Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Structure
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Natural Habitats of Cacti and Succulents for Garden
4.2.1 Desert plains Cacti and Succulents
4.2.2 Mountainous Deserts Cacti and Succulents
4.2.3 Jungles Cacti and Succulents
4.3 Essential Equipments and Material for Developing a Cacti and Succulents
Garden
4.3.1 Important Tools for Garden
4.3.2 Top- Dressing Material for Garden Plants of Cacti and Succulents
4.4 Essential Environmental Factors for Cacti and Succulents Garden
4.4.1 Light and Air
4.4.2 Temperature
4.4.3 Humidity
4.5 Growing Media / Soil for Cacti and Succulents Garden
4.5.1 Type of Soil Media for Cacti and Succulents
4.5.2 Top - Dressing Material for Garden Plants of Cacti and Succulents
4.6 Garden Settings for Cacti and Succulents
4.7 Plantation of Cacti and Succulents in Garden Beds
4.7.1 Creating a Desert look in the Garden
4.8 Cacti and Succulents Plants for Garden
4.8.1 Cacti
4.8.1.1 Cacti Type – 25 ft. and above Height
4.8.1.2 Cacti Type – 15 ft. to 24 ft. Height
4.8.1.3 Cacti Type – 5 ft. to 14 ft. Height
4.8.1.4 Cacti Type – 3 ft. to 5 ft. below Height
4.8.1.5 Cacti Type – 11 inches to 24 inches Height
4.8.1.6 Cacti Type – 1 inch to 10 inches Height
4.8.2 Succulents
4.8.2.1 Succulents Type – 15 ft. to 30 ft. Height
4.8.2.2 Succulents Type – 10 ft. to below 15 ft. Height
4.8.2.3 Succulents Type – 5 ft. to below 10 ft. Height
4.8.2.4 Succulents Type – 2 ft. to below 5 ft. Height
4.8.2.5 Succulents Type – 13 inches to 23 inches Height
4.8.2.6 Succulents Type – 1 inch to 12 inches Height
4.9 Maintenance of Cacti & Succulents Garden
4.9.1 Irrigation or Watering
4.9.2 Fertigation of Cacti and Succulents Garden
4.9.3 Handling of Cacti and Succulents
4.9.4 Pruning
4.9.5 Plant Hygiene 97
Landscaping 4.10 Propagation
4.10.1 Sexual Method of Propagation
4.10.2 Asexual Method of Propagation
4.10.2.1 By Cutting
4.10.2.2 By Division
4.10.2.3 By Grafting
4.11 Plants Problems / Enemies
4.11.1 Diseases of Cacti & Succulents
4.11.1.1 Basal and Root - Rot
4.11.1.2 Fungal Leaf Spots
4.11.1.3 Shooty Mold
4.11.1.4 Cork Scab
4.11.2 Insects, Pest of Cacti & Succulents
4.11.2.1 Mealy Bugs
4.11.2.2 Aphids
4.11.2.3 Scale
4.11.2.4 Spider Mites
4.11.2.5 Thrips
4.11.3 Cultural Damage of Cacti and Succulents
4.11.3.1 Cold Damage
4.11.3.2 Drought Damage
4.11.3.3 Scorch Damage
4.12 Let Us Sum Up
4.13 Key Words
4.14 Further References
4.15 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises
4.0 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit, you will be in position to :
study Cacti and Succulents plants used in open garden development,
learn essential equipments and material for garden plantation,
discuss essential environment for Cacti & Succulent garden,
study land development and growing media for Cacti and Succulents garden,
discuss garden setting for Cacti and Succulent,
learn plantation methods of plants in the garden with Cacti & Succulents,
discuss cultural operations in Cacti & Succulent garden, and
learn protection method of garden plants of Cacti and Succulents from
enemies/ problems.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Originally, Cacti grow only on the American continent. Succulents were in nature
to many region from Northern Europe to the Far-East. Most of them were
98 concentrated in southern and eastern Africa. Natural distribution, enabled Cacti
and Succulents to establish in new habitat across the world. Now these are Cacti and Succulents Garden
cultivated throughout the world.
Today, gardeners initiated in Cacti and Succulents as both, to develop open space
garden and as a indoor decoration garden. There are national Cactus and
Succulents societies in many countries. Botanist continue to discover new species
in the wild region. About indoor gardening you have studied in the previous unit
on Indoor Cacti and Succulents plants in detail. Here we will discuss to grow
Cacti and Succulent in the form of a garden in open space. It can be develop as
the open space garden, patios and Terraces gardens of your houses.
Impressive collection of Cacti and Succulents have been established in the form
of a garden, in various parts of the world, in both private gardens and botanical
gardens or institutions. Among the best known are the Huntington Botanical
Garden, in Callifornia; in Switzerland - collection in Zurich; the Palmengasten
in Frankfurt, Germany and the oldest collection at the Royal Botanical garden,
Kew. A collection of Cacti and Succulents has also been establish in Brisbane –
Australia.
There is a great scope to develop Cacti and Succulent garden in the open space,
if there is space to prepare a well drained bed. Even in cooler climate, a wide
variety of Cacti and Succulents plants can be sunk into the beds in pots during
the summer to give seasonal interest to the display.
Some simpervivum species colonize the Alpine part of Europe, and several species
of Sedum thrive in much of the Northeren Hemisphere. Even in the Galapagos
Island, the soil - less wastes of Lava rock, provide a home for Cacti such as
Brachy cereus nesiotieus. All these such type of information about the habits of
succulents and Cacti grow there, are very helpful to develop a Cacti & Succulent
garden in such type regions.
Some succulents inhabit the gloom of the forest floor and some small Cacti such
as Gymnocalycium grow in broken shade of rainforest margins. All such type
informations are very helpful when we are selecting Cacti and Succulents to
develop a garden.
4.4.2 Temperature
Most of the cacti and succulent can grow well in outside temperature. Temperature
play a dominant role and is indispensable to the great majority of flowering cacti
and succulent in open garden. In winter optimum temperature require around to
be 7°C or 8°C. In summer most of these plants require a range of temperature
from 35°C - 40°C as long as they have full ventilation. The temperature surround
the cacti and succulent garden can be measured by minimum and maxi-mum
thermometer.
4.4.3 Humidity
You known, Cacti and Succulents does not require regular humidity like other
ornamental plants. These plants require resting period and at this time they require
very low humidity and moisture. This period of more or less dryness has a definite
effects on the vegetative growth of the plant. To sum-up from the end of
September, the watering gradually be cut back, until only the occasional spraying
should be doe upto December to January. From late February onward a little
watering should be start and gradually increase to reach maximum upto the month
of July and August to increase the humidity. The humidity level in the gardener
can measure with the help of humidity meter.
Most of the cacti and succulents need a slightly acedie soil media. The pH of the
garden beds should be in the range of 5 to 6.5. If the soil mixture of garden beds
is very acetic, add lime stone to make the soil less “Acidic”. It is express by
“pH” and represent by the number between 0 and 14, sowing the ratio of acidity
/ Alkalinity. A pH - 7 is neutral; between 0 to 7 pH, the acidity of soil increases;
between 7 to 14, the alkalinity increases. As a genial rules vegetative organism
survive in a ideal pH between 7 and 9. For cacti and succulents ideal pH is 5.5 to
6.5 to grow better both in the garden beds as well as in containers.
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Landscaping 4.5.1 Type of soil media for Cacti and Succulents
When cacti and succulents are grown in the open soil of garden beds, the extra
drainage be provided immediately below the roots in the cacti and succulents
beds, in the form of crushed crocks for proper drainage. The electric conductivity
(EC) of the soil in the garden beds should be less than one (1) for proper
cultivation.
Ideal soil medias to grow cacti and succulents in garden beds as well as in
containers are five types which are recommended by growers. Most basic cactus
and succulents compost have 25-50 % organic matter, combined with an inorganic
ingredient. This should be loose and well acrated, even when wet to prevent
water logging and root rot. A good succulent compost allow for easy root growth,
while holding less water than a typical house plant compost. Growers
recommended five types of media which are described below one by one.
i) One third sand (river send); one third well-rotted and sifted vegetable mould
/ leaf mould and one third sifted soil. It is good most of the Cacti and
Succulents.
ii) Equal part of garden loam, leaf-mould and sand, ½ part gril, a little granular
fertilizer if pH permit. This is suitable for Echinocereus. For Rubutia and
Lobia, the leaf mould may be reduce to ½ part, the other ½ part being made
up with peat.
iii) Equal part of Loam, leaf mould and sand with little fertilizer consist at most
entirely of Phosphates.
This type of media is good for Ephyllum, Schlumberger etc. for Rhipsales
type of cactus, fibrous peat be substituted for loam. Most of the succulent
like this type of media.
iv) Soil that is pre-dominatly inorganic : 3 part of sand : 2 part of garden Loam
: 1 part leafmould : 1 part grit.
This media is suitable for Echino cactus, and similar genera of Echinofossulo
– Cactus; Astro Phytum and Gymno - Calcium cactus may need loam reduce
to 1 part and leaf mould increase 2 part.
v) 2 part sea - sand, slightly fibrous garden loam free of unrotted organic meter
: 1 part a little granular fertilizer according to pH of media.
This media is suitable for – opuntia, cereus and similar generas of cacti;
Echinopsis and Mammillaria sp. of cacti. For selenicereus and Apora – cactus.
Most of the succulents like this type of media to develop cacti & succulent
garden.
Soil – based medias are good for both outdoor use and for containers to
grow cacti and succulents. A good mixture is 3 part of sterilized, fibrous
soil; one part of peat mass, and one part 6 mm washed grif, enriched with
balanced fertiliser.
When you are grouping the plants in cacti and succulent garden, consider scale,
shape, texture and colour. If plants are large, shape and form are likely to be
most important and have the strongest impact. If the plants are smaller featured
should be grown in a raised beds to be viewed at close hand. The differences in
texture and colour should be more noticeable.
Plants should be combine in such a way that flower one after the other for
succession of colour. If flowering time of plants overlap, ensure that the colours
of the blooms complement each other. Also include species in plantation with
unusual forms and texture to provide year - round interest; for example, the
globular form, glossy skin and sharp spines of Gymnocalycium horsitti can be
contrasted with the candle like stems of Mammillaria elongata in golden and
comb like spines.
Cacti and succulents may also be grown with other plants, provided that all thrive
in the same condition. For example, the rich burgundy foliage of Euphorlia
amygdaloides ‘Purpurea’ creates a contrast to the plate like rosettes of “Aeonium
tabuliforme or a spreading carpet of evergreen Juniperus Squamata”.
Without a doubt, the most beautiful and attractive displays of succulent are well
planned in outdoor garden plantings. When succulents planted in the ground
expose to the elements cacti and succulents can take on an appearance that is not
otherwise possible. The benefits of growing cacti and succulents in the ground
are balanced, liabilities, however.
The gardener does have the certain control over the environment provides for
plants grown in the open garden. This must be taken into consideration before
the 1st succulent or cacti is ever put in the ground. To prevent water logging,
particularly in regions where high rainfall, in such region succulent can be
maintained in raised beds or planted on mounds formed of a well drained soil
media. In many gardens, a steep slope with sallow soil is all that many succulent
species require.
In order to preparation the garden site for plantation correctly, the selection of a
species for particular site should be done very carefully to grow in the garden.
This does not means only choosing those with the right tolerance for sum and for
temperature, they are expected to tolerate. You should select such species of
cacti and succulents which will grow well together for a longer period. By picking
the right species, the gardener will determine the amount of annual care that
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Landscaping must go into the planting of garden. The species selection will determine if the
planting is to be a long - term, low- maintenance display or a hand - on garden,
requiring thinning, as specimens begins to over - run each other and to maintain
its beauty.
Additionally, a covering of an old sheet or agro - shedding net will add several
degree of frost protection. Where winters are two severe, gardeners are forced to
move tender or semi-hardy plants to indoor or under polyhouse during the winter
months. Always grow such species which are suitable for a partial region or so.
Generally, these garden plants of cacti and succulents require minimum care
through the winter, infrequent watering and no fertilization.
On raised ground beds, cactus planting with various species of cacti and succulents
appears most natural in the garden. This can be emphasized by the use of various
top dressing material and larger stones. Since succulent plants will tolerate
transplanting more often than other plants.
In well-drained soil and low rainfall areas, growers can plant cacti and succulents
in beds at ground level in the garden. In general cacti and succulents are planted
on raised beds which require more preparation. Depending on the desired look
and life expectancy of the beds, the sides can be developed from any number of
rock material. Brick, blocs of concrete, treated wood or mortared stone are most
common. Fill the raised beds of the garden that sit directly on the ground entirely
with the growing media or, if increase drainage is needed, put a lower layer of
gravel at the bottom. Now we will discuss plantation plan of Cacti and Succulents
as follows:
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Cacti and Succulents Garden
4.8 CACTI AND SUCCULENTS PLANTS FOR
GARDEN
We will categorized some cacti and succulent plants according to their height,
habit etc in the following way :
4.8.1 Cacti
4.8.1.1 Cacti type – 25 ft. & above Height
i) Cephalocerus senilis : Ht. - 50 ft.; spread - 12 inch; min. temp. - 4°C.
ii) Pereskia aculeate : Ht. - 30 ft.; spread - unlimited; min. temp. - 4°C; sented,
white, cream or rose colour flower in autumn.
iii) Cereus velidus : Ht. - 25 ft.; spread - 10 ft.; min. temp. - 7°C; flower phikish,
white and summer flowering.
4.8.1.2 Cacti type – 15 ft. to 24 ft. Height
i) Cureus hildmannianurs V. mostrose : Ht. - 15 ft.; spread - 10 ft.; mini
temp.- 5°C; white flowers.
ii) Opuntia neoargentina : Ht. - 15 ft.; spread - 4 ft.; min. temp. - 5°C; yellow
flower, in summer.
iii) Pachycereus schottii : Ht.- 20 ft.; spread - 8 ft.; min. temp. 10°C; cream to
dark pink flower in spring to summer.
iv) P. schottii v. Moustrose : Ht. - 20 ft.; spread - 8 ft.; min. temp. - 10°C.
v) Pilosocereus leucocephalus F. Palmeri : Ht. - 20 ft.; spread - 5 ft.; min.
temp.- 10°C, pale pink to white flowers.
vi) Weberbauerocereus johnsonii: Ht. - 20 ft.; spread - 6 ft.; mini. temp - 7°C;
white or Pale pink flower; golden spine.
4.8.2 Succulents
4.8.2.1 Succulents type – 15 ft. to 30 ft. Height
i) Aloe ferox : Ht. - 15 ft.; spread - 16 ft.; min. temp. - 2°C; orange- red
blooms appears in spring.
ii) Aloe dichotoma : Ht. - 30 ft.; spread - 20 ft.; min. temp. - 7°C; yellow
colour flower spicks appear in winter.
iii) Crassula ovata : Ht. - 15 ft.; spread - 5 ft.; min. temp. - 5°C; white flowers
appears in late autumn.
iv) Pachypodium lamerei : Ht. - 20 ft.; spread - 6 ft.; min. temp. - 10°C; fragrant
flowers of white with sold throat in summer.
v) Jatropha cordata : Ht. - 30 ft.; spread - 12 ft.; min. temp. - 7°C; flower in
summer.
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xxx) H. venosa : Ht. - 4 inch; spread - 12 inch; min. temp. - 5°C; white flowers Cacti and Succulents Garden
appear from spring to summer.
xxxi) Kalenchoe rhombopilosa : Ht. - 6 inch; spread - 15 inch; min. temp. -
7°C; greenish yellow flowers appears in spring.
xxxii) Lithops aucampiae : Ht. - 1 inch, spread - 9 inch; min. temp. - 2°C;
yellow daisy like flowers appear in early autumn.
xxxiii) L. salicola : Ht. - 2 inch; spread - 9 inch; min. temp. - 2°C; white daisy
like flowers appears in the early autumn.
xxxiv) Monadenium guentheri : Ht. - 12 inch; spread - 4 ft.; min. temp. - 10°C;
long greenish white with purple spots in summer.
xxxv) Pachyphytum oviferum : Ht. - 6 inch; spread – unlimited; min. temp. -
6°C; flowers with powdery, gray-green sepals and red petals appears in spring
and early summer.
xxxvi) Sedium kamschalicum : Ht. - 3 inch; spread – unlimited; min. temp. -
35°C; golden or orange flowers appears in summer.
xxxvii) S. nussbaumeranum : Ht. - 9 inch; spread – unlimited; min. temp. -
5°C; white flowers appears in spring.
xxxviii) Sempervivium “Emersonscriant” : Ht. - 1 inch; spread - 2 ft.; min.
temp. - 15°C; straw pink flowers appears in summers.
xxxix) Scenecio haworthii : Ht. - 12 inch; spread - 3 ft.; min. temp. - 5°C;
yellow daisy like flowers in spring & summer.
xl) Senecio stapeliiformis : Ht. - 6 inch; spread – unlimited; min. temp. - 5°C;
long-lasting scarlet flowers appear on short stalk in summer.
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Landscaping In July to September water the garden accordingly, need of the plants for good
growth. As and when, whether become cooler, reduce the watering slowly and
slowly till plants goes to resting periods. The water should be sufficient to soak
all by soil and excessive water should be drained out freely of the garden soil.
Cacti and succulent require feeding in two stages. Add a powder or granular
fertilizer to soil media at planting time or during the annual renovation of a
permanent bed or garden.
After this, apply either liquid or solid fertilizers throughout the growing season,
generally in spring and summer, to allow the plants new growth to ripen in autumn.
Fertilizers that a deficient in nitrogen cause stunted growth in cacti and succulents
after prolonged use. Which are overfed with nitrogen grow thin and do not flower
well, while succulents produce spindly growth.
4.9.4 Pruning
To look attractive and grow well, most succulents and some cacti, particularly
Epiphytes, benefit from some shaping and restriction to their growth by pruning
to make them bushier and more compact. The other utility of pruning is to remove
any unproductive growth which harm the vigor of the plant.
Prune shrilly succulents at the start of the growing season, winter - flowering
succulents in summer, and Epiphytic cacti such as Ephiphyllum after flowering.
Pruning tools are vary from knives to scissor, secateurs, or for the earnest job, a
pruning saw is used in the garden. These tools should be very sharp, so they will
cut the plant rather than crush the tissue. These told should also be kept clean
and sterilized, to avoid spreading bacteria infection and fungi or viruses diseases
at the time of pruning from one plant to another plant.
Cut back shrubby plant just above the shoot or outward facing bud. Some creeping
or mounding plants look healthier if old, foliage beneath the new growth is
removed. Cut back the longer stems of trailing plant that have outgrown their
hanging baskets to encourage new bushier growth near the base.
Eventually, plants that have been regularly pruned will become woody; use some
of the prunings to root as cuttings to develop new plant, to replace the old plant.
4.10 PROPAGATION
There two type of propagation methods, sexual propagation by seed and Asexual
method of propagation, by vegetative part of the plant, clump division, in cacti
and succulents. 119
Landscaping 4.10.1 Sexual Method of Propagation
It is take place with help of seed. It is generally used to produced new types in
cacti & succulents. Many cacti and succulents cannot fertilize their own flowers.
To produce seed, pollination must be taken place from the flowers of one plant to
another. This is done in the outdoors cacti and succulent gardens by wind, insects,
bats or birds. If the two plants of same species results in new plants similar to the
parents and this type of seed in known as self seed.
To create new hybrid forms, transfer pollen from one flower of one species to the
bloom of a different species in the same genus. Before crossing it remove the all
the unripe stamens of flower to which you are going to pollinate. It is known as
female and from which you have taken pollen known as male parent and seed
produce by crossing to both is known as hybrid seed which give new types on
germination.
4.10.2.1 By Cutting
Cutting provide a quick and easy method of propagating cacti and succulents,
especially the hybrids, which do not produce similar off spring from seed. Most
of the plants can be increase by stem cutting of stem section, and some succulents
also produce from leaf cutting. The best time to take cutting is when a plant start
into active growth.
i) Leaf Cutting : Succulents such as Gasteria & some Howerthia root readily
from leaf cuttings. Put the cutting in pot containing potting mixture and
treated with any fungicide solution like. Captan or Bauistinu (1 %). The
leaves of succulent such as Crassula, Echiveria and Kalanchoe can also be
used for propagation.
ii) Stem Cutting or Section : Most succulents, except for Caudiciform species,
and many cacti, including Epiphytes species can be commercially propagated
from stem cutting and section of the stem. Very slow-growing plants are not
usually good subjects for sections because they tend to rot.
4.10.2.2 By Division
In this technique, a vigorous plant is divided into several pieces each of which
has either its on roots or growing points. It is simple and quick way to obtain
new plants of a good size. Cacti and Succulents both propagated by this method
in spring and summer.
i) Chimping Offsets : Succulents like Howarthia, Gasteria, Aloe, etc. and
some cacti such as Mammillia and Echinopsis etc are multiplied on
commercial scale in spring and summer.
ii) Offsets Tubers : Some succulents such as Senecio and Ceropegia have
tuberous roots and form offset tubers just below soil level. These can be
gently detached or separated with a knife and planted separately in pot with
potting mixture, these will produce new plants.
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iii) Division of Rootstocks : Some Cacti and succulents like Sansevieria, species, Cacti and Succulents Garden
Aloe species, some Sedium etc are propagated by this method of root division
of clumps.
4.10.2.3 By Grafting
This methods is generally used in cacti for those species cannot develop proper
size on itself roots. When these cacti are grafted on root stock, they grow fast
and develop good size within one or two years which is not possible on self root.
It is taken place in spring and summer.
In damp condition the fungus penetrate to the roots of cacti and succulents plants
very rapidly by from the skin into the tissue, turning then soft, black and causes
plant death.
Control :
i) Remove healthy branches of plants, treat it with fungicide and rooting
harmous, and plant it into new pot-mixture to develop root and new plant.
ii) The affected & dead part of the plant should be burn or dump in the soil
after treating it with fungicide.
Brown or gray spots appears on the leaves of Succulent plants and cause leaf
fall.
Control : Treat the plant with any fungicide like coper sulphate, Captan, Bavistin
etc. and remove all infected leaves of plant to dump them in deep soil or burn
them.
It is caused by the soil born fungus in very wet condition and damaged the plant,
specially seedling stage.
121
Landscaping Control : Treat the soil & plant with systematic fungicide and discard the infected
seedling, to control the disease.
The brown bark like spots develop near the base of stem of plants, are a result of
past disease damage or poor cultivation.
Control : Improve the growing conditions of the plants, the spots should not re-
appear and spraying with any fungicide in useful.
It is very common for cacti & succulents and found scattered all over plant body
and suck the juee of the plant to harm it. If off season it rest in the soil.
Control : Spray with any insecticide like Metacystox, Rogor etc with light doses
help to control the insect. Soil drench with any strong systemic insecticide is
essential to control the insect.
4.11.2.2 Aphid
Small, brown, black bodies attack the tender part of the plants, leaf or flower etc.
& suck the shape of the plant, causing to it harm.
Control: Spray with any insecticide like, Melathion & Rogor etc.
4.11.2.3 Scale
Different type of brown in colour scale attack the different part of the plant and
damage its skin by sucking its shape to harm the plants.
These are pin head like bodies, attack cacti & succulents, forming dense webbing
over the plant & destroy the epidermis of the plant. Under sever attack plant can
die.
Control : Spraying with any miticide or dusting with sulphar, help to control it.
4.11.2.5 Thrips
It attack the appical part of the plants to destroy it growth & latter on attack on of
other tender parts like flower buds etc. It can move to other plant to harm.
Control : Spray with Rogor, Metacystoe, Malathion etc to control it. It require
regular spray with these insecticides till it over at intervals of 7-10 day.
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4.11.3 Cultural damage of Cacti and Succulents Cacti and Succulents Garden
The cold temperature can effect stem, tip damage, scarring or even stem collapse
in succulents. Some time in too cold, affected areas of the plant rot.
Control : Increase temperature if possible by burning dry grass etc. and cut out
all the damaged parts of the plants and spray with any fungicide.
If the plants are starved of water, leafy succulents shad their leaves, this start to
die back from the stem tips or shad their branches and ultimately die.
Control : Watering usually reverses this process of decling. Cacti shrink into
dormancy in a drought cut rejuvenate rapidly once watered.
Strong winds, or sudden bright sun-shine on dewy plants of cacti and succulents
can cause sunken brown patches where the tissue has collapsed.
Control : Harden them off in shading net, or protect them with fabric of flexible
mesh can control this problem.
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