Symbols

π=¿
x́=¿
μ=¿
λ=¿

σ 2=¿
σ =¿
x=¿
P(0¿ z )=¿
a=¿
b=¿
N=¿
n=¿
μ x́ =¿

s=¿
df =¿
P(0¿ t)=¿
Chapter 3

Population mean
∑x
μ=
N

Sample mean, raw data

∑x
x́= Weighted mean
n
w , x 1+ ⋯+ wn xn
x́ w =
w1 +…+ wn

Geometric mean

GM =√n ( x1 ) ( x 2 ) … ⋅ ( x n )
Geometric mean rate of increase
Value at theend of period
GM =
√
n

Value at the start of period

−1.0

Population variance

2 ∑ ( x−μ )2
σ = Population standard deviation
N
2
∑ ( x−μ )
σ=
√ N

Sample variance
∑ ( x−x́ )2
s2=
n−1

Sample standard deviation

2
∑ ( x− x́ )
s=
√ n

Sample mean, grouped data

∑ fM
x́=
n

Sample standard deviation, grouped data

2
∑ f ( M − x́ )
s=
√ n

Chapter 4

Location of a percentile
P
LP =( n+1 )
100

Pearson’s coefficient of skewness

3 ( x́−Mⅇⅆⅈan )
sk=
s
Chapter 5

Bayes’ Theorem

P ( A 1 ) P ( B| A 1 )
P ( A 1|B )=
P ( A 1 ) P ( B| A 1 ) + P ( A2 ) P(B∨ A 2)

Number of permutations
n!
n P r=
( n−r ) !

Number of combinations
n!
n Cr =
r ! ( n−r ) !

Chapter 6

Mean of a probability distribution

μ=∑ ( xP ( x ) )

Variance of a probability distribution

σ 2=Σ ( ( x −μ )2 P ( x ))

BINOMIAL
Binomial probability distribution

P ( x ) =n C X π x ( 1−π )n−x

Mean of a binomial distribution

μ=nπ

Variance of a binomial distribution

σ 2=nπ ( 1−π )
HYPERGEOMETRIC

Hypergeometric probability distribution

( N −S C ¿ ¿ n−x)
P ( x ) =( S C x ) ¿
N Cn

POISSON
Poisson probability distribution

μ x ⅇ−μ
P ( x)=
x!

Mean of a Poisson distribution

μ=nπ

Chapter 7

UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION
Mean of a uniform distribution
a+ b
μ=
2

Standard deviation of a uniform distribution

( b−a )2
σ=
√ 12
Uniform probability distribution
1
P ( x) = if a ≤ x ≤ b and 0 elsewhere
b−a

Area
1
Area= ( b−a )
b−a
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Normal probability distribution
2
( x− μ)
−( ) Standard normal value
1 2σ
2

p ( x) = ⅇ
σ √2 π
x−μ
z=
σ
Exponential distribution

P ( x ) =λ ⅇ− λx
Finding a probability using the exponential distribution

P ( Arrival time< x )=1−ⅇ− λx

Chapter 8

Standard error of mean

σ
√n

z-value, μ and σ known

x́−μ
z=
σ /√n

Chapter 9

Confidence interval for μ, with σ known

σ
x́ ± Z
√n

Confidence interval for μ, σ unknown

s
x́ ± t
√n

Sample proportion
x
p=
n

Confidence interval for proportion

 P ( 1− p )
p±z
√ n

Sample size for estimating mean

2
zσ
n= ( ) E

Chapter 10

z-value, σ not known

x́−μ
z=
s/√n
Type II Error
x́ −μ
z= c 1
σ / √n

Chapter 11

Two-sample test of means, known σ

x́ 1−x́ 2
z=
σ 21 σ 22
√ +
n1 n 2

Pooled variance

2
( n ,−1 ) s21 + ( n2−1 ) s 22
s=
p
n1 +n 2−2

Two-sample test of means, unknown but equal σ2s

x́ 1− x́ 2
t=

√ s 2P
( n1 + n1 )
1 2

Degrees of freedom for unequal variance test

 2
s 21 s 22

ⅆf =
( +
n1 n 2 )
2 2
s 21 s 22
( ) ( )
+
n1 n2
n1−1 n2−1

Two-sample tests of means, unknown and unequal σ2s

x́1 −x́2
t=

(√ n1 + n1 )
1 2

Paired t test

d́
t=
s d ∕ √n

Chapter 12

Test for comparing two variances

s 21
F=
s 22

ANOVA
Sum of squares, total

SS Total=∑ ( x−x́ G )2

Sum of squares, error

SS E=∑ ( x−x́ C )2

Sum of squares, treatments

SSE=SS Total−SSE

Confidence interval for differences in treatment means

 1 1
√
( x́ 1−x́ 2 ) ±t MSE n + n
1
(
2
)
TWO-WAY ANOVA
Sum of squares, blocks

SS B=k ∑ ( x́ b− x́ G )2

Sum of squares error, two-way ANOVA

SSE=SS Total−SST −SSB

Chapter 13

Correlation coefficient
∑ ( x− x́ ) ( y− ý )
r=
( n−1 ) s x s y

Test for significant correlation

r √n−2
t=
√1−r 2
ⅆf =n−2

Slope of the regression line

sy
b=r
sx

Test for a zero slope

b−0
t=
sb

Standard error of estimate

2

sy ⋅ X =
√∑ ( Y −Y^ )
n−2
Coefficient of determination
SS R SS E
r 2= =1−
SST SS Total

Confidence interval
2

√ 1 ( X− X́ )
Y^ ±t s y . x +
n ∑ ( X − X́ )2

Prediction interval
2

√ 1 ( X− X́ )
Y^ ±t s y . x 1+ +
n ∑ ( X − X́ )2

Chapter 14

Multiple standard error of estimate

2
SSE
sy=
√
∑ ( Y −Y^ ) =
n−( k +1 ) √
n−( k + 1 )

Coefficient of multiple determination

SS R
R 2=
SS Total

Adjusted coefficient of determination

SS E
n− ( k +1 )
R2aⅆj =1−
SS Total
n−1

Global test of hypothesis

SS R/k
F=
SS E /[n−( k +1 ) ]
Testing for a particular regression coefficient
bi−0
t=
s bi

Variance inflation factor

1
V IF=
1−R2j

Chapter 15

Test of hypothesis, one proportion

ρ−π
z=
π ( 1−π )
√ n

Pooled proportion
x 1+ x 2
pc =
n 1+ n2

Two-sample test of proportions

p 1− p2
z=
pc ( 1− pc ) pc ( 1− pc )
√ n1
+
n2

Chi-square test statistic

2
( f 0−f e )
2
x =∑ [ fe ]
Contingency Table -Expected frequency
( Row Total )( ColumnTotal )
f e=
Grand Total

Degree of Freedom
ⅆf =( Rows−1)(Column−1)
Chapter 16

Wilcoxon rank-sum test

n1 ( n1 +n 2+1 )
W−
2
z=
n 1 n2 ( n1 +n 2+1 )
√ 12

Kruskal-Wallis test
2 2
( ∑ R 1) (∑ R p)
H=
12
n ( n+1 ) n1 [ +…+
nk ]−3 ( n+1 )

Spearman coefficient of rank correlation

6 Σ ⅆ2
r S=1−
n ( n 2−1 )

Hypothesis test, rank correlation

n−2
t=r s
√ 1−r 2s

Chapter 18

Mean Absolute Deviation

∑|Error|
MAD=
n

Durbin-Watson statistic (test correlation)

∑ ( et −e t−1 )2
d=
∑ ( e t )2