 N ke) (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid(c) Using Newton's Second Law of Motion and assuming that the cords are vertically hung, calculate the acceleration of the capsule just after itis released. WORK ON In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) Learning Objective ‘mutiple- | Free: Se ‘Structured ‘Section(s) Choice Response (2) Add two vectors, including using 2 aos | 123 = 50 graphical method. (b) Solve problems that involve three forces acting on a static body using a 8 2.3 2(b) 32 faphical method. (©) Apply Newton's Laws of Motion to describe how a force may change the 5.7 tc), S(O) 4a) 3.3 motion of a body. (6) nly Newton's Laws of Maton to aXe), 5(a), scribe the effects of balanced forces and unbalanced forces acting | 35:67 | S{bMD, GIEIK, | Ae), 20K) eS on a body. Co) (e) Apply Newton’s Laws of Motion to identify action-reaction forces acting 9,10 _ o 33 (on two interacting bodies. (f) Solve problems by applying the 4, SiON), formula force = mass acceleration. | #10 ‘seen | 20K: 200 33 (6) Spainpowtiion teas veinouon | on - = {h) Ident the foros acting ona booy and sketch a treebody diagram to : 2 200 35 represent these forces. B2 worksheet 3 {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe tdName oe C4 (he Worksheet 4 4. Mass is the amount of ‘A space between the particles in a body. B gravitational force acting on a body. © substance in a body. D charge in a body. «) 2. An aeroplane cruises at normal speed. Upon flying into turbulent (unstable) air, it suddenly drops downwards vertically. Passengers in the aeroplane who are not wearing seat belts will Asueq pue UsIem ‘sseW 7 J0}deU9_ DB A Hitte seats infront of them, B hit the ceiling of the aeroplane. © be pushed against the back of their seats. D__ be pushed down into their seats. ( ) 3. An astronaut conducts an experiment in outer space by throwing a bowling ball upwards. Which of the following statements is correct? ‘A__Itis easier to throw the bowling ball upwards in outer space than on Earth. B Its easier to throw the bowling ball upwards on Earth than in outer space. © tis as difficult throwing the bowling ball upwards in outer space as it is on Earth, D The bowling ball is heavier in outer space. (om) ‘A paperweight is placed on a newton balance A and then on a beam balance B. What does each balance measure? balance 8 ‘Balance A Balance B > A Mass Mass 8 Mass Weight c Weight Mass D Weight Weight ss ia operon c) paperweight 5, The weight of an object on the Moon is 34 N. What is the weight of the object on Earth? | (Take exw = 10 N KE Bap = 1.7 N KE) | A 58N B 34N © 20N D 200N on) | | Working/Explanation {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe id Mase, Weight and Density | 336. Which block, P, Q, R or S, is made of the densest material? Block Mass/e | Length/om | Breadth/cm | Height/em A Pp 360 6 4 3 a ) 480 5 4 4 © aS 600 5 5 3 D s 800 10 5 3 tu) Working/Explanation 7. The table shows the results of an experiment in which a solid object is placed in three different liquids. Mercury 44.000 The abject float: Seawater 4100 ‘The object floats. Paraffin 700 The object What is the density of the object? A Exactly 700 kg mv? © Exactly 1400 kg mr? Section B: EGUICUDLCS 4. Explain the following observations. Between 700 kg m-and 1100 kg mr? D_ Between 1100 kg mand 14 000 kgm) {a) The mass of an apple is the same on Earth and on the Moon. (b) The weight of an apple is different on Earth and on the Moon. BA) woratnet 4 (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish education Pte td(a) (i). Distinguish between mass and inertia. (il) Explain which has more inertia, a person or a truck. {b) In many countries, it is mandatory for vehicles to be fitted with seat belts, in order to protect passengers in the event of an accident. Explain why. (©). Figure 4.4 shows a truck transporting a passenger and logs of wood. Ropes are used to secure the logs to the truck. If the ropes come loose and the moving truck comes to a sudden hait, explain why the passenger in front of the logs is in danger of becoming seriously injured. (2) Aman has a mass of 70 kg. The gravitational field strength on the Moon is of that on Earth. The gravitational field strength on Jupiter is 2.64 times greater than that on Earth. Find his weight on the Moon and on Jupiter. (Take Zean = 10 m s) (b) Explain whether it would be easier for a man to lift @ 10 kg box on Earth or on the Moon. eee a(b) | to) (@ (b) Define the density of a substance. Given that @ wooden cube of length 10 cm has a mass of 600 g, calculate the density of the wood in g em’, Iron has a density of 7900 kg n3. Calculate the volume of 2 kg of iron. Given that the density of airis 1.25 kg m~, calculate the mass of air in an empty room of size 6mx5mx3m. A.copper ball has a mass of 1 kg. Calculate the radius of the ball, given that the density of ‘copper is 8900 kg nr’. An empty beaker has a mass of 88 g. When 20 om? of mercury is poured into the beaker, the total mass of the beaker and mercury is 360 g. Calculate the density of mercury in g em? and kgm. 36 Worishoot 4 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdFTA uk zm Free-Response Questions (a) Explain why a piece of expanded polystyrene feels much lighter than a piece of lead of equal volume. (b) Air is made up of about 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen by volume. The densities of air and ‘oxygen are 1.29 kg mand 1.43 kg m-respectively. Find the density of nitrogen. Data-Based Question 2. Dr. Xhas developed a new liquid. The volume of this new liquid changes when placed in different surroundings (e.g. on different planets) {a) State how the mass of the liquid is affected on different planets. (b) Complete Table 4.1 to show how the density of the new liquid changes on different planets and on the Moon. Table 4 Planet | Mass of | Gravitational | Volume of | Weight of | Density of new liquid | field strength | new liquid | new liquid | new liquid Earth 100g 10 N kg 10 em? [Moon 1.6 N kg Som? Mars 3.7 N ket 0.25 g om? Jupiter ___| 24.9.Nke* | 5000 om® 2.49 N (c) The gravitational field strength, g, depends on the mass of a planet and the distance from its. centre of gravity. It is given by the formula: 6.67 x 10 x mass of planet § ~ (adius of planet)? © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Fducation Pte Lid ‘Mass, Weight and Density 37() Suggest why the gravitational field strength Is different on different planets a (i) The radius of the Earth Is 6.4 x 10 m and its mass is 6.0 x 10% Ke. Calculate Earth's gravitational field strength using the formula given. (a) To find the mass of a planet, scientists estimate its radlus and calculate ts abs by Using the given formula for g. if the radius of Jupiter is estimated to be 7-2 x 10° m, find its mass using the data in Table 4.1. (work oni! in the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the Key concopt(s). {a)_ Define mass. 1 Ue), ani) 4a (b) Define gravitational eld. 3 Ub}, 3¢b) = aa {e) Define gravitational field strength &. = - 24) at (a) Differentiate between mass and weight. 4 1 = 4a (e) Recall and apply the formula weight = mass x gravitational field strength 10 5 34@ 2{b) 4a solve problems. (f) Define inertia. 2 2 - 42 (e) Recall and apply the formula density = 255-10 solve problems. 67 48 1, 2(0) 43 ty = orm 10 SON Pi | BB worksheet 4 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdName: —— Class: Worksheet 5 Multiple-Choice Questions 4. The diagram shows a non-uniform tree trunk with a weight of 1000 N. It rests horizontally on two supports at Q and S. The centre of the mass of the tree trunk is at R. What is the minimum downward force that must be applied at point P to lift the tree trunk off the support at S? i 70m som aom som A 500N B 750N © 1000N ID 2c0 Nee) Working/Explanation 2. The diagram shows a thin irregular-shaped piece of aluminium sheet of uniform thickness. It hangs freely from a nail at position X. An iron block is attached to the aluminium sheet. Which position, A, B, C or D, is most likely to be the centre of gravity of the setup? lumina sheet: iron block 3. The diagram shows two egg-shaped objects X and Y. Objects X and Y each have a piece of lead embedded within, in the positions shown. Which of the following correctly describes the types of ‘equilibrium for objects X and Y? plastic shel Object X Object ¥ A Stable Unstable B Stable Neutral e Unstable Stable D Unstable Neutral (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid Turing Effect of Forces iG JaydeyD se0104 JO JOa4J9 BSUIWINYThe diagram shows a toy bird pivoted on a support and in stable equilibrium. When designing the toy bird the manufacturer needs to plan the position of its centre of gravity. Which position, A, B, € or D, should the centre of gravity be? Section SC Ue dha 4. (a) Suppose you are supplied with a plane mirror (Figure 5.4), a concave mirror (Figure 5.2), a convex mirror (Figure 5.3) and three small rubber balls. On Figures 5.1 to 5.3, indicate | where you would place the balls to illustrate the three kinds of equilibrium. Also, state the ‘ype of equilibrium in each case: stable, unstable or neutral. | | a Figure 5.4 a Figue 5.2 a Figwe 5.3, equilibrium = ______ equilibrium _____ equilibrium (b) Explain the following observations. (i) The base of a Bunsen burner is designed to be large and heavy. (il) The inverted conical flask in Figure 5.5 is easier to topple over when disturbed than the identical inverted flask in Figure 5.4. emety sand stopper Figure 5.4 a Figure 5.5 4D Worksheet 5 {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid3, (a) Figure 5.6 shows a balanced uniform A 8 beam that is supported atts centre 1 __A, Find the ratio of mass Ato mess B “ ig zoom a Figure 5.6 (b) Figure 5.7 shows a 1m long beam of negligible mass pivoted at P. A mass of é al 2 kg rests on the beam, at 60 om from P. AtQ, the beam rests on a support that Me } support exerts a force Ron the beam. Calculate the i magnitude of R. (Take g= 10 N ke") ieee (a) Define centre of gravity. (b) A300 g walking stick is placed on a 100 pivot and balanced by a 100 g mass, as shown in Figure 5.8. Calculate the 7 distance of the centre of gravity of the ! i stick from the pivot. ’ Figure 5.8 Figure 5.9 shows a person supporting a book 3 y— between his fingers and thumb. If the point of contact is at the corner of the book au ae and the weight W of the book is 1.N, calculate the moment of the force provided by the (a) weight W of the book about the point of contact; a Flewe 5.9 wean © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ld Turning Efect of Forces a(b) person to support the book. 5. (a) Figure 5.10 shows a heavy uniform : 30m ! ————E plank of length 3.0 m supported by ' om! we if {0.25m som | two forces F, and F). Calculate the oa “ a is weight of plank & 4 Figure 5.40 (b) Figure 5.11 shows a uniform 11m plank XY of weight 200 N hinged to a wall at X. A 500 N force acts ‘ Gdownwards on the plank 20 om from X. The plank i am held horizontally by a force F acting upwards from Y. 20cm Caleulate the magnitude of force F + = v TT 200 SOON a aur 84 Section Free-Response Questions 4. (a) Explain the moment of a force and state its $I unit. (b)_ State the Principle of Moments. AZ worksheet 5 «© 2014 marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ldae (e) Figure 5.12 shows the same force F being applied toa metal od at postions A, 8 and oe C on separate occasions to lift a large stone. metal 2 = State the poston, A, Bor Cin which force FMA a exerts the largest moment about the smal f stone, Give a feason for your answer. t snprasa tt (d) Figure 5.13 shows an angler holding a stiff 300m 90cm fishing tod (of negligible mass) in ahorzontal == pee # >" _ position to support a fish of mass 3 kg. \F the rod in the horizontal position. (Take g= 10 N kg) hand hand he 1 Figure 5:13 Data-Based Question 2. Cranes such as the one in Figure 5.14 are used to move heavy loads across large distances. The maximum load a crane can carry depends ‘on its given working radius, i.e. the given length of the jib, at a specific angle. A crane operator can refer to the data in Table 5.1 to find out the maximum load a crane can lift for a particular ‘working radius at an angle of 30°. a Figure 5.14 Table 6. Working radius/m 14 20 28 36 ‘Maximum load/N 900 630 450 350 (a) Using the data in Table 5.1, deduce the maximum moment provided by the crane.WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). (b) Suppose the crane has a minimum working radius of 8 m. Calculate the maximum load the crane can carry when its working radius is at the minimum length. (e) State why it is important that the crane operator works within the load specified. (a) In Table 5.2, fill in the missing values for the working radius and the maximum load when the jib is horizontal. Table 5.2 Working radius /m 14 20 36 Maximum load/N 390 Question(s) tsi Learning 0 * een ‘Multiple- Free- Section(s) choice | Sted | Response (a) State the moment ofa force as a measure of the turning effect of / . ue) aa 8 force, and relate It 10 everyday " examples. (b) State the formula moment ofa force {or tongue) = free x perpendicular ‘i 2, 300), ta), | 40 2te 54 distance from the pivot, and use it to 5 Dae solve problems. (@) State the Principle of Moments for a - body in equiliorium, - te) bod (@)_ Use the Principle of Moments to 2, 310), 40), solve problems. 2 3 uo) aa (e) Explain what is meant by the centre - of gravity of @ body. ° os a (f) Describe the relationship between the position of tne centre of gravity of | 3, 4 1 . 54 an object and its stabil 44 Worsheet 5 © 2014 Mashall Cavendish Edocation Pte tdName: — Clee eee ae Worksheet 6 4 9 Jaydeyo ion De are Cad The diagram below shows the side view of a roller coaster track. The car is released from Position P. Jamod pue OM ‘AB18Ug Which of the following statements is/are true? 1. The total energy is the same at each of the three positions shown. 2 The kinetic energy of the car is greater at Q than at R. 3 The gravitational potential energy of the car is greater at R than at P. A tony B tand2only © = 1and3 only De ends A boy drops a ball from a height. Ignoring the effects of air resistance, the total energy is, bal O2 Os TTT A greatest at point 1. B greatest at point 2. © greatest at point 3. D the same at all three points. co) © 2014 MashallCavenlsh Education Pte Lid Energy, Work and Power 453. An arrow is shot vertically upward with an initial speed of 12 ms“. What is the maximum height the arrow can reach? (Take g = 10 N kg") A 7.2m B 72m © 144m D Cannot be determined ( ) Working/Explanation 4. A 2 kg box slides from the top to the bottom of a ramp. Given that the speed of the box is 10 m s* at the bottom of the ramp, calculate the total amount of energy lost to the surroundings. (Take g= 10 N kg) A 205 B 80) © 100) D 120) (9) Working/Explanation5. An 80 kg man walks up a flight of steps to reach a height of 4 m in 16 seconds. Calculate the minimum power required by the man. (Take g = 10 N kg) A 20W B sow © 200W D s120W ( ) Working/Explanation 6. A box is pushed 10 m along a horizontal surface by a force of 8 N. The frictional force opposing the motion is 6 N. How much of the work done is converted to thermal energy and kinetic energy? aN. <6 A 20 60 B 60 20 c 60 80 D 60, 140 ( ) Working/Explanation[Section B: [5 ES a 1. Complete Table 6.1 with the correct forms of energy. y Table 6 Forms of energy ‘Sources of energy (a) — energy All objects in motion (b) energy ‘Atomic bombs and nuclear reactors (c) ——___ energy The Sun, fires, fluorescent lamps and light emitting diodes (LEDs) @ energy Dry cells (e) Potential energy () _____ energy | Fuets (such as oll, wood and coal), electric cells, food and explosives (iy) —_______ energy | Waterfalls and raised objects 0) energy | Stretched or compressed objects Figure 6.1 shows a simple pendulum set into oscillation in a vacuum, with P and S as the ‘two extreme positions of the oscillation. R is the lowest or equilibrium position, while Q is an intermediate position between P and R. a Fgue 6.4. (a) Describe the energy changes that occur as the pendulum oscillates from P to Q to R to S. 4B Worksheet 6 {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish education Pte Ltd(b) In an ideal situation, the pendulum will oscillate forever. State how the Principle of Conservation of Energy can be used to explain this. 3. A 1 kg ball is dropped from an 80 m high building. Assuming that no energy is lost to air resistance, complete Table 6.2. (Take g= 10 N ke*) Table 6.2 Gravitational Kinetic energy ‘Speed of Hele tbat potenti wney | ores | ym 80 60 40 20 0 Gust before the ball strikes the floor) 4. An object of mass 1 kg at rest falls through a height of 5 m before hitting the ground, (Take g= 10m s*) {a) Calculate the initial gravitational potential energy of the object. (b) (I) Assuming that air resistance is negligible, state the gain in kinetic energy when the object hits the ground. (Derive your answer without calculation.) (ii) Explain how you derived the answer to (b)(I). © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid Energy, Work and Power 49.{e) Find the maximum speed of the object just before it hits the ground, 5. Astudent of mass 50 kg walks up a flight of stairs of vertical height 2 m in ten seconds. (a) Calculate the power of the student if the work done by him in walking up the fight of stairs is 12004. (b) Calculate the gain in gravitational potential energy of the student when he reaches the ‘top of the flight of stairs. (Take g= 10 N ke") (e) Suggest why the gain in gravitational potential energy is different from the work done by the student. 6. 20.000 kg of rice Is raised in a grain elevator through a vertical distance of 10 m in 80 seconds. (a) Calculate the gain in gravitational potential energy of the 20 000 kg of rice. (b) After the rice is lifted by a height of 10 m, a force of 5 x 10° N is used to move the rice across a horizontal distance. Given that the work done by the force is 345 Ki, calculate the distance moved. BO Worksheet 6 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd7. Awooden box of mass 10 kg is subjected to different types of motion. (a) The box is dragged at constant speed through a horizontal distance of 3 m on a rough surface. If the average frictional force between the box and the surface is 50 N, calculate the work done by the applied force. {b) The box is carried in a lift from level 1 to level 10 of a building. If the vertical distance between two levels is 3 m, calculate the work done on the box. (Take g = 10 m s*) |A dam situated 600 m above a hydroelectric power station supplies water at a rate of 4,00 x 10° kg s* to drive the generators. (a) Assuming the power station is 100% efficient, calculate the amount of electrical power generated, (b) If the power station Is 90% efficient, calculate the amount of electrical power generated.1. A 2 kg box is initially at rest at the bottom of a smooth slope. Figure 6.2 shows the box being pulled up the slope by a 26 N force at a speed of 8 ms“. The distance moved by the box along the slope Is 4 m. fotontess surfoce 2a! (atest) Figure 6.2 {a) Calculate the (i) work done by the 26 N force; (i) gain in kinetic energy of the box; (lil)_gain in gravitational potential energy of the box (take g = 10 m s™) (b)_ State and explain the significance of the values obtained in (a)(I), (a)(ii) and (a)iii). 52 Worksheet 6 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Ple Lid{ i Data-Based Question 2. top reservoir turoines and pipes Figure 6.3 Figure 6.3 shows the layout of a pumped storage power station. Water collects in the lower 9 reservoir, and is pumped up to the top reservoir (62 m above) at night, when the demand for power is low. When there is an increased demand for power, head gates are opened, releasing the water in the top reservoir. The water then rushes down the tunnel to turn the turbines, which drive powerful generators. The flow rate of the water is given by “ (unit: kgs). The useful output power of the generators is 35 MW. (a) State the energy changes that take place when water rushes from the top reservoir to the lower reservoir. (b) The generator is 55% efficient. Calculate the total power of the falling water. {c) Calculate the rate of water flow when the head gates are opened. (© 2014 Marshall Caendlsh Education Pte id Energy, Work and Power 5S(d) Suggest one advantage of the type of power station shown in Figure 6.3. (e) State one way of improving the efficiency of the power station. ‘WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) In the textbook, to strengthen your understanding of the Key concept{s). {b) State the Principle of Conservation of Energy and use the principle to solve | 1,2,3,4,6 | 2,3, 410) 4b) 61 problems. {e) Use the formula efficiency = ‘energy converted fo useful output eneray| total energy input to caloulate the efficiency of an energy conversion. 80) 2{b), 2(¢) 61 (q) State and use the formula work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the force to solve problems. 5.6 6), 712) ex) 6.2 (e) State and use the formula kinetic energy Ey me to solve problems. Si 3, Ao) uanii) (State and use the formula 3, Aa), (0), gravitational potential energy 34 (a), 700), E, = mgh to solve problems. 8(a) 62 (g) State and use the formula = work done 8 te, 80) - 63 power= Hat 2208 to sole problems. 8 54 worksneet 6 (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe tdName: ee ee eee Worksheet 7 [Section a: [MI 1 Choice Questions The diagram shows a manometer filled with water ss supply connected to a gas supply. What is the pressure of the gas? 8 cm of water more than atmospheric pressure 12 cm of water more than atmospheric pressure 8 cm of water less than atmospheric pressure water 112 cm of water less than atmospheric pressure com> ‘The diagram shows a simple mercury barometer. ‘The height of the mercury column is /. Which of the following will cause / to change? 1 Evaporation of mercury from the mercury reservoir 2 Changes in the gravitational field strength 3 Replacing mercury with water 3 only Land 2 only 2 and 3 only 1,2and3 mercury reser ¢ vou> The diagram shows a force fof 10 N supporting the weight W of a 1500 kg load on a hydraulic press. Both pistons are of negligible weight. Calculate piston 3158 # area A. (Take gravitational field strength g=10N ke) i 150016 piston rea 4 A 15cm? B 150 cm? © 1500 cm* D 15000cm*( ) Working/Explanation {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe id Pressure 1 sande @inssald4. Two cylinders placed on the ground are made of the same material but are of different sizes. The larger cylinder exerts @ pressure of 18 Pa on the ground. The weight of the larger cylinder is six times greater than that of the smaller cylinder, while its base area is four times larger than that of the smaller cylinder. What Is the pressure exerted by the smaller cylinder on the ground? A 12Pa B 18Pa © 45Pa D 27Pa Co) Working/Explanation Eo iCde Structured Questions 1. (a) Define pressure. What is the SI unit of pressure? (b) (i) Arhinoceros weighing 20 kN stands on the ground. If each of its four feet has an area of 200 cm? in contact with the ground, calculate the average pressure (in N cnr) exerted on the ground by each foot, (li) A person weighs 600 N. He exerts a pressure on the ground that is equal to the average pressure exerted by one foot ofthe rhinoceros in (b)(i). Calculate the area the person is standing on. 2. Amarine biologist dives in the sea to observe marine life. Given that the density of seawater p is 1025 kg nr, gravitational field strength g is 10 N ke* and atmospheric pressure p, Is 1.01 x 10° Pa, (a) calculate the pressure acting on the marine biologist when he is (i) at the surface of the sea; BE Worksheet 7 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd(ii) 5 m below the surface of the sea. at the sea (b) calculate the difference in pressure exerted on the marine biologist when he surface and when he is 5 m below the sea surface. son Figure 7.1. shows a hydraulic press. ‘The small piston and the large piston have areas of 20 m* and 300 cm* respectively. A student applies a force of 120 N on the small piston to lift a load placed on the large piston, Calculate the large piston hd smal piston igure 7. (a) pressure exerted on the liquid by the small piston; {b) pressure exerted on the large piston; {c) total weight lifted by the student. (a) Ameteorologist makes an observation of a mercury barometer. He states that “The mercury barometric height is 76.0 cm.” What does his statement mean? (b) Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Pa, based on the meteorologist's observation in (a). (Take density of mercury p = 13 600 kg m*; gravitational field strength g= 10 N kg“) 1© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ld Pressure5. (a) Figure 7.2 shows a simple mercury barometer. The height of the mercury column is fr cm. What is the pressure (in Pa) at points 0, P and Q in terms of fh? (Take density of mercury p= 13 600 kg nr; gravitational field strength = 10 N kg) 1 Figure 7.2 (b) Explain three advantages of using mercury over water in a barometer. 6. Figure 7.3 shows an inflated balloon that has just been attached to the left arm of a mercury manometer. (a) What will happen to the mercury level in the manometer Immediately after the balloon is attached? Explain your answer. 4 Figure 7.3 (b) Describe what would happen to the mercury level if there was a small hole in the balloon. (c) Suggest how the manometer setup could be adjusted in order for the pressure in the balloon to produce a larger difference in liquid level. SB Worksheet 7 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid7. (a) Figures 7.4 and 7.5 each show a mercury manometer connected to a large vessel containing, neon gas. If the atmospheric pressure p, is 760 mm Hg, calculate the pressure pof the neon gas in the vessels in Figures 7.4 and 7.5. < Fgure 7.5 {b) Name one use of the manometer other than in the measurement of gas pressure. 8. Three rectangular blocks X, Y and Z are made of different materials of densities 2.00 g cm, 5.00 g cnr and 10.00 g cm* respectively. The side of block X resting on a flat, horizontal surface has an area of 2 cm?. If the height of block X is 10 cm and g= 10 N kg", calculate the (a) weight of block X; (b) pressure exerted by block X on the surface in Pa; © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte td Pressure BO(c) heights of blocks Y and Z if the pressure exerted by blocks X, Y and Z on the surface is the same, i Eetiikrll Free-Response Ques 1, (a) State one factor (other than liquid depth and gravitational field strength) that affects the pressure in a liquid (b) With the aid of a diagram, describe how a column of mercury can be used to measure ‘atmospheric pressure. GO Worksheet 7 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd(e) Calculate the height of a water column (density = 4.0 g cm™) that would exert the same pressure as a 20 cm high mercury column (density = 13.6 g om). Data-Based Question 2. Civil engineers help to build structures such as bridges. They need to choose strong but cost- effective materials when constructing a bridge. Figure 7.6 shows a bridge supported by five circular pillars. The weight of the bridge is 2 x 10° N. vide 45m supporting olor 4 Figure 7.6 Table 7.1 shows two types of materials that could be used to make the supporting pillars, y Table 7 Maximum pressure that the raw Raw material i Material cost/$ m= High-grade concrete 500 000 150 Reinforced steel 5.000 000 400 (a) Assuming the pillars are evenly spaced, how much weight does each pillar support? (b) Calculate the minimum cross-sectional area of each pillar needed to support the bridge when using (i) highgrade concrete; ©2014 marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ld Pressure))_ reinforced steel (e) Calculate the total volume of material needed to make all five pillars if (i) high-grade concrete Is used; (ii) reinforced steel is used. (d) Based on the costs of the materials and your earlier calculations, recommend the material you would use to build the pillars. Explain your recommendation. @Workonm In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) * Learning Objective Ser ng. Mattiple- | ee uctured Free- Section(s) Choice Response (2) Explain what pressure means in terms of force and area - 48) - oe (b) Recall and use the formula F "force 34 aS) 2 Ta pressure = 22 to soWve problems. 3(0), 8 (©) Describe and explain how pressure is e 3 - 72 transmitted in hydraulic systems. : (@) Use the formula pressure due to @ 2, Alb), 5t@), fiquid p= hpgto solve problems. 2 lc) Aa), 1c) | 72 (@) Describe how the height ofa liquia ‘column may be used to measure atmospheric pressure (i.e. how : Ala), 5b) +) ae barometer works). (9) Describe how a manometer measures pressure difference, _ am - ce G2 Worksheet 7 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe UtdTheme 2: Thermal Physics Answer It Right! Go through the following worked examples. Use the tips provided to help you answer questions well. Worked Example 4. A300 W electric heater is used to heat a copper block of mass 500 g for two minutes. The specific heat capacity of copper is 400 J kg* °C (a) () Define the term specific heat capacity. ‘The term “define” requires you to state the meaning of specific heat capacity. Answer Specific heat capacity Is defined as the amount of thermal energy required to increase the temperature of a unit mass (e.g. 1 kg) of a substance by 4 K or 1° ‘Write only the answer required by the question. Any additional explanation of how specific heat capacity depends on the nature or type of substance is not required. Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings, calculate the increase in temperature of the copper block after two minutes, ‘+ The term “calculate” means that a numerical answer is expected. * Your working should be clear and in a sufficient number of steps, including stating the formula used. Answer Given: mass m of copper block = 500 g = 0.5 ke specific heat capacity c of copper = 400 J kg'* *C power P provided by electric heater = 300 W time t= 2 min x 60 = 120 5 Make sure that the units of the physical quantities that you use in your calculations are consistent. The ‘specific heat capacity of copper has the unit J kg °C, therefore we need to convert the unit of the mass ‘of the copper block from g to kg. Likewise, the unit of time needs to be converted from min to s. © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Eduction Pte Ud ‘Thormal Physics Z OWL DusIY YI 4emsuyPt = metAe) 300 x 120 = 0.5 x 400 x (40) Ae= 180°C Increase in temperature = 180°C Ensure the following are given: * Correct formula, Le. Pt = mtg; *+ Correct values substituted into the formula, ie. 300 x 120 = 0.8 x 400 x (Ad); + Correct answer with unit, Le. 180°C. Worked Example 2 ‘A microprocessor is a microchip that resides in desktop computers. As the microprocessor performs computational tasks, it generates heat. To prevent damage to the microprocessor, the heat produced is conducted away using a device called a heat sink. metal heat sink ‘microprocessor (a) Describe, in terms of particles, how thermal energy is conducted away from the microprocessor by the heat sink. * When you encounter the term “describe”, you need to write down the important points relating to the context or situation mentioned in the question. This includes describing how a particular event occurs ‘or how to carry out a certain experiment. * In contrast, if you are asked to "discuss", you need to write a critical account (organise your answer fas an argument). For example, if you are asked to “discuss the factors that affect the rate at which thermal energy is transferred from the microprocessor”, your discussion should include not just a list Of the factors, but also, perhaps, a commentary on which factor plays a greater role in heat loss. G4 theme 2 (Answort Right)Answer As the particles in the warmer microprocessor gain thermal energy and vibrate more vigorously, they collide with the neighbouring particles in the cooler heat sink. Hence, thermal energy is transferred from the microprocessor to the heat sink. + Since the question specifically asks you to describe heat conduction by particles, you must refer to heat ‘conduction in your answer. * Stating a correct fact does nat mean you have answered the question. For example, the sentence “air particles in the warmer region of the heat sink rise,” is factually correct. However, this sentence describes the convection process, and not the conduction process, so even though particles are ‘mentioned, the question is not answered. (b) The diagram below shows a simplified cross-sectional diagram, showing the components within the casing of a desktop computer. In addition to the heat sink, two small fans are installed near the top and the bottom of the computer casing to help maintain a coo! internal environment. top) ‘computer casing, (back) (front) fan ‘other components, ‘microprocessor fan (bottom) Explain how installing the two fans as shown can help to maintain a cool environment in the interior of the computer. When asked to “explain” something, you need to write more than facts or definitions that you have ‘memorised. Your answer needs to include some reasoning or reference to @ theory. You will need to link the facts with the situation described in the question. © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Thermal PhyslesAnswer The heat generated by the components within the computer is conducted to the surrounding air. When the surrounding a gains heat, it expands, becomes lower in density and rises, transferring heat to the top of the intemal space within the casing. The fan nearer the top of the computer draws the hot air out of the computer, dissipating the heat to the surroundings. The fan atthe bottom of the computer draws In cooler, denser ai from the surroundings into the computer. Thus, the fans help to maintain a cool environment in the interior of the computer. Worked Example 3 A beaker containing 0.2 kg of water is heated using a Bunsen burner until the water in the beaker comes to a boll. The water is then left at room temperature. Thermal energy is transferred from the hot water to the surroundings by radiation, as shown by a hand that feels warmth when brought close to the outer surface of the beaker. (a) List two other processes by which thermal energy can be transferred from the hot water to the surroundings. Conduction and convection (b) The outer surface of the beaker is painted black and the experiment is repeated. State and explain Whether the water in the beaker will cool down faster. SN enanc ena tt emote tat Answer ‘The water will cool down faster as black surfaces are better emitters of heat by radiation. 6G theme 2 (Answor It Right) {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdName Class: Worksheet 8 Sect 4. The general equation used to define the Celsius scale of temperature is 0°C = n A: Duce XX x 100°C, X00 ~ Xo where X is the physical property of a thermometric substance. Which of the following statements is false? A For a mercury-inglass thermometer, X is the volume of the mercury. B_ Fora resistance thermometer, X, is the resistance of the wire at ice point. © The equation works on the assumption that the physical property of the thermometric substance changes proportionally with the temperature. D Xo. and X, are the physical property at the steam point and ice point respectively. ( 2. The resistance of a piece of platinum wire in melting ice and boiling water is 800 Q and 910 2 respectively. What is the temperature when the resistance is 1000 0? A 55°C B 110°C c 182°C D 222°C cc) Working/Explanation Section B: EET is 4. In nuclear power plants, resistance thermometers are used to measure temperatures. (a) Aresistance thermometer has a resistance of 1000 0 at ice point (0°C) and 2000 @ at steam point (100°C). The thermometer, when placed in water in a nuclear reactor core, has a resistance of 4070 Q. What is the temperature of the water in the nuclear reactor core? (b) If the water in the nuclear reactor core in (a) reaches a temperature of 325°C, what would be © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pl id the resistance of the resistance thermometer? Temperature g saydeug aunjesedwiay2. (a) Amillivoltmeter attached to a thermocouple reads 10.0 mV when the cold junction is immersed in ice (0°C) and the hot junction in steam (00°C). When the hot junction of the thermocouple is placed in a warm liquid, the millivoltmeter reads 4.8 mV. What is the temperature of the warm liquid? (b) In another thermocouple thermometer, an e.m-. of 4.6 mV is generated when the hot junction is in boiling water and the cold junction is in melting ice. If the hot junction is placed in a boiling liquid of temperature 300°C, what would be the e.m.f. generated? Section C: GC CS iS 4. (a) State the main steps involved in setting up a Celsius temperature scale, using a liquid contained in a narrow glass tube. (b) Give two examples of physical properties, other than the example in (a), that vary continuously with temperature. {e) A column of thermometric liquid measures 2 om in length when immersed in pure melting Ice and 30 cm when placed in a liquid of temperature 25°C. What is the length of the liquid column at steam point? 6B Worksheet 8 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdData-Based Question 2. A student sets up three temperature scales using three identical columns containing liquids X, Y and Z of the same mass. In the process, he records the variation of length L of all three liquid columns with temperature. Figure 8.1 shows the values of Lat different temperatures, Loneth L7em Figure 8.4 Temperature (a) State the column lengths L,, L, and L, for liquids X, Y and Z respectively at the two fixed points. of 0°C and 100°C. () Atorc, L,=_____ om; at 100°C, L, = ___om (i) Atorc, = ______ om; at 100°C, L, = _____om (iw) Atorc, L, = ___ em; at 100°C, L, = ________em (b) What is the increase in column length for liquids X and Y when the temperature rises from 0°C to 100°C? (e) Comparing the results for liquids X and Y, explain why liquid Y is more suitable as a thermometric substance. (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ld ‘Temperature 69(d)_ Liquids X and Y expand uniformly with temperature. This is represented by the two straight lines in Figure 8.1. The formula L = Aq + B can be used to express the length L of the liquid column, In the formula, q is the temperature, and A and B are constants. () Calculate the values of A and B for liquids X and Y. (il) Using the values you obtained in (d)(i), at which temperatures do the column lengths for liquids X and Y theoretically become zero? (e) Explain why liquid Z is not a suitable thermometric substance for the temperature range of 0°C to 100°C. WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) Leaming Objective sca ‘Multiple. fea Froe- ‘Section(s) Choice | Suet Response (2) Explain how a physical property that aa changes with temperature is used 10 42 4,2 42 construct a temperature scale. oa (b) Describe how a liquicinglass ‘thermometer is calibrated and explain why we need fixed points, 1 5 4a), 440), 2 82 such as the ice point and steam point, for caliorating a thermometer, TO Worshost 3 {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Eucaton Pte LtdClass: Date: Worksheet 9 1 2 4, Section A: [Munroe tenn Which of the following statements concerning the Brownian motion of smoke particles is/are true? 1. Itis due to the random bombardments of smoke particles by invisible air molecules 2 Itis due to the vibration of smoke particles at a specific temperature 3 Its due to the strong attractive forces between gas molecules and smoke particles. A tonly B 1and 3 only © and 2 only D 2and3only( —) According to the kinetic model of gases, the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas in a container of fixed capacity decreases because the 1 average speed of the gas molecules decreases. 2 gas molecules bombard the container walls less frequently. 3 _ temperature of the gas decreases. Which statement(s) is/are correct? A 2only B tand3only © 2and 3 only D 4,2and3 ( ) For a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, it is observed that the gas pressure increases with ‘temperature. Which of the following statements may explain this observation? 4 The molecules collide with the container walls more frequently. 2 The molecules collide with one another more frequently, 3 The molecules combine into bigger molecules before colliding with the walls of the container. A tonly B iand2only C tand3only D 4,2and3 ( ) ‘A partially inflated balloon is placed in @ bell jar. The attached vacuum pump is turned on for several minutes. The volume of the balloon increases. What pressure changes occur within the bell Jar and within the balloon? vale palloon — sicigt seat metal table ¥ toveclim pump to vacutm pump Pressure change in the belljar_| Pressure change in the balloon A Decrease Decrease Bl tnorease Inorease c Increase Decrease D Decrease Inorease | () shall Cavendish Education Pte Lte Kinetic Model of Matter 7 6 saydeu JaneW Jo |aPOW OnaUIYEe Structured Questions 4. Distinguish between the three states of matter — solid, liquid and gas — in terms of the (a) movement of molecules; (b) arrangement and spacing between molecules, 2. The Brownian motion of smoke particles in a glass cell is observed using @ microscope. (a) Draw and describe the typical path of a smoke particle in the glass cell. (b) The temperature in the glass cell is raised. (0) What is the effect on the motion of the air molecules in the glass cell? (li) State the evidence that supports your answer to (b)(I). Explain your answer. 72 worksheet 9 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ld3. A fixed mass of gas is enclosed in a vessel with a movable piston (Figure 9.1). The volume ‘occupied by the gas is 1000 om! and the pressure of the gas is 2.5 x 10° Pa. (a) The gas is compressed using the piston. What is the new volume of the gas if its new pressure is 5.0 x 10° Pa? Assume that the temperature of the ‘movable piston gas remains constant. as vessel 4 Figure 9.4 (0) Using the Kinetic model of gases, explain why the pressure ofthe fixed mass of gas increases ) when Is volume is reduced at constant temperature }. An experiment is performed to investigate the relationship between the diffusion speed of bromine ges and its temperature. Table 9.1 shows the data collected. 283 293 303 313 323 305 300 295 290 285 (a) What is the diffusion speed of the bromine gas at 313°C in om s-#2 (b) From the data, what conclusion can you draw about the relationship between the diffusion speed of bromine gas and the temperature? (e) Explain your answer to (b) in terms of the energy of bromine gas molecules. 1 2014 macshal Cavendish Education Pt td Niet Model of Mater | 7Section ica 4. Figure 9.2 shows a fixed mass of air trapped in @ cylinder with a smooth piston. The initial temperature of the air is 25°C. estloder rapped ai + Figure 9.2 (a) The cylinder is heated and the temperature of the trapped air rises. The piston is observed to move outwards. Using the kinetic model of gases, account for the Increase in volume of the trapped air. (b) The piston continues to move outwards and finally stops when a steady temperature of 90°C is reached. State how the following physical quantities of the heated air have changed when the piston stops moving at 90°C, compared to the initial temperature of 25°C. Complete Table 9.2, using the terms “increased”, “decreased” or “unchanged” for each answer. ¥ Table 9.2 Average intermolecular distance Air pressure Average kinetic energy of the air molecules Rate of collisions between the air molecules and the piston Average size of the air molecules TA worksheet 9 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LidData-Based Question 2. Pneumatics is a scientific field that studies the effects and use of pressurised gas on mechanical motion. When designing a pneumatic system, engineers must ensure that the gas pressure does not become so high that it bursts the pneumatic cylinder. Figure 9.3 shows a pneumatic system with a steel pneumatic cylinder. preumatc onder movement oo force a Figure 9.3, compressed gas » (a) Give a possible reason for using gas in the pneumatic cylinder instead of liquid. (b) A sample of the gas used in the pneumatic cylinder in Figure 9.3 is tested in the laboratory. It is trapped in a very strong container with a movable piston. Figure 9.4 shows the test results recorded in a pressure-volume graph. Pressure/MPs Figure 9.4 ‘Volume im? (The pneumatic cylinder can take a maximum pressure of 20 MPa. Using the test data in Figure 9.4, estimate the minimum volume to which the gas can be compressed in the pneumatic cylinder. (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Eduction Pte Ld Kinetic Model of Matt) Calculate the gas pressure in the pneumatic cylinder when the volume of the gas is 0.6 me (iil) State two assumptions that you have made in your answers to (b)(i) and (b)(ti) with respect to the sample of gas tested in the laboratory. WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly, Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) Leaming Objective Muttiple- Free: Gils Section(s) Choice red | Response (a) Distinguish between solids, liquids and gases in terms oftheir physical - le) 20) 9a properties, . (b) Describe the molecular structure of - A . ee solids, liquids and gases. (6) Deduce from the Brownian motion ‘experiment that particles are in 7 2 - 92 continuous motion. (a) Describe how the motion of particles Is affected by temperature - 2{b), 4 4b) ae (e) Explain how the pressure of a gas is, related to its molecular motion, a - ub) 22 (f) Describe the effects of changes in pressure, volume and temperature of 3,4 3(b) wa) 93 a ges. (g) Solve problems related to the effects of changes in pressure, volume and - 3(a) 2\b) 93 |___ temperature of a gas. TB Worksheet 9 © 2014 Mashall Cavendish Education Pte UtdName: oe) Class: __ ate: Worksheet 10 What are processes 1 and 2? Process 1: Transfer of thermal energy caused by a difference in fluid density Process 2: Transfer of thermal energy from an energetic atom or molecule to a less energetic atom or molecule when they collide OT 1aydeup ABiauq [eWay Jo 18)SUed Process 1 Process 2 A Evaporation Conduction B | Conduction Radiation © | Convection | Conduction [Convection Radiation (> Why are solids better conductors of heat than liquids? The particles in solids are not free to move about. The particles in solids are arranged more closely together, The particles in solids vibrate faster. The particles in solids move more randomly. () vow Which types of surfaces are good absorbers and poor emitters of radiation? Good absorbers | Poor emitters A |__Black and shiny | Black and dull B | White and shiny | White and shiny © | Black and dull_| Black and dull > [Black and dull_| White and shiny 4) A heating coil at the bottom of a rice cooker heats the base of a rice pot. The rice pot is filled with a mixture of uncooked rice and water. What are the main processes by which the following heat transfers take place? ‘Transfer of heat from heating ‘Transfer of heat inside coll to base of rice pot rice pot mixture A Conduction Convection’ B Convection Conduction ce Radiation Convection D Conduction Radiation ) © 2014 Marshall Cavendsh education Pte id Transfer of Thermal Energy 775. Acar was painted black while a second car was painted white. Both cars were left in the Sun to dry, The black paint dried more quickly than the white paint. Which property of black paint makes it dry more quickly? A. itis a better conductor of heat, B__ Itis a better absorber of heat. € tis abetter insulator of heat. Dit is a better reflector of heat. ) 6. Apperson sits in front of a campfire. What is/are the main process(es) by which thermal energy is transferred to the person? A Radiation only B Convection and radiation only © Conduction and radiation only D Conduction, convection and radiation ( 7. Why is the ice not completely melted yet, even though ‘the water at the surface is already boiling? A Ice isa poor radiator of heat. B Convection cannot occur in water. © The metal gauze prevents heat from melting the ice. Water is a poor conductor of heat. ) Section B: ECTS oi 4. Hot coffee in a plastic foam cup cools down via three methods of thermal energy transfer to the surroundings. (a) State these three methods. bolting water lass test tube metal gauze Bunsen burner (b) Of the three methods in (a), which one of them enables (i) thermal energy to be transferred most quickly from the hot coffee to a person's hand placed above it? Explain your answer. (il) the coffee below the liquid surface to cool down, after heat is lost from the coffee surface to the air above? Assume that no heat is lost through the plastic foam cup. Explain your answer. TB workshost 10 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ud2. Figure 10.1 shows an electric kettle. plastic nance : fA polished booy 4 Fgue 10.4 1 (a) Explain the function of the polished kettle surface. (b) Explain why the heating element is positioned near the bottom of the kettle, | (©) Explain why plastic is used to make the handle ofthe Kettle. | 3. Explain the following phenomena in terms of thermal energy transfer. ’ (a) Birds usually fluff up their feathers in cold weather. (b) The surface of a black car is hotter than that of a white car when both cars are parked under direct sunlight for several hours. © 2014 Marshall Cavendsh cation Pte Lid Transfer of Thermal Energy 79)During the day, the land is higher in temperature than the sea, At night, the land becomes lower in temperature than the sea, (a) State the main process by which heat is transferred from the land and sea surfaces to the air directly above them, (b) During the day, a sea breeze blows from the sea towards the land, while at night, a land breeze blows from the land towards the sea. State and explain the process of heat transfer that forms these breezes, 5. (a) State and describe the molecular mechanism that allows copper to conduct heat quickly. (b) Figure 10.2 shows a safety lamp used by miners In the nineteenth century. The lamp was designed to prevent explosions caused by flammable gases such as methane in mines, brass pllar lass cover ol ‘4 Figure 10.2 BO Worksheet 10 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LidA safety feature of the lamp is the copper gauze. Suggest how the copper gauze helps to prevent explosions when methane gas Is present. (Hint: Methane gas will burn only if the surrounding air reaches its ignition temperature.) Figure 10.3 shows a refrigerator. | — tiquis ccotant in pies metal fine ump — 4 Figure 10.3 (a) Thermal energy is transferred from the refrigerator to the cooling unit. Explain how cold air circulates in the refrigerator. (b) When the refrigerator door is opened for a short time, some of the cold air inside the refrigerator Is replaced by the warmer air outside. Explain why there is little effect on the temperature of the contents in the lower part of the refrigerator. ‘© 2014 marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid ‘ransfor of Thermal Energy SL