Art &architecture History1 - The Classical Period (Greek)

International University of Technology Twintech
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Architecture and Engineering
Art and Architecture History_1(AE+ID)

The Classical Period ( Greek)
Lecture # 3
Lecturer : Arch(M.Sc.) : Kahtan Mohammed Al- Hada
(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

1/45 Lecturer : Arch(M.Sc.) : Kahtan Mohammed Al- Hada
Greek Architecture

Greek Architecture Overview
 in the name of the Greek gods , Greek build magnificent pieces which include the great Temples built.
They used finely cut stone joints, Marble
 They built agoras (public meeting places), Stoas (colonnaded shelters), monumental tombs, temples,
Propylaeas (city gates), Stadiums, Palaestrae (gymnasiums), and amphitheaters
Doric order
Greek architecture took form along the Aegean Sea
when the Dorians migrated into Greece around 1000 BC.
 The Doric order style was the earliest form of Greek
architecture(Most of the monuments erected at this time )
exhibited this architectural form.
 Parthenon is an example of early Doric architecture.
Ionic Order
 The Erechtheum was an example of Ionic structures(at Miletus)
Corinthian order
 The Corinthian order also began during the time of Ionic Order.
 Corinthian buildings were very ornate.
Greek Architecture Terms
• In ancient Greece, the part of a building used by men, especially the banquet room.
 ARCHITRAVE - In the classical orders, the lowest member of the entablature; the beam that spans from
column to column, resting directly upon their capitals. The ornamental moldings around the faces of the
jambs and lintel of a doorway or other opening.
 AULA - In ancient architecture, a court or hall, an open court attached to a house. CARYATIDS - load
bearing statues.
 CORNICE - Any molded projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed. The third or
uppermost division of an entablature, resting on the frieze. An ornamental molding, usually of wood or
plaster, running around the walls of a room just below the ceiling; a crown molding; the molding forming the
top member of a door or window frame.
 FRIEZE - The middle horizontal member of a classical entablature, above the architrave and below the
cornice.
 GYNAECEUM / GYNAEKONITIS - That part of a Greek house, or a church reserved for women.
PEDIMENT - In classical architecture, the triangular gable end of the roof above the horizontal cornice,
often filled with sculpture. Also called a front on when used to crown a subordinate feature, such as a
window.
 PORTICO - A porch or covered walk consisting of a roof supported by columns; a colonnaded (continuous
row of columns) porch. A freestanding roofed colonnade.
 ROSETTE - A round pattern with a carved or painted conventional floral motif; a circular or oval decorative
wood plaque used in joinery, such as one applied to a wall to receive the end of a stair rail. An ornamental
nailhead or screwhead.
 TRIGLYPH - The characteristic ornament of the Doric frieze, consisting of slightly raised blocks of three
vertical bands separated by V-shaped grooves. The triglyphs alternated with plain or sculptured panels
called

The
Greek Orders

 Orders are an arrangement of Greek
architecture
 Grandiose and attractive
 Associated with philosophical, political and

humanistic values
 Uniquely proportioned and detailed
 Three Greek Orders

 Doric
 Ionic
 Corinthian
 Capitals used to determine the Order

Doric Order
• Oldest and simplest
• Originated 7th Century B.C.E
• Perfected during 5th Century B.C.E.
• Developed in the Western Dorian region of Greece
• Represents strength and masculinity
Ionic Order
• Elegant scroll-type Capital
• 6th Century B.C.E.
• Originated in Ionia
• Feminine characteristics
Corinthian Order
• Most exquisite and decorated of the three Orders
• 4th Century B.C.E.
• Not used much by the Greeks
• Named after the City of Corinth
• Created to represent a Maiden

DORIC
• Short and wide shafts
• No base
• 20 Flutes
• Square abacus
• Tapering echinus
• No carvings or decorations on the

capital

The Parthenon Temple
IONIC
 Stands on pedestal
 Shafts usually had 24 flutes,

but not always with fillets
 Volutes decorate the capital

Temple of
Athena Nike

Corinthian
 Base and shaft similar to Ionic
 Decorated with acanthus leaves and

anthemion ornaments
 Outward flare suggest sense of light

Temple of Olympian Zeus

Greek Architecture
“Temples”

Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
 The building of the Temple

began in the 6th Century by
Peisistratos
 It was completed under the
reign of the Roman Emperor
Hadrian in 131 AD, 638 years
after the project had begun.
Parthenon, Acropolis
 Constructed in 447 BC (height Athenian

Empire )
 sample of Doric order.( high end of Greek
art )
 Its sculptures and artwork belong to the.
 it was the replacement for the pre-
Parthenon, an older temple of Athena which
was possibly destroyed in 480 BC during
the Persian invasion.
 it also served as the city’s treasury.
 from a Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
in the final decade of the 6th century to a
Mosque after the Ottoman conquest in the
early 1460s.

Temple of Artemis, Corfu
 Built in 580 BC, the temple
measured 49m by 23.46m and
 Doric style.
 was the biggest temple of its
time.
 . The temple is also counted
among the 150 masterpieces of
Western architecture.
 was the first-known example of a
decorated pediment in Greece.
Temple of Hera, Olympia
 dedicated to the queen of the Greek
goddesses, Hera, was built in 590 BC. The
temple was initially believed to have been
constructed from wood which was later
replaced by stone.
 Built following the aesthetics of Doric
architecture, with16 columns. .
 was destroyed by an earthquake in the 4th
 ADUnder Roman control, the temple was
made into a sort of museum to house
precious treasure. century
Temple of Hephaestus, Agora
 A work of Doric and Classical architecture, the.
 was built in 415 BC. Constructed two years before the
Parthenon, it overlooks the city of Agora.
 It was dedicated to the God of craftsmanship, metal-
working, and fire, Hephaestus, and was also called
 dedicated to the hero Theseus. is made of both Parian
and Pentelic marble.
 . From 7th century up to 1834, it served as the Greek
Orthodox Church ,19th century for many Protestants. In
the 1930s it became a museum
 .
Temple of Apollo, Delphi

 The Temple of Apollo at Delphi was first built
during 7th century BC.
 In the heyday of Delphi, the Temple of Apollo was
the most prominent structure ever built,
 and its ruins date back to the 4th century BC.
 It was an imposing structure of the Doric order
 Ruin and rebuilt It caught on fire during the 6th.
 The temple had six columns in the front and 15 at
the sides.
 It was again destroyed in 373 BC by an earthquake
and in 330 BC was rebuilt for the third time.

Erechtheion , Acropolis
 was built between 421 and 406 BC by the great architect Mnesicles.
 The name dedicated to the Greek hero Erichthonius, who was
mentioned in Homer’s Iliad (kingof Athens).
 The ancient temple is said to have replaced the Peisistratid temple
which was situated in Athena Polis and was destroyed in 480 BC by
the Persians.
 built from the marble taken from Mt. Pentelikon and black marble
from Eleusis..
Greek Architecture
“Theaters”

Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Acropolis
 significant part of Greek culture.

 a stone structure on the southwest slope of the Acropolis in Athens,
 The Athenian magnate Herodes Atticus built the structure in memory of his wife,
Aspasia Annia.

The Great Theater of Epidaurus
 perfect theater of all timeIn terms of acoustics and

aesthetics
 provide seating for 13,000 to 14,000 people.
 It not only hosted singing, music, and dramatic games but
also included the worship of the god of medicine, Asclepius.
 was used to heal patients
Stoa of Attalos, Agora
The Stoa of Attalos, was constructed as a gift
to Athens in return for the education that
Attalos received there
 It was built by King Attalos II of Pergamon who ruled between 159 BC and 138 BC.
Belonging to the Hellenistic era, the Stoa of Attalos was more elaborate and larger than
the earlier buildings of ancient Athens(from Pentelic marble) .
 The Doric order, which undoubtedly dominated Greek architecture, was used on the
ground floor for the exterior colonnade and was combined with Ionic styling for the inner
part of the colonnade.
 The exterior colonnade on the first floor was Ionic,and the interior was Pergamene.
 Destroyed by the Germanic tribe, the Heruli, in 267, its remains became a fortification wall
until it was fully reconstructed between 1952 and 1956.
Greek Art

Timeline
Greek Art
www.sandrashaw.com
Concept of Greek Art
 Greek art begins “classical” art
 Greek art is very influential to the art of
Europe
 Ancient Greek art was considered “perfect”
or “ideal”
 Greek artists began to “sign” their art
 Greek art changed styles over time
 The four main “styles” of Ancient Greek Art
are:
 Geometric
 Archaic
 Classical
 Hellenistic

GREEK PAINTING
(2800 B.C. – 31 B.C.)

Greek Dark Age_ (1200-800 B.C.)
 Protogeometric style - features concentric circles and patterns of straight, wavy,
and zigzag lines.
 This reflects technological innovations, namely the multi-headed brush (for

painting parallel lines) and the compass (for painting circles).
 Emphasized by sparseness

Archaic Age_(800-500 B.C.)
 Mythology, legends, and daily life
 Known mainly from vase painting. However, it wasn't limited to pottery.
 Murals, frescoes, and panels
 Three phases: Geometric, Orientalizing, and Black-figure

GEOMETRIC STYLE
 Elevated geometric decoration to new heights of complexity.
 Features a variety of Patterns, such as checkers, repeated shapes, and meanders
 Human or animal figures - they are rigidly stylized

ORIENTALIZING
 Due to its adoption of images from eastern lands (e.g. lions, sphinxes).
 Divided into two main styles
 Protoattic style - large jars, essentially takes the geometric style and adds large figures

ORIENTALIZING
 Due to its adoption of images from eastern lands (e.g. lions, sphinxes).
 Divided into two main styles
 Protocorinthian style - small figures and light geometric elements (e.g. rosettes

BLACK-FIGURE STYLE
 Silhouettes of figures are painted in solid black (typically on a vibrant orange background)
 Details are then added by cutting lines into the silhouettes
 6 other colors of paint are sometimes used for accents
 Beginning of Narrative scenes in Greek pottery decoration (i.e. scenes that tell a story; these
scenes are usually framed with Geometric elements)

Classical /Hellenistic age_(500 B.C. – 0)
 Age of “Realistic wall painting”
 Reveals a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist representation which would
remain unsurpassed until the Italian High Renaissance
 Features three-dimensional perspective and shading
ABDUCTION OF PERSEPHONE (Vergina Tombs)
foreshortening (the law of perspective that, the

more an object is angled toward a viewer, the
shorter its length appears to be)

Chariot Mural (Vergina Tombs)

RED-FIGURE style
 Black-figure technique was reversed: orange silhouettes were formed by
painting around them in black, allowing interior details to be painted rather than
incised
 More control in drawing smooth curves or varying the thickness of lines
 It also allowed for gradients of colour, since the black paint could be diluted to
acquire shades of brown

PANEL PAINTING
 According to authors like Pliny (23-79 CE) or Pausanias (active 143-176 CE), it is
the highest and respected form of art
 done in encaustic (wax) or tempera
PITSA PANELS
The only surviving panel painting from Ancient Greeks

WALL/FRESCO PAINTING
 Flat, sharply outlined style.
 common method of mural decoration in temples, public buildings, houses and tombs
but these larger artworks generally had a lower reputation than panel paintings
 8 Few examples survive; the finest collection may be that of the Tomb of the Diver,
discovered at a Greek settlement in southern Italy
Tomb of the Diver
Painting Greek style is also found in Pompeii and Egypt.

Painting was also used to enhance Architecture works, and Sculptures.
GREEK SCULPTURE
(2800 B.C. – 31 B.C.)

Archaic Age_(800-500 B.C.)
 Materials:-mostly Bronze and Marble easy to form and lasting
 They are generally used as grave and temple monuments.
 Three types of Figures :- A- Standing nude youth (kouros, pl. kouroi,
B-Standing draped girl (kore, pl. korai), C-Seated woman(painted)
 When using bronze to create sculptures, the figure was often hollow and eyes were inlaid with stone or
glass

Classical_(760-750 B.C.)
 Contrapposto is a term that is used in art. It means the weight of the body in human
figures
 Human figures no longer appear Stiff and Lifeless.
 Bodies were often “idealized” with what was determined to be perfect proportions of
classical beauty

Hellenistic_ (500 B.C. – 0)
 One of the characteristics of the Hellenistic period is that the sculptures showed movement
 Themes never before shown in Greek art began to appear in the Hellenistic period. These
themes included: childhood, anger, despair, old age, drunkenness(variety of expressions).
 Even greater use was made of negative space in sculpture
 Hellenistic Greek art and culture was greatly admired throughout the known world at that
time.

Thank you
for
Your Attention

Assignment ID
Drawing :- every student required to present overlapped Hand Drawing for any selected
ART Item (in this Lecture) she/he prefers
Assignment AE
Drawing :- every student required to present overlapped Hand Drawing for any selected
Architectural Item (in this Lecture) she/he prefers


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International University of Technology Twintech

Art and Architecture History_1(AE+ID)

Lecturer : Arch(M.Sc.) : Kahtan Mohammed Al- Hada

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 Grandiose and attractive

 Associated with philosophical, political and

 Uniquely proportioned and detailed

 Three Greek Orders

 Capitals used to determine the Order

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

• No carvings or decorations on the

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 Shafts usually had 24 flutes,

 Volutes decorate the capital

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 Decorated with acanthus leaves and

 Outward flare suggest sense of light

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 The building of the Temple

 Constructed in 447 BC (height Athenian

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

Temple of Apollo, Delphi

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 significant part of Greek culture.

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 perfect theater of all timeIn terms of acoustics and

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 This reflects technological innovations, namely the multi-headed brush (for

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 Known mainly from vase painting. However, it wasn't limited to pottery.

 Murals, frescoes, and panels

 Three phases: Geometric, Orientalizing, and Black-figure

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 Elevated geometric decoration to new heights of complexity.

 Features a variety of Patterns, such as checkers, repeated shapes, and meanders

 Human or animal figures - they are rigidly stylized

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 Divided into two main styles

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 Divided into two main styles

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

 Details are then added by cutting lines into the silhouettes

 6 other colors of paint are sometimes used for accents

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

foreshortening (the law of perspective that, the

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

The only surviving panel painting from Ancient Greeks

Tomb of the Diver

Painting Greek style is also found in Pompeii and Egypt.

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3

(AR114+ BID115 )Art and Architecture History_1 (First Semester 2021-2022)_L # 3