CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies

after the thorough and in depth search done by the

researchers. This will also present the theoretical and

conceptual framework to fully understand the research to be

done. This research contains related literature that will

support the facts about the study. Review of related

literature is divided in 4 parts: Foreign Literature, Local

Literature, Foreign Studies, and Local Studies.

Related Foreign Literature

Acne is so common that it’s considered a normal part of

puberty. But knowing that doesn’t always make it easier

when you’re looking at a big pimple on your face in the

mirror.

Acne is a condition of the skin that shows up as

different types of bumps. These bumps can be blackheads,

whiteheads, pimples or cysts. Teens get acne because of the

hormonal changes that come with puberty. If your parents

had acne as a teens, its more likely that you will, too.

The good news is that, for most people, acne goes away

almost completely by the time they are out of their

teens(Hyde, 2014).

There are number of environmental factors that can

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cause acne, including pollution, and exposure to oil and

grease, which may clog pores and lead to pimples. The

weather can also have an affect on the skin. Heat and

humidity, which increase oil production, are renowned acne

triggers and even cold weather can stress the skin and

cause breakouts.

The sun is another environmental factor that can cause

acne. It may seem like small amounts of sun exposure help

your acne because the blue band of visible light helps to

sterilize the acne’s bacteria and a suntan mask

redness.However, prolonged sun exposure increases the

shedding of dead cells on your skin’s surface. This causes

plugged pores, which is eventually become blackheads,

whiteheads, and pimples (The Proactiv Company, 2018).

There was a survey conducted in the United States with

a 1000 total of adult men and women revealed that using

facial wash can be part of our personal hygiene

(PRNewswire, 2017).

Lowering the pH of the skin makes it a lot less

comfortable for bacteria. The skin needs some bacteria as

part of its natural “clean up crew”. Acne bacteria in small

numbers perform a useful function by consuming excess

sebum. But lowering skin pH makes the pores a lot less

hospitable to the bacteria, without causing them to sent

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out the chemicals that trigger an immune reaction that

result in inflammation and redness on the skin. Korean

scientist studying Korean Citrus fruits have confirmed that

applying lemon juice to the skin causes acne bacteria to

send out less chemical messenger that tricks the human

immune system, into destroying skin cells.(Facing Acne,

2019)

Liquid lemon juice can penetrate build up and remove

impurities, leading to tighter, cleaner skin less prone to

breakouts, lemon juice can be added to any home acne remedy

to give it a breakout-fighting boost.

There are some Baking Soda gurus who say that baking

soda can help heal acne scars due to its exfoliating

nature. The idea is that baking soda clears away dead skin

cells, encouraging the creation of new, non-pigmented cells

to take the scar tissue’s place.(Facing Acne, 2019)

Baking soda has a fine/gritty texture that makes it

ideal for gentle exfoliation, but its pH level can be a

cause of concern. A skin standard pH level is around 4.5 to

5 while baking soda is 9. This means that scrubbing your

skin with baking soda can be harsh on sensitive skin-

eventually leading to breakouts (Trubiro, 2018).

These little yellow gems contain juice that is high in

vitamin C and antioxidants and that has an abundance of

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fruit acids and sugar that are great for acting as an

exfoliant, blackhead remover, skin brightener and as a

treatment for sunburn (Riggins, 2016).

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, about

50 million Americans have acne annually, and about 85

percent of people ages 12 to 24 are affected. Herodity, as

well as other risk factors such as oily skin and stress,

can also contribute to acne.The juices from fresh lemons

are one of the many home remedies touted in online forums

across the internet. This is due to their high level of

antioxidants, as well as natural levels of citric acid, a

form of vitamin C(Cherney, 2018).

Baking Soda could be helpful with treating acne in

especially oily skin, but it should be avoided if your skin

is normal, dry or sensitive.Although baking soda could help

with acne, many dermatologists recommend other treatments.

(Facing acne, 2019)

Related Local Literature

Most people can relate to acne, as chances are, they

have had it during puberty. Statistics show that as many as

80 percent of teenagers have it, and some carry it until

adulthood. Yes, acne is a common, and an increasing number

of research shows that acne is actually linked to more

factors than ever before, such as stress, diet, hormones,

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and food. While these main stream treatments are proven to

be effective, some experience skin irritation that results

to disuse of these products (Dr. Reyes, 2016).

Related Foreign Studies

According to Whelan 2017,Baking and lemon juice have

been praised for curing acne and erasing scars, still other

insists that combining the two is dangerous for skin. While

there haven’t been many studies done on using both

ingredients together, there are several studies that look

at the cosmetic benefits of baking soda and lemon(Citrus

limon) juice individually.

Adolescence is a time of physical, emotional and social

development. Acne is a common adolescent problem, affecting

more than 85 percent of teenagers, as well as some adults.

Although some consider acne to be merely a cosmetic

problem, it may have a significant and enduring emotional

and psychological effects. Acne can negatively impact mood,

self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships and may lead

to depression and suicidal deflation. It is based on the

research conducted by Dunn, Lauren K, Jenna L, Feldman, and

Steve R. Of Dermatology Online Studies(2016).

Related Local Studies

Research from the GSK skin health Asia Pacific consumer

report 2014 shows that more than 50 percent of women across

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Asia experience sensitive face and body skin in the past 12

months. Out of two women will not visit a skin care

professional for their skin condition.The same study shows

that 71 percent and 61 percent of Filipinas have sensitive

face and body skin respectively (Vila, 2015).

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