PATHIT 3: Midterm

Lesson 1: Rowing and History

All forms of manual boat propulsion are called Rowing.

Rowing is the art of Propelling a boat into the water.

Oar/s - Paddle

1999 CHED issued a memorandum regarding the requiring Schools to develop aquatic sports.

JBLCF Curriculum

1. Rowing
2. Paddling
3. Swimming
4. Sailing

Nature and History of Rowing

Boats, Rafts propelled by paddles, poles and rudimentary downwind sail. Devising a way to attach to the
paddle is called Fulcrum.

Rowing Boat is attributed to the Egyptians. It was first recorded around 3,300 and 300 B.C.

Doggett's Coat and Badge Race is the name of the oldest continuous rowing race around the world. (Sir
Thomas Dogett).

FISA ( Fédération Internationale des sociétés d'aviron) - is to promote and propagate rowing
competition throughout the world.
NAAO ( National Association of Amateur Oarsmen) - US Club
ARA ( Amateur Rowing Association) - British Club

Important Dates

1900 - Rowing was first introduced as an Olympic Sport.

1904 - Rowing was first played in the Olympics, For Men Only.
1908 - Rowing was first played in the Olympics, For both Men and Women.

Countries that are well known in Rowing before are the USA, Russia, Australia, Great Britain, Sweden
and Japan.

A boat used in rowing is called Shell.

Lesson 2: Facilities and Equipments

Facilities are fixed structures or places designed to accommodate certain activities. (Ex. Open Sea)

Equipment are movable tools used in certain acts.

Oars - device used for Boat Propulsion.

Grip - the rubber or plastic sleeve over the inboard end of the oar, held by oarsmen.

Shaft/Loom - the longest part of the oar or scull.

Flare - a gentle curve on top of the sweep.

Sweep - the widest part of an oar.

Blade - the thinnest part of an oar.

Throat - a portion of an oar in which the loom and the sweep connects.

Tip - tip of an oar.

Lesson 3: Parts of the Rowing Boat

Aft - all parts of the boat from the amidships extended towards the stern.

Amidship - the centermost part of the boat.

Bow - the forward end of a boat.

Bow Seat - a seat used by bowmen rowers.

Cockpit - the area where rowers sit in the boat.

Deck - the floors of the boat or ship.

Draft - the portion of the boat from the waterline to the keel.

Forward - all parts of the boat from the amidship extended towards the bow.

Freeboard - the portion of the boat from the waterline to the gunwale

Gunwale - the topmost portion of the boat, which extends from stern to bow, both starboard and portside.

Keel - the backbone of a boat.

Keel Line - an imaginary line at the center of the boat running from bow to stern.

Leeward - the side of the boat against the wind.

Port - the left side of the boat when facing forward.

Starboard - the right side of the boat when facing forward.

Stern Seat - a seat by stern man rowers.

Windward - the side of the boat along the wind.

Tiller - a lever used to steer a boat.

Rudder - used for steering and maneuvering a vessel.

Other Parts and Equipment

Clog - a wood or leather sandals used to hold the feet on the stretcher in some boats.

Oarlock - pieces of metal that keep the oars in position while you move them backwards and forwards.

Types of Oarlock:

Close Oarlock
Open/U-Shaped Oarlock
Gated Oarlock

Bailer - a device used for removing water.

Lifejackets - to keep you afloat on water.

Sliding Seat - a seat that rolls fore and aft on wheels.

Sleeve - the covering of the loom that prevents wear at the oarlock.

Lifelines - are grab lines or ropes attached from the bow to stern.

Outrigger - a framework that places the oarlocks outboard.

Gate - a bar across, or otherwise open top of an oarlock.

Lesson 4: Crew Composition, Duties and Responsibilities

Coxswain

a. Incharge of steering and boat maneuvering.

b. Responsible for group coordination.
c. Responsible for group safety
d. Takes charges of group Rhythm.

Rowers

a. Take charge of the boat’s propulsion.

b. Serve as lookout for any obstacles that may endanger the group while the boat is underway.
c. Assist the coxswain in maintaining group rhythm.

Eights - a boat propelled by Eight Rowers.

Single Scull - a boat sculled by an oarsman
Coxed Fours - a boat propelled by four rowers and a coxswain
Coxswain Less Fours/Pairs - a boat propelled by four rowers only and no coxswain
Quadruple Scull - a boat sculled by four scullers and a coxswain
Pair - sculled by two rowers and a coxswain
Double - sculled by two rowers and no coxswain
Lesson 5: Steering

Steering - the mechanism that controls the direction of the boat or ship. This is one of the most important
aspects of rowing. It is easy to watch experts steer a boat, but doing it is an entirely different story.

Rowing a boat is steered differently from large ships. With large ships, when the rudder is turned to
portside the ship will turn toward the port; and the tiller should be moved in an opposite manner; if
you want to go to portside, push your tiller to the starboard side. To maintain your course, the tiller
must be kept at the center in line with the keel.

Factors that should be considered in steering a boat.

1. Changing water current

2. Wind
3. Size of waves

Sufficient knowledge of how to counteract these obstacles in the water will help you in steering a boat
which is getting underway.

Tips to remember in Steering:

1. With large waves and strong winds, always face the bow of your boat diagonally or within the
direction of the wind and the wave. The purpose of this is for the boat to slice the wave and
reduce water and wind friction.
2. Avoid steering the wave side by side. Accident of capsizing may be caused by this method of
steering because of the wave and wind friction.
3. Incase of strong current, Always have a good estimate of how far the boat can be drifted before
you reach your target. Based on the estimated drifting distance. Adjust your course to zero in on
your target.
4. When rowing offshore, with a strong current, always have a fixed mark in your point of origin in
order not to lose it.

Lesson 6: Safety

Float Plane = Voyage Plan

Safety should be the main concern of every individual in everyday undertakings.

Swimming - is a prerequisite skill for rowing. An efficient swimming skill can strengthen one’s safety in
deep water in case the boat capsizes.

To Ensure safety in rowing, the following safety measures must be observed:

1. Know your boat’s capacity and limitations.

 2. Learn to swim
3. Bring repair and aid kits
4. Sudden Fall of the Barometer, Could be caused by the Change Wind direction and sudden cloud
formation.
5. Avoid Thunderstorms when rowing
6. Strong Wind, You must stay low within the boat premises.
7. Bring Extra Oars and Oarlocks
8. Leave a message regarding the point of destination, time of arrival and when to return.
9. Incase of Sudden Storm, Hide to shore Immediately
10. Avoid Rowing in the middle of the day ( it could cause sunburn and heat strokes )
11. Lastly, Use your Common Sense

BOAT COMMAND AND OARS POSITIONS

Dory Type - the type of Rowing boat we are using

Feather Position
Squared Oars:

- 6 inches from the tip is called “Catch Position or Knives - in”

- Must be 40% from the tip is called “Drive or Draw”
- “Finish” is the position before the Release Position
- “Release” is called if the oars is removed or raised from the water
- From Release to Catch Position it is called “Recovery”
- “Clog” is called if it is stuck

Bucket Position - it is called when the Body is Leaning Forward

The Twisting of the Oars when rowing should be “inside twisting”

Types of Commands:

Rules: Loud, Clear, Concise and Specific

Phases of Commands:

Embarkation Phase (1st)

1. Rowers prepare for Embarkation

2. Rowers Embark
3. Coxswain Embark
Preparatory Phase (2nd)

1. Stand by the Oars

2. Up Oars
3. Let Fall
4. Stand by to Give Way

Execution Phase (3rd)

1. Give Way
2. Oars
3. Hold Water
4. Backwater
5. Trail Oars
6. Stern All

Maneuvering Phase (4th)

1. Gradual Turn Port

2. Gradual Turn Starboard
3. Sharp Turn Port
4. Sharp Turn Starboard

Docking Phase (5th)

1. In Bows
2. Toss Oars
3. Boat the Oars

Disembarkation Phase (6th)

1. Rowers prepare or Disembarkation

2. Coxswain Disembark
3. Rowers Disembark