STUDENT NAME: FULYA SENA BİLİCİ

STUDENT NO: 1700001728

LESSON: 4024 HISTORY OF ANTIQUITY AND WESTERN ARCHITECTURE
SUBMISSION: FINAL ASSIGNMENT
CONTENT: THE CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE
FROM THE END OF BYZANTINE EMPIRE TO THE END OF BAROQUE ERA
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Byzantine Architecture is an architecture developed from the early 300s to the 14th century within the borders of the Eastern Roman-Byzantine Empire and in the
countries under its influence. The disintegration of the Roman Empire collapsed Western Europe, but the laws and building traditions in the Eastern Roman Empire
continued to live in the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople (Istanbul).

By this position, Byzantine civilization was fed by Roman traditions, Greek traditions and Christian elements. Characteristic forms of Byzantine architecture were built
with domes and round arches, arches and brick domes.

Interior design elements ornate colorful mosaic, fresco, icon, miniature. The wall painters made flashy mosaics with a realistic expression by processing the symbols
of Christianity. The most visible architectural expression in the Byzantine Empire were religious buildings, especially churches. An example of this architectural type is
the Hagia Sofia built by lustinianos. In the center of the symmetrical plan, a dome of 32 m in diameter rises, supported by pendentives that transfer the load to the
big pillars. Hagia Sophia has been an insurmountable point in the construction and design of the church for centuries. Besides the dome application, one of the most
important and permanent features of Byzantine church architecture is its central plan: it is based on the Roman temple, basilica plan.

Hagia Sofia

Byzantine architecture significantly influenced medieval architecture in Europe and the Near East.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

It was the architectural style seen in most parts of Europe since Roman Empire architecture. It is called Norman architecture in England.

The first stage took place throughout the kingdom of Emperor Otto and took the example of the Charlemagne Dynasty and Byzantium. In the early medieval period,
the feudal system was dominant in the economic structure and social hierarchy. Crusades started in Europe. Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian
period.

The 9th century Europeans had to build a strong church. Romanesque architecture were massive structures and have strong thicker structural wall with magnificent
features such as Roman style vaults and round arches.

Features that determine Romanesque churches; Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular symmetrical plan, solidity of the form, fireproof
thick stone wall, vaulted roofs, large towers with round arched, decorative Lombard band and arcs with massive supporting columns and larger structures. It has
clearly defined form and its overall appearance is simple.

However, the golden age, some of the most advanced vault systems (barrel, dome and vault rib) were built, the stone was combed and the buildings were decorated
with ornate details in its 12th and 13th centuries.

Romanesque art emerging in medieval Europe; used in churches, monasteries and cathedrals. These cathedrals and churches have become frequent places for those
on a pilgrimage across Europe. Saints were visiting churches for the relic. Churches were places where many activities such as visiting, seeing relics and worship were
performed. Santiago de Compostela, Spain became one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in Europe.

Churches, such as the 1330 Cluny abbey in France, are the most extraordinary examples of the style.

The structurally insufficient round arch was replaced by a pointed arch, and the exterior walls were freed from carrier loads and left to the gothic architecture that
followed.

Cluny abbey in France

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

Gothic architecture, architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid-12th century to the 16th century,

Abbot Suger wanted to build a bigger and better church. It was inspired by the Suleyman Mahera described in the Bible. He was influenced by the divine power of the
light in the texts written by Aziz Denis. He believed to light symbolize the Jesus and the sacred being.

Therefore, he made arrangements between the classic church sections. The chapel behind the ambulatory made the chapels open so that the light filled space
became bright, and he did not want to have walls with small windows. So he developed different methods to design the building with less walls.

It provides harmonious light to come inside by using large stained glasses and used rose window it is has special feature. It provided this with a pointed arch, because
they pressed downwards, not sideways, so they did not have to be supported by walls. The pointed arch carries a bigger load than the round arch used in
Romanesque architecture. And a combined ribbed vault achieved a ceiling that can connect larger, lighter and different width openings. The flying butress attached to
the outer walls of the buildings with arches was used to counteract the external force from the high ceiling and walls. Pillar with structural system element are thin.

An example of this is the Saint-Denis monastery in Paris.

Every visible member has a structural form in Gothic architecture. There is no separation at all between structure and appearance.The appearance of the buildings
emphasizes vertically.

Saint-Denis monastery in Paris.

RONESANS ARCHITECTURE

Between the 14th and 16th centuries after the medieval times, Europe emerged with the influence of humanism and the study of classical elements of ancient Greek
and Roman art. Many structural elements, such as columns and round arches, tunnel cases and domes, were reshaped in ancient Roman forms.

Filippo Brunelleschi is considered the first Renaissance architect. For example, Brunelleschi spent a long time measuring and drawing Rome's sacred works. Round
arches in buildings; domes; triangular pediments and Classic columns began to stand out.

Renaissance architecture emphasizes the symmetry, proportion, geometry and regularity of the parts seen in classical ancient architecture and Roman architecture.
Columns, pilasters and lintels of medieval buildings were arranged and semicircular arches, domes, more complex proportional systems. Renaissance architects
placed classical lines and simple geometric forms in their works to create an impression of harmony and balance. Facades are symmetrical around their vertical axis.
Church facades are usually on a pediment and consist of a pilaster, arch and entablatures. Columns and windows have a view of the center. During the Renaissance,
architects aimed to use columns, pilasters and entablatures as a compatible system.

This order resulted in clear, easy-to-understand space and mass that distinguishes the Renaissance style from the more complex Gothic.

Mannerism, the style of the Late Renaissance , was characterized by sophistication, complexity and innovation, rather than the harmony, openness and rejection of
the High Renaissance.

Filippo Brunelleschi's Hospital Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore The Florence Cathedral Trevi fountain San Carlo alle Quattro is Fontane

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Baroque architecture emerged in Italy as a reaction to the strict rules of the Renaissance and remained the country's favorite style in the 17th century.

Baroque architects took the basic elements of renaissance architecture, making them higher, larger, more fancy and more dramatic. There is organicness in Baroque.
Domes with chassis were used with ornaments.

The building is not a sculpture alone, but an element that fits the city's order. Stairs are an important element in Baroque. (Spanish Steps in Rome, Trevi Fountain).

In contrast to the straight lines in the Renaissance, recesses and ripples are observed in the Baroque. The facades are sculptural.The decoration layout completely
covers the structure.Baroque architecture used curves that gave the theatrical effect instead of the straight lines used in the renaissance.

For example, San Carlo alle Quattro is Fontane. Although it is made of solid stone, it looks flexible with external curves.

In the art of painting, Carravaggio made an exaggerated play of light shadow on the paintings.