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April 22, 2020

European Architecture

With the rise of various European colonial empires from the 16 th century onward
through the early 20th century, the new stylistic trends that change or give ideas in
some places of Europe, exported to or adopted locations around the world, often
evolving into new regional variations.

 Architectural design

(1) Byzantine Architecture

Architecture of Byzantine Empire (4th-15th century CE) continued its early

Roman traditions but architects also added new structures to their already
excellent repertoire, especially improved fortification walls and domed
churches. There was a good pointing out the much greater concern for
the interiors of buildings rather their exteriors. Christianity influenced
development such as the conversion of the secular basilica into a
magnificent church with an impressive domed ceiling.

In combined traditions of Eastern and Western their building were

designed with a central dome that by and by rose to new heights using
engineering practices refined in the Middle East. This era transitional and
transformational in the history of architectural.

Byzantine architecture still seen today in churches worldwide that would

go on to influence Orthodox Christian architecture.

Exterior Interior
Famous example of
Byzantine
Architecture

HAGIA SOPHIA

Former Greek,
Orthodox Christian patriarchal cathedral,
later an Ottoman imperial mosque and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey
was famous for its large dome that was the world’s largest building and an
engineering marvel of its time it was built in AD 537 during the reign of
Justinian.

(2) Ancient Greek

Greece Architects were most distinctive and providing some of the finest
buildings in the entire Ancient World. Some of their structures are
theatres, temples, and stadium. Greek concern mainly focuses in
simplicity, perspective, proportion, and harmony in their buildings to much
influence the Roman architects to provide the substructure for the
classical architectural orders( Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and
Composite) which would influence the western world from the
Renaissance to the present day.
Example of Ancient Greek Architecture

Parthenon, Acropolis

It was built in the mid-5th century BCE and

dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena
Parthenos (“Athena the Virgin”). The simplest of
the the three Classical Greek, Doric order was
generally considered the culmination of
development to this temple.

(a) Architectural Orders- an order is a

combination of a certain style of column with or without base.

(a.1) Doric-
Use of
wooden
pillars
eventually
evolved into
Doric column
in stone.
(a.2) Ionic-
added a base and volute, or scroll capital to a straighter column.
(a.3) Corinthian- invented in Athens in the 5th century, it is similar to
Ionic but topped by a more decorative capital of stylized acanthus and
fern leaves.

(3) Roman Architecture

Roman architecture reflected the practical character even more in
Roman Arts, restless energy and organizational mindset of its
creators. As the Roman Empire expanded to engulf not only the
Mediterranean region but also large areas of Western Europe, Roman
architects struggled to achieve two overriding aims: to demonstrate
the grandeur and power of Rome, while also improving the life of their
fellow citizens. To achieve this, they mastered a number of important
architectural techniques, including the arch, the vault, and the dome,
as well as the use of concrete. By using this methods, Roman
engineers designed and built some of the greatest public buildings in
the history of architecture, including amphitheatres, basilicas,
monuments, temples, triumphal arches,and public baths. In addition,
to further reinforce the ideals of the Pax Romana and, to maintain
efficiency and order, Roman architects designed a great number of
aqueducts, bridges, drainage systems, and as well as a vast network
of roads, while the planners developed a series of urban blueprints,
based on army camps, to help create new towns from scratch. Roman
architects absorbed a great deal from Etruscan art and design, and
had huge respect for both Greek architecture and Greek sculpture.
They also learned from Egyptian pyramid architecture and stonework.
Architecture is Ancient Rome's unique contribution to the history of
art and to the culture of Europe.

Example of Roman Architecture

Cloaca Maxima (600-200
BCE)
 One of the world's earliest urban drainage/effluent
systems.

(4) Gothic Architecture

Architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid-12th century to
the 16th century,particularly a style of masonry building characterized
by cavernous spaces with the expanse of walls broken up by
overlaid tracery.Their architectural design stemmed from the efforts of
medieval masons to solve the problems associated with supporting
heavy masonry ceiling vaults (arched roofs) over wide spans. The
problem need to be solved because of the stonework of the traditional
arched roof that was a big problem because of its tremendous
downward and outward pressure against the walls which it rested,
which often the cause of collapse. Building dsigners stand on their
ideas that vertical supporting walls had to be made extremely thick
and heavy in order to absorb and counterattack vault’s downward and
outward pressure different in Gothic designers they solved the
problem around 1120 with various opinions and several brilliant
innovations.

(a) Ribbed Vaulting: Flying Buttresses: Pointed Arch

(a.1) ribbed vault, made up of intersecting barrel vaults,

whose stone ribs supported a vaulted ceiling of thin stone
panels, significantly it reduce the weight (and thus the
outward thrust) of the ceiling vault.

(a.2) flying buttresses,which eliminated the need for

solid, thick walls. Furthermore, Gothic architects replaced
the round arches of the barrel vault with

(a.3)  pointed arches which distributed the vault's weight

in a more vertical direction.

One Example of Gothic

Architecture

Chartres Cathedral also

known as the Cathedral
of Our Lady of Chartres,
is a Roman Catholic
church in Chartres,
France, about 80 km
southwest of Paris and is the seat of the Diocese of Chartres.

(5) Baroque Architecture

The style in this era begun in late 16th century in Rome, Italy. By using the
new theatrical fashion to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and
the absolutist state, they took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance
architecture. A Baroque building is complex, dynamic, surprising: for its
characteristic features to be fully comprehended, but for them to stand out
prominently, it needs to catch the light in a particular way. It was this
requirement that led Baroque sculptors to achieve a number of
innovations. Example of this is Bernini's unique use of light
in The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1647-52) in the Cornaro Chapel in Rome.
In Spain the term 'Baroque' originally indicate an irregular, oddly-shaped
 pearl, with the fact that in Italy it meant a pedantic, contorted argument of
little dialectic value.

One example of Baroque Architecture

St. Peter’s Basilica

The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in
the Vatican, or simply Saint Peter's
Basilica, is a church built in the
Renaissance style located in Vatican
City, the papal enclave which is
within the city of Rome.

(6) Renaissance Architecture

reflecting the rebirth of Classical culture, that originated in Florence
featured the use of classical elements such as orderly arrangements
of columns , pilasters , lintels , semicircular arches , and
hemispherical domes in the early 15th century and spread throughout
Europe, replacing the medieval Gothic style. Filippo Brunelleschi was
the first to develop a true renaissance architecture. Thanks to the new
technique of printing the architecture during the Renaissance was
also closely associated with urban planning and the dissemination of
ideas,. The 15th century quattrocento  became the era of the treatise,
as exemplified by Alberti's De re aedificatoria (Ten Books on
Architecture) (1485), the printed translations of the writings of
Vitruvius, the first century Roman architect, Vignola's The Rule of the
Five Orders of Architecture, and Sebastiano Serlio's Seven Books of
Architecture. The Renaissance was also a multi-media event: Some
of the best sculptors (Michelangelo) and Old master (Raphael)
became excellent architects that was also known in hand in hand
sculpture (as well as mural painting).

One example of Renaissance Architecture

Florence Cathedral
Florence Cathedral, formally the
Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, is the
cathedral of Florence, Italy. It was begun
in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of
Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally
completed by 1436, with the dome
engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.

Sources:

Internet :
 RomanArchitecture.http://www.visual-arts-
cork.com/architecture/roman.htm#buildings
 GothicArchitecture-histotyhttp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/gothic-
architecture.htm
 BaroqueArt:Definition,Styles,HistoryBaroque.http://www.visual-arts-
cork.com/history-of-art/gothic-architecture.htm
 RenaissanceArchitecture-History.http://www.visual-arts-
cork.com/architecture/renaissance.htm