ANC FOUNDATION YEAR MATHEMATICS

PROBABILITY & STATISTICS UNIT

REFERENCE FORMULAS

PROBABILITY

Pr ( A∪B )=Pr ( A )+Pr ( B)−Pr( A∩B ) Pr ( A∩B )=Pr ( A|B)Pr( B)

Pr( A ' )=1−Pr( A )

For a discrete random variable X with Expected value (or mean) E( X )=μ and
2
Standard deviation σ (and Variance Var( X )=σ ) :
E( X )=∑ x Pr( X =x) ; 2 2
Var ( X )=E(( X−μ ) )=E( X )−μ
2

For a binomial variable X with trial probability p, and for n trials,

Pr( X =x )=n C x p x (1− p )n−x ; E( X )=np ; Var ( X )=np(1−p )

For the Standard normal variable E( Z )=0 ; Var (Z )=1 ;

If w=−z <0 , then Pr ( Z<w )=1−Pr( Z <z ) .

For the Normal variable X, where E( X )=μ and the Standard deviation is σ , the transformed variable
X−μ x−μ
Z= z=
σ is standard; Pr ( X <x )=Pr ( Z< z ) where σ .

STATISTICS
∑x
The mean, x , of a series n observations is x=
n where ∑x is the sum of all the observations.

The sample Standard deviation is

s=
√ ∑ ( x−x )2
n−1 2
; the variance is equal to s .

n ∑ xy −∑ x ∑ y
The Pearson’s correlation coefficient r =
√ ¿¿
n= number of data pairs in the set

The least squares regression line which fits a set of bivariate data is y=mx+b where,
n ∑ xy−∑ x ∑ y
m= c=Y −m X
n ∑ x −( ∑ x )
2 2