‫)‪X1-160 (2021/11/26‬‬

‫ِ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ یِ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ِ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ ‪I‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻨﺘﯿ‬

‫‪mamwad@mailaps.org‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺮﻣ‬

‫‪-‬اﺗﻤ یِ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ ﺑﺮرﺳ ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎز ِ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ِ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧ ﯿﻦ ِ ﺗﻮاﺑ ِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ )ﯾﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ( ﺑﺮا یِ ﯾ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‪-ِ -‬ﺿﺮب ِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ‪-‬در‪-‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‪ ،‬اﻧﺮژی‪ ،‬و اﻧﺪازه یِ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻞ ِ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺪی‪ ،‬و ﭼ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ Xp‬ﻫﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ را ﺑﺎ ‪ ،p‬و |‪ |z‬را ﺑﺎ ‪ z‬ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯿﺪﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ‪ X‬ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﺑ ی از ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﯾ‬

‫‪X = Xp (p).‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬

‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ ِ ‪) α‬ﺗﻨﺪی( را ﺗﺎﺑ ی از ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﯿ ﻨﻢ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎن ﮐﻪ‬

‫‪p = c m sinh[αp (p)].‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ‪ m‬ﺟﺮم ِ ذره اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﯿﺮم ‪ X‬ﺗﺎﺑ ی از ﻓﻘﻂ اﻧﺪازه یِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﯾﻌﻨ ])‪ [Xp (ξ‬ﺗﺎﺑ ِ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ξ‬‬

‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ‪ Xα‬را ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﯿ ﻨﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪X = Xα (α).‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬

‫ِ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ یِ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ِ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ ‪I‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻨﺘﯿ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫اﯾﻦ ﯾﻌﻨ‬

‫‪Xα ◦ αp = Xp .‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬

‫ﯾﺎ‪،‬‬

‫‪Xα = Xp ◦ (αp )−1 .‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ‪ (αp )−1‬ﺗﺎﺑ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﯾﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻃﺮف ِ راﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮا یِ ﻫﻤﻪ یِ ‪ Xp‬ﻫﺎ ﺧُﺶ‪-‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬اﻣﺎ‬

‫| ‪ |(αp )−1‬ﺗﺎﺑ اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪|(αp )−1 | = c m sinh .‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ وﻗﺖ ی ])‪ [Xp (ξ‬ﺗﺎﺑ ِ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ξ‬اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮف ِ راﺳﺖ ِ )‪ (5‬ﺧُﺶ‪-‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼ ﺎﻟ یِ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ z‬را ﺑﺎ ‪ ρz‬ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯿﺪﻫﻢ‪ ρp .‬ﭼ ﺎﻟ یِ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬و ‪ ρp‬ﭼ ﺎﻟ یِ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ‬

‫اﻧﺪازه یِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ [ρp (ξ)] .‬ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘ ﺮال‪-‬ﮔﯿﺮی از ])‪ [ρp (ξ‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ یِ )‪ (p = ξ‬ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﯿﺌﺎﯾﺪ‪ .‬و‬

‫اﮔﺮ ])‪ [ρp (ξ‬ﺗﺎﺑ ِ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ξ‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬

‫‪ρp (ξ) = 4 π ξ 2 ρp (ξ).‬‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬

‫ﭼ ﺎﻟ یِ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺪی ﻫﻢ ‪ ρα‬اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪[ρα (λ)] d λ = [ρp (ξ)] d ξ.‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ‪،‬‬

‫‪λ = αp (ξ).‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﻨ ‪،‬‬

‫‪ξ = c m sinh λ.‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺮﻣ )‪X1-160 (2021/11/26‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪،‬‬

‫)‪ρα (λ) = c m (cosh λ) ρp (c m sinh λ‬‬ ‫)‪(11‬‬

‫و اﮔﺮ ])‪ [ρp (ξ‬ﺗﺎﺑ ِ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ξ‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬

‫‪ρα (λ) = 4 π (c m)3 (cosh λ) (sinh2 λ) ρp (ξ̂ c m sinh λ).‬‬ ‫)‪(12‬‬

‫ﺑﺮدار ِ ﯾ ﻪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ̂‪ ξ‬ﯾ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪار ِ ﭼﺸﻤﺪاﺷﺘ یِ ‪ X‬را ﺑﺎ ⟩‪ ⟨X‬ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯿﺪﻫﻢ‪ .‬وﻗﺖ ی ‪ X‬ﺗﺎﺑ ی از ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪،‬‬

‫∫‬
‫‪⟨X⟩ = d3 ξ [ρp (ξ)] Xp (ξ).‬‬ ‫)‪(13‬‬

‫و اﮔﺮ ‪ X‬ﺗﺎﺑ ِ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻧﺪازه یِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬

‫∫‬
‫= ⟩‪⟨X‬‬ ‫‪d λ [ρα (λ)] Xα (λ).‬‬ ‫)‪(14‬‬

‫اﻧﺮژی و ﭼ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪-‬اﺗﻤ ‪ ،‬ﭼ ﺎﻟ یِ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻠ ﻮل‬ ‫)ﻧﺎﮐﻮاﻧﺘﻤ ( ﺑﺎ ﻣﻠ ﻮﻟﻬﺎ یِ ﺗ‬ ‫ﮔﺎز ِ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ِ ﮐﻼﺳﯿ‬ ‫ﺑﺮا یِ ﯾ‬

‫ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ρp = Np exp(−β hp ).‬‬ ‫)‪(15‬‬

‫‪ h‬اﻧﺮژی یِ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻠ ﻮل اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﺑ ِ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪) .‬از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ِ دروﻧ یِ اﺗﻢ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪه ﺷﺪه‪(.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‪،‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪β‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(16‬‬
‫‪kB T‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ِ ﺑﻬﻨﺠﺎرش اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ‪ T‬دﻣﺎ ﺳﺖ‪ Np .‬ﻫﻢ ﯾ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪N‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(17‬‬
‫‪Zp‬‬
‫∫‬
‫‪Zp = d3 ξ exp[−β hp (ξ)].‬‬ ‫)‪(18‬‬
‫ِ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ یِ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ِ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ ‪I‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻨﺘﯿ‬ ‫‪۴‬‬

‫وﻗﺖ ی ‪ X‬ﺗﺎﺑ ی از ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪،‬‬

‫∫‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ⟩‪⟨X‬‬ ‫‪d3 ξ {exp[−β hp (ξ)]} Xp (ξ).‬‬ ‫)‪(19‬‬
‫‪Zp‬‬

‫از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪،‬‬

‫‪1 d Zp‬‬
‫‪⟨h⟩ = −‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(20‬‬
‫‪Zp d β‬‬

‫اﮔﺮ اﻧﺮژی یِ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻠ ﻮل ﺗﺎﺑ ِ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻧﺪازه یِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ یِ آن ﻣﻠ ﻮل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﮐﻪ اﺻﻮﻟَﻦ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﺳﺖ(‪،‬‬

‫‪ρα (λ) = Nα (cosh λ) (sinh2 λ) exp[−β hα (λ)].‬‬ ‫)‪(21‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ِ ﺑﻬﻨﺠﺎرش اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ‪ Nα‬ﯾ‬

‫‪Nα = 4 π (c m)3 Np .‬‬ ‫)‪(22‬‬

‫و اﻟﺒﺘﻪ‪،‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪Nα‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(23‬‬
‫‪Zα‬‬
‫∞ ∫‬
‫= ‪Zα‬‬ ‫‪d λ (cosh λ) (sinh2 λ) exp[−β hα (λ)].‬‬ ‫)‪(24‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬وﻗﺖ ی ‪ X‬ﺗﺎﺑ ی از ﻓﻘﻂ اﻧﺪازه یِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪،‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ⟩‪⟨X‬‬ ‫‪d λ (cosh λ) (sinh2 λ) {exp[−β hα (λ)]} Xα (λ).‬‬ ‫)‪(25‬‬
‫‪Zα‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪،‬‬

‫‪1 d Zα‬‬
‫‪⟨h⟩ = −‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(26‬‬
‫‪Zα d β‬‬

‫ﺑﺮا یِ ذره ای ﺑ ‪-‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮم ِ ‪ ،m‬راﺑﻄﻪ یِ اﻧﺮژی ﺑﺎ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫√‬
‫=‪h‬‬ ‫‪c2 p · p + c4 m2 .‬‬ ‫)‪(27‬‬
‫‪۵‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺮﻣ )‪X1-160 (2021/11/26‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪،‬‬

‫√‬
‫‪ρp (ξ) = Np exp(−β‬‬ ‫‪c2 p · p + c4 m2 ).‬‬ ‫)‪(28‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‪،‬‬

‫‪h = c2 m cosh α.‬‬ ‫)‪(29‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ‪،‬‬

‫‪ρα (λ) = Nα (cosh λ) (sinh2 λ) exp(−c2 m β cosh λ).‬‬ ‫)‪(30‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ را ﺑﺎ ‪ v‬ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯿﺪﻫﻢ‪:‬‬

‫])‪∂ [h(p‬‬
‫= )‪vp (p‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(31‬‬
‫‪∂p‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪،‬‬

‫‪c2 p‬‬
‫√=‪v‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(32‬‬
‫‪c2 p · p + c4 m2‬‬
‫‪c2 p‬‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(33‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫‪v = c tanh α.‬‬ ‫)‪(34‬‬

‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧ ﯿﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫وﻗﺖ ی ‪ X‬ﺗﺎﺑ ی از ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ ⟨X⟩ ،‬از )‪ (19‬ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﯿﺌﺎﯾﺪ‪ .‬اﮔﺮ ‪ X‬ﺗﺎﺑ ی از ﻓﻘﻂ اﻧﺪازه یِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ⟨X⟩ ،‬را ﻣﯿﺸﻮد از )‪ (25‬ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ‪-‬در‪-‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‪-ِ -‬ﺿﺮب ِ دروﻧ یِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ در ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺎﺑ ی از ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪،‬‬
‫∫‬
‫‪⟨p · v⟩ = d3 ξ [ρp (ξ)] ξ · vp (ξ).‬‬ ‫)‪(35‬‬
‫ِ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ یِ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ِ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ ‪I‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻨﺘﯿ‬ ‫‪۶‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬
‫∫‬
‫])‪∂ [hp (ξ‬‬
‫‪⟨p · v⟩ = Np‬‬ ‫· ‪d3 ξ {exp[−β hp (ξ)]} ξ‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(36‬‬
‫‪∂ξ‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ‪،‬‬
‫∫‬
‫‪Np‬‬ ‫}])‪∂ {exp[−β hp (ξ‬‬
‫‪⟨p · v⟩ = −‬‬ ‫· ‪d3 ξ ξ‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪∂ξ‬‬
‫∫‬
‫‪Np‬‬ ‫∂‬
‫‪=−‬‬ ‫‪d3 ξ‬‬ ‫}])‪· {ξ exp[−β hp (ξ‬‬
‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪∂ξ‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪Np‬‬ ‫∂‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪d3 ξ‬‬ ‫‪· ξ exp[−β hp (ξ)],‬‬
‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪∂ξ‬‬
‫∮‬
‫‪Np‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬ ‫])‪[(d2 S)(ξ)] · ξ exp[−β hp (ξ‬‬
‫‪β‬‬
‫∫‬
‫‪3 Np‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪d3 ξ exp[−β h(ξ)].‬‬ ‫)‪(37‬‬
‫‪β‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ یِ اول‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض ِ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ‪ hp‬در ﺑﯿﻨﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ِ ﮐﺎﻓ ﺑﯿﻨﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪،‬‬

‫‪3 Np‬‬
‫= ⟩)‪⟨p · v(p‬‬ ‫‪Zp .‬‬ ‫)‪(38‬‬
‫‪β‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﯾﻌﻨ ‪،‬‬

‫‪⟨p · v(p)⟩ = 3 kB T.‬‬ ‫)‪(39‬‬

‫یِ اﻧﺮژی ﺑﻪ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬راﺑﻄﻪ یِ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺘﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻫﻢ ان ﻗﻀﯿﻪ یِ ﻫﻢ‪-‬ﭘﺎرش اﺳﺖ‪ .‬و ﺑﺮا یِ رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ آن ﺷ ﻞ ِﺑﺴﺘ‬

‫دارد‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﻻزم ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ ،(27‬ﯾﺎ ﺣﺘﺎ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ اﻧﺮژی ﺑﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻧﺪازه یِ ﺗ ﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘ‬

‫اﻧﺮژی‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬

‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧ ﯿﻦ ِ اﻧﺮژی را ﻣﯿﺸﻮد از )‪ (26‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﮐﺮد‪ .‬دﯾﺪه ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬

‫∫‬ ‫∞‬
‫= ‪Zα‬‬ ‫‪d λ (cosh λ) (sinh2 λ) exp(−c2 m β cosh λ).‬‬ ‫)‪(40‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﯾﺎ‪،‬‬

‫‪dW‬‬
‫‪Zα = −‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(41‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺮﻣ )‪X1-160 (2021/11/26‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ‪،‬‬

‫‪x = c2 m β.‬‬ ‫)‪(42‬‬

‫∞ ∫‬
‫= ‪W‬‬ ‫‪d λ (sinh2 λ) exp(−x cosh λ).‬‬ ‫)‪(43‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫راﺑﻄﻪ یِ )‪ (43‬را ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﻨﻮﯾﺴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪W = S2 (x).‬‬ ‫)‪(44‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ‪،‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫∞‬
‫= )‪Sn (x‬‬ ‫‪d λ (sinhn λ) exp(−x cosh λ).‬‬ ‫)‪(45‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫)از ﻣﺜﻠَﻦ ]‪ ([1‬دﯾﺪه ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬

‫( ‪( )n/2‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n+1‬‬
‫√ = )‪Sn (x‬‬ ‫‪Γ‬‬ ‫‪Kn/2 (x).‬‬ ‫)‪(46‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ‪ Γ‬ﺗﺎﺑ ِ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﺳﺖ و ‪ Kν‬ﺗﺎﺑ ِ ﺑِﺴﻞ ]‪ ِ [2‬دﮔﺮﮔﻮن ِ ﻧُ ‪-ِ -‬دوم از ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ یِ ‪ ν‬اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪،‬‬

‫‪W = x−1 K1 (x).‬‬ ‫)‪(47‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﯿﺪﻫﺪ‬

‫‪Zα = x−2 K1 (x) − x−1 K1′ (x).‬‬ ‫)‪(48‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ‪ X′‬ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ِ ‪ X‬اﺳﺖ‪ .‬از )‪ (26‬و )‪ (48‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬

‫)‪2 x−3 K1 (x) − 2 x−2 K′1 (x) + x−1 K′′1 (x‬‬

‫)‪⟨h⟩ = (c2 m‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(49‬‬
‫)‪x−2 K1 (x) − x−1 K1′ (x‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ یِ ﺑِﺴﻞ ]‪ ِ [2‬دﮔﺮﮔﻮن‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬

‫)‪c2 m (x2 + 3) K1 (x) − 3 x K′1 (x‬‬

‫= ⟩‪⟨h‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(50‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‪K1 (x) − x K1′ (x‬‬
‫ِ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ یِ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ِ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ ‪I‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻨﺘﯿ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬

‫ﯾﺎ‪،‬‬

‫)‪(x2 + 3) K1 (x) − 3 x K′1 (x‬‬

‫) ‪⟨h⟩ = (kB T‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(51‬‬
‫)‪K1 (x) − x K1′ (x‬‬

‫و ﺑﺰرگ ِ ‪،x‬‬ ‫از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از رﻓﺘﺎر ِ ])‪ [Kν (x‬ﺑﺮا یِ ﻣﻘﺪارﻫﺎ یِ ﮐﻮﭼ‬

‫‪3 kB T‬‬
‫‪⟨h⟩ = (c2 m) +‬‬ ‫‪+ · · · , x ≫ 1.‬‬ ‫)‪(52‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪⟨h⟩ = 3 kB T + · · · ,‬‬ ‫‪x ≪ 1.‬‬ ‫)‪(53‬‬

‫رواﺑﻂ ِ )‪ (52‬و )‪ (53‬ﺣﺪﻫﺎ یِ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‪-‬ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬دﻣﺎ‪-‬یِ‪-‬ﮐﻢ )ﻧﺎﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ ( و دﻣﺎ‪-‬یِ‪-‬زﯾﺎد )ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﯿﺒﯿﺘ ( ﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷ ﻞ ِ ‪ 1‬ﻧﻤﻮدار ِ ﻣﯿﺎﻧ ﯿﻦ ِ اﻧﺮژی ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ِ دﻣﺎ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫⟩‪⟨h‬‬
‫‪c2 m‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪kB T‬‬
‫‪c2 m‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫ﺷ ﻞ ِ ‪ :1‬ﻣﯿﺎﻧ ﯿﻦ ِ اﻧﺮژی ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ِ دﻣﺎ‬

‫اﯾﻨﻬﺎ در ]‪ [3‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮرﺳ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺮﻣ )‪X1-160 (2021/11/26‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬

‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧ ﯿﻦ ِ )اﻧﺪازه یِ( ﺳﺮﻋﺖ را ﻣﯿﺸﻮد ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از )‪ (25‬و )‪ (34‬ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد‪:‬‬

‫‪cV‬‬
‫= ⟩‪⟨v‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(54‬‬
‫‪Zα‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ‪،‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫∞‬
‫= ‪V‬‬ ‫‪d λ (sinh3 λ) exp(−c2 m β cosh λ).‬‬ ‫)‪(55‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ‪،‬‬

‫‪V = S3 (x).‬‬ ‫)‪(56‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﯿﺪﻫﺪ‬

‫)‪c S3 (x‬‬
‫= ⟩‪⟨v‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(57‬‬
‫‪Zα‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﻨ ‪،‬‬

‫√‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫)‪x−3/2 K3/2 (x‬‬
‫‪⟨v⟩ = c‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(58‬‬
‫)‪π x−2 K1 (x) − x−1 K1′ (x‬‬

‫و ﺑﺰرگ ِ ‪،x‬‬ ‫از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از رﻓﺘﺎر ِ ])‪ [Kν (x‬ﺑﺮا یِ ﻣﻘﺪارﻫﺎ یِ ﮐﻮﭼ‬

‫√‬
‫‪8 kB T‬‬
‫= ⟩‪⟨v‬‬ ‫‪+ · · · , x ≫ 1.‬‬ ‫)‪(59‬‬
‫‪πm‬‬
‫‪⟨v⟩ = c + · · · ,‬‬ ‫‪x ≪ 1.‬‬ ‫)‪(60‬‬

‫رواﺑﻂ ِ )‪ (59‬و )‪ (60‬ﺣﺪﻫﺎ یِ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‪-‬ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬دﻣﺎ‪-‬یِ‪-‬ﮐﻢ )ﻧﺎﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ ( و دﻣﺎ‪-‬یِ‪-‬زﯾﺎد )ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﯿﺒﯿﺘ ( ﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ِ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ یِ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ِ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ ‪I‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻨﺘﯿ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬

‫ﺷ ﻞ ِ ‪ 2‬ﻧﻤﻮدار ِ ﻣﯿﺎﻧ ﯿﻦ ِ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ِ دﻣﺎ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫⟩‪⟨v‬‬
‫‪c‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪kB T‬‬
‫‪c2 m‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺷ ﻞ ِ ‪ :2‬ﻣﯿﺎﻧ ﯿﻦ ِ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ِ دﻣﺎ‬

‫ﭘﺎﻧﻮﺷﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪[1] I. S. Gradsgteyn & I. M. Ryzhik; “Table of integrals, series, and products” 7th‬‬

‫‪edition (Academic Press, 2007) section 3.387‬‬

‫‪[2] Bessel‬‬

‫ﮔﺎز ِ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ِ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺘ « )‪X1-063 (2009/10/29‬‬ ‫]‪ [3‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺮﻣ ؛ »اﻧﺮژی یِ دروﻧ یِ ﯾ‬