Petroleum Re Seng

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Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

----Basic Concepts
Pennsylvania 1859
S.K.Pant
Outline
§ Introduction
§ Reservoir Properties
ú Porosity
ú Permeability
ú Capillary Pressures
ú Wettability
ú Relative Permeability
ú Reservoir Pressure
§ Basic PVT data
§ Reservoir fluid type
§ Drive Mechanism
§ Numerical simulation
Mar-2009
Is the Party over ??

“I should stress that we are not facing
a re-run of the Oil Shocks of the
1970s. They were like the tremors
before an earthquake. We now face
the earthquake itself. This shock is
very different. It is driven by resource
constraints, …”
(Dr Colin. J. Campbell)
Mar-2010
The law of Diminishing return
50 Hyperbolic Creaming Curve-North sea

45
40
Cum Discovery, Gb
35
30
25
20
15
10
Actual Hyperbolic Model
5
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Cum Wildcat wells Mar-2010
The Hydrocarbon….
§ Hydrocarbons are the

simplest of the organic
compounds. As the name
suggests, hydrocarbons
are made from hydrogen
and carbon. The basic
building block is one
carbon with two
hydrogens attached,
except at the ends where
three hydrogens are
attached.
Mar-2010
The Hydrocarbons…
§ When the chain is

between 5 and 9
carbons, the hydrocarbon
is gasoline.
§ About a dozen carbons
and it is diesel.
§ Around 20 carbons is
motor oil.
§ A chain of hundreds to
thousands of carbon and
hydrogens make plastic.
This particular plastic is
polyethylene.
Mar-2010
Definition-Reservoir Engineering
§ “Application of scientific principles to the

drainage problems arising during the
development and production of oil and gas
reservoirs”
§ “The art of developing and producing oil

and gas fluids in such a manner as to
obtain a high economic recovery.”
Mar-2010
Broad Functions
Reservoir Simulation
Therefore the Ultimate goal is…..

•Hydrocarbon in place
•Recoverable hydrocarbons reserves
•Rate of exploitation
Mar-2010
Data Type
§ Data that pertains to the reservoir rock and
its extent
ú Geologic & seismic data
ú Well Log data
ú Well test data
ú Core data
§ Data that pertains to the properties of
reservoir fluids
ú Composition of HC
ú PVT
Mar-2010
The Traps
Mar-2010
Porosity
Porosity of rock is the ratio of pore volume to bulk
volume and is usually expressed as percentage
Vp is pore volume Interconnected

Vb is bulbk volume pores
Vg is grain volume Isolated

pores
Total or Absolute Porosity:

ú It is the ratio of the volume of all the pores to the bulk
volume of the material,
Effective porosity
ú It is the ratio of the interconnected pore volume to the

bulk volume
Mar-2010
A Pore
Elements of Pore
Throat
Size & freq distribution-uncorrelated,
correlated
Connectivity of pores and throat-No of pore

throat connecting to pores
Spatial arrangement-Arrangement of pores

of different sizes w.r.t each other
The texture of a rock consists of it's

grain or mineral crystal size, the
arrangement of the grains or crystals, and
the degree of uniformity of the grains or
crystals.
Mar-2010
The role of Rock Texture…

Soi=(1-Swi)
high
Soi=(1-Swi)
low
Mar-2010
Pore Network-Reconstructed using thin section IMAGE

Analysis
Porosity intergranular- 0.23 Porosity intergranular- 0.37

Porosity total- 0.28 Porosity total- 0.39
Absolute Permeability- 426md Absolute Permeability- 5600md
Mar-2010
Saturation
§ Saturation of a phase is the fraction of the

pore volume occupied by the phase
So+Sg+Sw=1
Connate water saturation (Swc)
Critical Oil Saturation (Soc)
Critical gas Saturation (Sgc)

Permeability
§ Permeability is a measure of ‘ ease of flow’ or

the capacity of formation to transmit fluids.
§ Its unit is Darcy named after a French scientist

Henry Darcy in 1856.
ú Absolute Permeability:
When only one fluid is present in the rock. It is a
property of the rock and is independent of the
fluid used in the measurement. This assumes
that the fluid does not interact with the rock.(K)
ú Effective Permeability:
Effective permeability occurs when more than
one fluid is present & is a function of the fluid
saturation & the wetting characteristics of the
rock. (Ko,Kw,Kg)
Mar-2010
Permeability
The permeability is measured by

flowing a fluid of known
viscosity µ through a core plug
of measured dimensions (A and
L) and then measuring flow rate
and pressure drop. Darcy
equation becomes
Mar-2010
Permeability
Establishing a perfect Ø-K transform still remains a major challenge
specially in ref to carbonates
The carbonates
The clastics
Mar-2010
Improved Permeability estimation
Phi Group - RQI Plot

Porosity - Permeability Plot
10.000
1000.00
y = 8081.6x 2.5518
HU7,
Core Permeability, mD
1.000
HU 7 100.00
HU 6
HU 5 HU6, y = 1648.1x2.3492
HU 4 y = 355.42x 2.0499
10.00 HU5,
y = 245.68x 2.212
RQI, micron
HU 3
HU 2 HU4,
0.100
HU 1 1.00 y = 37.476x1.8785
HU3, y = 30.796x 2.1428
HU2,
0.10
0.010 y = 18.846x 2.4585
HU1,
0.01
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
0.001
0.010 0.100 1.000 Core Porosity
Phi Group
Mar-2010
Capillary pressure
§ Combined effect of surface and
IFT of the rock and fluid, pore size
and geometry & wettability of the
system.
• Major effect of Cap pres is the creation of

Transition Zone
Capillary pressure
§ Drainage Process:
ú Non Wetting phase
displacing Wetting
phase
§ Imbibition Process:
ú Wetting phase
displacing Non wetting
phase
•Determination of Connate water

•Establish Saturation –height relation
•Rock Typing Mar-2010
Wettability
§ ‘The tendency of a fluid to spread or adhere to a solid surface in
presence of another immiscible fluid ‘
Mar-2010
Relative Permeability
§ When two or more phases flow simultaneously the ratio of
effective to absolute permeability is termed ‘Relative
permeability’
Kro= ko/k
Kre= kw/k
Krg= kg/k
Swc Soc
NwP
WP Mar-2010
Relative Permeability-Rock typing
§ The variation in Rock

Texture imparts
significant changes in
Rel perm estimates in
core plugs of same
formation
Mar-2010
Relative Permeability-Core Condition
§ Comparison of Rel- § Relative Permeability

perms of cores with
natural reservoir
wettability preserved
against a plug
cleaned, dried and
resaturated.
Mar-2010
Relative Permeability-wettability
Type No Nw Krw
Water 2-3 4-6 0.1-0.4
Wet
Mixed 3-5 2-4 0.5-0.9
Wet
Oil Wet 6-8 1.5-3 0.8-1.0
Mar-2010
Reservoir Pressure
§ Reservoir Pressure
§ The fluids confined in the pores of the reservoir rock occur
under certain degree of pressure, generally called reservoir
pressure
ú The maximum pressure is called the static bottom hole
pressure, the shut in pressure or static formation pressure
Mar-2010
Well testing
§ The response of the reservoir to change in production/
injection rates in a well is monitored
§ The reservoir response is measured in terms of ‘pressure’
response & is usually dependent on K, Skin, Well bore
storage, boundaries, fractures, dual porosity et.c
ú Evaluation: Deliverability, Properties, Size
ú Management: Refining forecast, Front movement
ú Description: Faults, barriers
P
Res
K,s,C
T
qo
P
t
Model
K,s,C
Radial Flow in a porous media :
For a single phase fluid flow (radial) in a constant

permeability and porosity for a fluid of small and
constant compressibility, the eauation is :
Pws= Pi-162.6qµB/kh*log((T+∆t)/ ∆t)
K= 162.6qµB
mh
S= 1.151[ P1hr-Pwf] –log (K / ФuCtrw2 )+3.23]

m
Mar-2010
Pressure Build-up analysis

§ Log-log Plot(Diagnostic plot):
Log ▲t Vs Log ▲P
§ Horner Plot or MDH Plot : Horner Plot
Log [(tp+ ▲t)/ ▲t] Vs Pwf
▲Pskin= 0.87mS
Jactual = q .
P*- Pwf
Jideal = q .
P*-Pwf- ▲Pskin
Flow Efficiency = Jactual/ Jideal
D(distance of fault)=
(0.00105K ▲t/ ФuCt)1/2
Where
▲t = point at the time of intersection
between two
straight lines
Field Example
XYZ
2222-2250.5m (B2)
3 distinct slopes
K:588md, kh:17105 mdft
Nearest distance to heterogeneity: 130ft
Mar-2010
Field Example
XYZ
2222-2250.5m (B2)
3 distinct slopes
K:588md, kh:17105 mdft
Nearest distance to heterogeneity: 130ft
Mar-2010
More data More Refinement

Fig-4
L-II RFT Pressure Data
920
1983-84
940 1993-94
1997-98
960
tvds s (m )
980
1000
1020
1040
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Normalised pressures ( psi)
Mar-2010
Differing Aquifer Support

I4
P3
I5
MDT pressure of layer-II I4
MDT pressure of layer-IV well P3-2/06
P2
well P3-2/06
I2
I5
well I5-9/06
2150 well P2-3/06 2260 well I2-10/06
well P4-4/06
well I5-9/06
well I1-06/08
2160 well I2-10/06 2270 Well I6-07/08
31%
well I1-06/08 D1-14-10/07
Well I6-07/08
2170 D1-14-10/07
2280 Well P5-9/08
wELL p5-9/08 well p6 11/08
well p6-11/08
2180 2290
well p1-12/08
15%
2190 2300
2200 2310
2210 2320
2220 2330
2230 2340
2240 2350
2250 2360
3160
3180
3200
3220
3240
3260
3280
3300
3320
3340
3360
3380
3400
3420
3440
3460
3480
3500
3520
3540
3560
2920
2940
2960
2980
3000
3020
3040
3060
3080
3100
3120
3140
3160
3180
3200
3220
3240
3260
3280
3300
3320
3340
3360
3380
3400
3420
3440
Mar-2010
Data - Fluid Properties
§ Expressing HC in
place in surface
conditions
§ Estimation of
Pb,FVF,Rs,Bg,
Viscosity
§ Laboratory or
empirical relations
Mar-2010
Basic PVT
Properties
Mar-2010
Mar-2010
Reservoir Fluid Types

Tr<Tc Tc<Tr<Tct Tr>Tct
§Black oil §Retrograde §Wet gas
§Low shrinkage oil condensate §Dry gas
§Volatile oil §Near Critical Cond
gas
Mole Comp. Black Oil Volatile Oil Gas. Cond Dry gas
C1 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85
C2 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67
C3 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34
C4 1.6 4.12 1.74 0.52
C5 1.15 2.97 0.83 0.08
C6 1.59 1.38 0.60 0.12
C7+ 42.15 14.91 3.80 0.42
Mar-2010
The Role of Heavy Components….
After Mccain,W.D
Phase Envelop-Black Oil
Bo v/rv 1.2-1.3
GOR-v/v 35-125
API° 15-40
Colour Brown-
GOR
D.Green
API
Mar-2010
T T
Phase Envelop-Low shrinkage Oil
Bo v/rv <1.2
GOR-v/v 35
API° <35
Colour Black
Mar-2010
Phase Envelop-Volatile Oil
Bo v/rv < 2.0

GOR-v/v 350-550
API° 45-55
Colour Greenish-
Orange
Mar-2010
GOR API
Phase Envelop-Near Critical Crude
Bo v/rv > 2.0

GOR-v/v > 550
API° 45-55
Colour Light
Mar-2010
Phase Envelop-Retrograde Gas

Condensate
GOR-v/v 1400-16000
API° > 50
Colour Light
Mar-2010
GOR API
Phase Envelop-Wet Gas
GOR-v/v 11000-
18000
API° 60
Colour Light
Mar-2010
GOR API
Phase Envelop- Dry Gas
GOR-v/v >18000
API° >
Colour Light
Mar-2010
Drive mechanism
§ Depletion drive:
Expansion of gas
evolved from solution
ú No free gas cap and no

active water drive
ú Rapid pressure decline
ú Water free production
ú Rapidly increasing GOR
ú Low ultimate oil recovery
(5-20%)
Mar-2010
Drive mechanism
§ Gas Cap drive:
Expansion of Gas cap
gas
ú Gas cap and no or small

active water drive
ú Less rapid pressure decline
ú Water free production
ú Rapidly increasing GOR in
structurally high wells
ú Moderate ultimate oil
recovery (25-40%)
Mar-2010
Drive mechanism
§ Water Drive:
Production of oil by
water displacing
process is & usually
most efficient process
ú Very gradual pressure
decline
ú Little change in producing
GOR
ú Early water production
from structurally lower
wells
ú High ultimate recovery
Mar-2010
Drive mechanism
§ Gravity Drainage:
As a result of difference in reservoir fluid
densities
ú Low GOR in structurally low wells
ú Formation of Secondary GCG
ú High GOR in structurally high wells
ú Little or no water production
ú High ultimate recovery
ú Variable rate of pressure decline
Mar-2010
Asphaltene –The problem
Mar-2010
Scales for reservoir heterogeneity
MICRO
Thin sections
MACRO
Core
MEGA
Well logging
Well test
3D seismic
GIGA
Seismic
Basin studies
RSIN3
Mar-2010
Reservoir simulation
§ The dictionary meaning of the word
‘simulate’ is ‘to give an appearance of’
§ Forms an integral part of Reservoir

Management Functions (RMF)
Mar-2010
Reservoir simulation
§ Mimics the behavior of a real system through
a model (physical, analog, electrical or
numerical) based on realistic assumptions
§ Simulation can be close to reality but it is

never the reality ( should approach reality with
time)
Mar-2010
Disciplinary contributions to reservoir modeling

Seismic Fluid
Interpretation Petrophysics
Properties
NUMERICAL
Geological SIMULATION Surface
Model MODEL Facilities
Wells
Model Grid Vertical Economics
Effects Horizontal
Multilateral
RSIN1 Mar-2010
Numerical Model
§ Mathematical models
System of equations describing the
physical behavior
These are complicated nonlinear partial

differential equations relating pressure
and saturation changes with time
Analytical solutions-generally impossible
Numerical solutions –generally the only

way
Mar-2010
Numerical Models
§ Basic equations for fluid flow
ú Conservation of mass
ú Conservation of momentum
ú Conservation of energy
ú Rate Equation
ú EOS
Mar-2010
Numerical Models
§ Numerical solution produces
answer at discrete points within
the system
§ Use of ‘finite difference’ for

transforming the continuous
differential equation to discrete
form-both space and time are
discretized (grid, timesteps)
§ Common solution procedures

• IMPES, Newton-Raphson
Mar-2010
Stochastic Modeling
§ Measures statistical variation in data
points-maps similar statistical properties
§ Better describes the heterogeneity of the
reservoir- (variograms-trends, direction)
§ Integrates independent measurements
§ Uncertainty in measured values-assessed
§ Algorithm-Kriging, Conditional
simulation,co-kriging
Mar-2010
Scales for reservoir heterogeneity

MICRO
Thin sections
MACRO
Grouping of fine layers for upscaling
Core 1 2 3 4
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43
Fine layers of 'a' parasequence
<1 1 to 10 10 to 100 >100
MEGA
Well logging
Well test RSIN3
3D seismic
GIGA
Seismic
Basin studies
Mar-2010
History Match-First Realization
Mar-2010
History Match -Final Realization
Mar-2010
Layer-9(c)
Parallel Simulation
10 million cell 1 billion cell

Role & Impact
ú Corporate impact-cash flow predictions

ú Insight to the various physical process
ú Sensitivity
ú Comparing different exploitation scenarios
ú Optimize project design to maximize economic
recovery
ú Real Time monitoring
Mar-2010
Thanks for patient hearing
Mar-2010

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Petroleum Re Seng

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Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

Is the Party over ??

The law of Diminishing return

50 Hyperbolic Creaming Curve-North sea

§ Hydrocarbons are the

§ When the chain is

§ “Application of scientific principles to the

§ “The art of developing and producing oil

Therefore the Ultimate goal is…..

Vp is pore volume Interconnected

Vg is grain volume Isolated

Total or Absolute Porosity:

ú It is the ratio of the interconnected pore volume to the

Connectivity of pores and throat-No of pore

Spatial arrangement-Arrangement of pores

The texture of a rock consists of it's

The role of Rock Texture…

Pore Network-Reconstructed using thin section IMAGE

Porosity intergranular- 0.23 Porosity intergranular- 0.37

§ Saturation of a phase is the fraction of the

Connate water saturation (Swc)

Critical Oil Saturation (Soc)

Critical gas Saturation (Sgc)

§ Permeability is a measure of ‘ ease of flow’ or

§ Its unit is Darcy named after a French scientist

The permeability is measured by

Improved Permeability estimation

Phi Group - RQI Plot

• Major effect of Cap pres is the creation of

•Determination of Connate water

Relative Permeability-Rock typing

§ The variation in Rock

Relative Permeability-Core Condition

§ Comparison of Rel- § Relative Permeability

Water 2-3 4-6 0.1-0.4

Mixed 3-5 2-4 0.5-0.9

Oil Wet 6-8 1.5-3 0.8-1.0

Radial Flow in a porous media :

For a single phase fluid flow (radial) in a constant

Pws= Pi-162.6qµB/kh*log((T+∆t)/ ∆t)

S= 1.151[ P1hr-Pwf] –log (K / ФuCtrw2 )+3.23]

Pressure Build-up analysis

More data More Refinement

Differing Aquifer Support

Data - Fluid Properties

Reservoir Fluid Types

The Role of Heavy Components….

Phase Envelop-Black Oil

Phase Envelop-Low shrinkage Oil

Phase Envelop-Volatile Oil

Bo v/rv < 2.0

Phase Envelop-Near Critical Crude

Bo v/rv > 2.0

Phase Envelop-Retrograde Gas

Phase Envelop-Wet Gas

Phase Envelop- Dry Gas

ú No free gas cap and no

ú Gas cap and no or small

Asphaltene –The problem

Scales for reservoir heterogeneity

§ Forms an integral part of Reservoir

§ Simulation can be close to reality but it is