The dand f-Block Elements rahe emer ae ing inthe mile of pode ns", where, (11) stands for penultimate shel a tend br Se ea cea sear a ge of ees density, high enthalpies of atomisation and high meting oe bongpots oni The sono decrees tom ct Gr because the sec nut charge fen The some sie oF Fe, Coand Noe becise the atacton ce fo Mace nae ‘Scan the OR &, and got Video Lecture ofthis Chant en natin mal ho rt Pyaost OF Anson meta sete ee ee ok they give cf unpaired electrons. It INcTeases from te oo atectrons increases From Sc to Cr and they artes ae catalyst because of () presence of ort or Co ay oe Complexes, e9. Fe, Ni, V;0s, Pt, Mo, Co are used as Hatton of Coloured Compounds: They form Marra cee we waa pre Se Unpaired elec > Potassium Dichromate, K,Cr,0, > Potassium dichromate is an acidic compound in which Cris present in +6 oxidation state. > Preparation: Itis prepared from sodium chromate, Which is obtained by Fusion of chromite ore. 4FeCr,0, + 8Na,CO, +70, —> BNa,Cr0, +2Fe0, +8¢0,t 2Na,C1,0, + 2H" —+ Na,Cr,0, +2Na* + H,0 Na,Cr,0, + 2KCL—> K,Cr,0, + 2NaCl Properties of Potassium Dichromats Increase in shielding effect. Cu and Zn have bigger size because the shielding effect increases and electron-electron repulsion increases, ‘ionisation enthalpy > Its colour depends upon the pH of the solution, > Itis used as primary standard solution in volumetric analysis in acidic medium, > Itacts asa strong oxidising agent. uch higher than 3d > Potassium Permanganate, KMnO, contraction, > _KMnO, is an acidic compound in which Mn has a oxidation state ¥ Scanned with OKEN Scannerlon: It s prepared by Fuster neg i ” of pyroluste PreraO) with aa etal hydrant the Bresence of Oy ino, + AKOH sO; —*2K,MNO, + 34,0 ind? +H" + 2MN0, + Meo, a, senies of potassiom Permansanate 0 Prone, a dork purple cOlOUFeS rysatine sot, 7 Namo, decomposes t0 98 K MNO, and Mn, on 7 eating and evolve O: 2kMno, #2 +K:MNO, +Mn0} +0, Mnof +e" —>Mn0 | wind, ats as an oxsing agent inal the three angioms Le, acide, basicand neutral ane ABlock Elements ee elements constituting the boc are those in heh a7 and 5/-orbitals are progressively Filled in the ater two long periods (1-2) F(a A ns > Lanth Lanthanum, Le, Ceclum (58) to Lutetium (71) are called anthanolds. They belong to Fist inner transition series > Their electronic configuration i ke] 4F 5d°™%6 3. They mainly give +3 oxidation state while some Slements gle 2 and st oxidation states: The fad of members of Sdseries ae similar to 1ot8 of corresponding members of the 4d-series > pctn dit lanthanold contraction, Actinolds: ‘the actin Fe actinais in whch "cs in which 5Forbtas are progressively filled Practice Exercise Chemistry | Class 12 | 73 hese elements ae called Inner transition elements 1nd thelr general electronic configuration is Is The 14 elements Immediately following 1 14 elements immediately following “Thorium (90) to Laweencium (102) are called SpiageRNRES estrone configuration 5 Multiple choice Questions Sa eS [) Multiple choice Questions jon elements, the element belongs to Ad wy Ge ue 4. 2. Which electron(s) is/are released to acritg the maximum oxidation state of a transition metal? a. nselectron b. (n+I}delectron © (n-i}delectron —d. ns + (n-1)delectron q3. Which one among the following metals of 34 series has the lowest melting point? (CBSE 2023) ae bMn cZn acu (4. Which of the transition element does not ex! variable oxidation state? atl bv Fe Sc Q5. Which of the following transition metals shows +1 ‘and +2 oxidation states? (CBSE 2023) aMn = bZn esc acu 6. Match the properties with the elements of 3d (cBse2023-24) () Lowest enthalpy of atomisation (p) Se (ii) Shows maximum number of (@ Mn oxidation states (ii) Transition metal that does not (Zn form coloured compounds @ (0. (iQ). & ()-(). -Q). (iA) 4. (D-€). W)C, Q7. Which of the following ions has the maximum number of unpaired d-electrons? (case 2023) are® — b, ve 1 a. sc [Atomic number: Fe = 26,V = 23, Ti = 22, Se= 24] 4 mee “\tanthanoid i: aoapems 42 baa » « \4 a+6 9. Fofmation of coloured ions is posite, when the qu. Qua. _Q8. The most common and stable. ‘compound contains: a. paired electron b. unpaired electron . non-bonding electron , None of these ‘of some transition elements are Element re |e | a6 [125 | (NCERT EXEMPLAR) aFe b.N «Co acu ‘The ions of metals of Group 12 (Zn, Cd and Ha) have completely filled d orbitals and so they: (cBse 2023) a. behave like semiconductors b. are very high melting sotids donot behave like transition metals, d. behave like superconductors Which of the following characteristics of transition metals is associated with their catalytic activity? (c8s€2023) a. Paramagnetic nature b. Colour of hydrated ions ‘c. High enthalpy of atomisation 4, Variable oxidation states @ scanned with OKEN Scannerwing W/8 amphoter ngy " ourtimwnst OF ne g20, which of the folowing 74 | Mastemaene pronete by of ne V0, ne 00 10 05,6. ee 4 ti ropent rere ye verted, Pky pot O12. The want ee t colo, ement 1 assodlated wy y 4 0- AZo! fst ® oat he mae em a ae? ve spn angus in anly magnetic MOMENt val ond \ “yf wns » 3878s ao we D287 OM 357M \ 3 2 Savon is are formed when say psse | moe le Innerttal compounds ate am rel { a ee eeenare trapped soe orden, Wi LL — which of tt tal compour need soo ete of metals of interstt mde * er i arate pe nts In COmparcon gh la nee ‘ meting of atomszaton “they have high © thay of a aa int and mark the pure mets Cn Hlth Column and Tey are ver iy 10 — a Meyoweneeatver ne ie ome ic ee jing transition elements, the rw (Property) Out of the following transition slemen shown, 20 “K aierent ih eter scond (Cr «(0 Out of he fel, ona ft maton enti : OF gem b, Ce(Z=24) e ct third (i)Cu a 5c (Z~ -e (Z= 26) * 8 ment th Nees ae 4. Fe (2=26) i lontion enthalpy = ,e Question . ( din ACO), 8 ee ) assertion & Reason tupe Questions y 2 naatot Ge) 5 eee (clement with highest neat 35): Each of the following question, ' =a cei ts 2 oe a ceo consis of two stat et season (Give answer: oe es . th Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true ang 6. ee nee (Ri) is the correct explanation of Assertion ae of Reason (R) cw 0 Gi i so a ow tion (A) and Reason (R) are true bit cs a5 an oxidising agent in alkaline b, Both Assertor rane an ace EXEMPLAR} Assertion (A) ee cone! Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false, ah hw cS OG 4. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true UE KvinO is coloured due to: (case sap2022-28) 924. Assertion (A): Cu" iodide is not known, 8 & édtransitions Reason (R): Cu* oxidises I- to iodine. 8 charge transfer from ligand to metal (vcerr Exeneuag, x © unpaired electrons in d-orbital of Mn 25. Assertion (A): Copper is a non-transition element, 1 . charge transfer from metal to ligand _ Reason (R): Copper has completely filled d-orbitals ‘0% Lanthanoid element among the following ints ground state. (case 2023) go elements is: 26. Assertion (A): Transition metals show their highest aRh be cc dar , oxidation state with oxygen, 18, Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. its atomic Reason (R): The abil ‘number is 64. Which of the following is the correct electronic configuratic lity of oxygen to form multiple bonds to metals, ion of gadolinium? (case 2023) 27. Assertion (A): Transition metals have high enthalpy , (cerr exempta) of atomisation, & [Xe] 4f75a'652 ». (Ke) 4f85q2652 Reason (R): Greater ‘number of unpaired electrons in © (re) 478602 4. (Xe) 4F%5s1 O18. There are 14 elements in actinold series. Which transition metals resutts in weak metallic bonding. (C8SE 2023) 25. Assertion (A): 2r and Hf have almost dented oo MeeEUMLAR) Reason (A): Both zr andi bit similar properties a] (ase 2023) al @ scanned with OKEN Scannerpation of Ze a HE te te Chemistry | class 12 | 75 rand We Inthe same group santa A 2 wing b/2re mph arora ewan na erste cont ied a Men Yoge tino rm rel sment Hf a520cat ava lately es ane meee ae Cesc ieee - Soe so porate mona ids <2 we th fast avn one me srmugnetic momene Abas eS 8. ial in bony nee 5f rots °8% Astron are (east) — ses Poe" at Sts Ae tan See nae o saz em “ereotatrtoing gy Se Fe state Ie sable aue 12 38 ss ae Formed wha, ; Meearexunay 2 Min cae ee nog ‘er i ide the syagnete moment values of som cu cave ere roa ode inde he ovat at Bs ne teoretial eet, tein Bee WF Po ar ino ee Bee ally predicted values, 938: As ‘cen exturAn) Socata Boe For lcemes lon (A): The highest oxidation state of ns OS in con a are stronaly Remon gic tc “camp itanay ‘Reson: Gamiomina seis een vcrercccur) Peron, Answers = eer Wet ae lo SEEN Maen Ui se 209 oe arb et oto aes sch 2 me ee invlve the use of Tidelectrons we ectras for bond formation. ee Si tigand to meta) enarge transfer Le: 2000 of (Oe 3A) of Wa. 0.) Ar5s'6* n (ce af the following 0 sre delecrans incase ones Tm 30. VOCs ‘rating powne 3d series. 21. (b) 387 8M 5c Number of unpired electron nC" = e3 5 ce Spin only magnetic moment of" serton (A) ond the tee Reason (R) are explanation oF Aaa ).(w)40 t ed electrons in 3d oF 4 orbitals =Vis = 387 EM 1 emzattnts tow n= 3645? shows oad a7 oxidation state, maxim cemicaly very eave 22. (€) They are rmpouds are cesicaly ie Reason (R) are Inertial 23. (MnZ=25) correct explana reason (A) sf rae @) eae Fe asthe maximum number of unpaired electrons 3 12.93.16 95.86 Reason (R) is true ie 193 43 (b)unpaired electron 42.43, 04 450697 ewes tke transition metals sa (ah Aserion (an easn te estore aortas Reasen(@ 6 (A elanaion of Assertion (%) ited roreergaton 25, (é)conpe 2 ON element. ut 1 N2S ron Peed g) completely fed dors its ground state station ited rials and sommev cOneL | HO re gis false ba reason TUE behave tke transition metals a6. (ah he ably of oxygen to form mule ponds wth 12, (d) variable oxidation states: ‘metals results in the’ ‘formation of stable compounds have high ent (a ovement on accountoF we VASE ta es as th est OREN Te ani form unstable, ere OT cpairedeleevommmm sorrento “cejormttae stow HAN, (9) Taaton mes wii tattoo k metallic bond soe Craton because they havetigheffecive Nee, (cose BG aor arya greater nue of vtence Sects and f (0) au) 8-H). CD. OH) Rare ppd electrons. wich’ rest. (0 strong similar propel 5 (10; rmetalle bonding, 2nd; + H,0 +7 —> 2MnO, + 204+ 105 Hence, assertion is true Dl not known, »fodine. (CERT EX aon 11 (donot behave “ranstion metals have P inther elemental state or in most rebut ions of metals of Group ¥2 (2 yt reason i false eee & Scanned with OKEN Scanner76 | MASTERMIND CHAPTERWISE CQueerion aanx 28) Zr and HE ho 2. fa) coun Assertion (A) ane Reason) 2 Ge Reason 0 ts vet the core 30. eh Asean (9) fale bt Ronson 1s tue Assertonts false become actin orm me state K,50, + 2MnSO, OR + 8H,0+ 5,1 6. Why Is the highest oxidation state of a metal The F*.,,,. value of copper is positive eye = ee exhibited by its fluoride and oxide only? (0.34). What is the possible reason for this? (CERT INTEXT ns. Both fluorine and oxygen have very high am a clectronegativty values. They can oxidise the metals 1 Siver in its +1 oxidation state, exhibits 453° Bee canpytn Pieraeircd configuration. But in some compounds. it also shows eae eninreaglleard a ne *2oxidation state, s0 the configuration becomes 4? transition metals in partir 5c. Here, d-orbital is not completely filled. Therefore. Q7. eae effect raed pH on the cotour of siveris a transition element. 2 Zinc has stable ground state due to its completely ‘ans. When pH Is lesbuthattuafacic, mediurn). KC) filed orbitals, it therefor®. has least tendency t6 (Cr,0,2 )hasidtaige colli ta the basicivedium with form metallic bonds, in the series and thus requires ‘more tha’ 7, te tbtout of the solution charge to least enthalpy of atomisation to get atomised. oa ata betel! Xoo 0, (Crow? on). ‘ & Scanned with OKEN Scanner78 | MASTERNHND CHAPTERWISE C)¥# QB. Why Is third fonisation enthalpy of manganese "The tatty a ans a compared tocar 10 more negative Ba of Gu Lan) ag es nceptinaly igh? a ae cee, tren oT Sasa symmetric nt ofr, thd fon en stern er te cena. Me | he daa alone he tt er in Sao mat corer srs ct (95. Why be alt sats of can wie? sm Dr ntnmtmntncareoe| oP ete a Ao trae salts sonaum 2 Mnunaveecrs rtm ye fevetecroie_ wih (a ih romagaiccuraceramongibeawien cn | ee sea re cant gg Poeun cat Sis ean in ayn ta 57 a La 78. cy cao ta oat «arin solution Asin reason. | seme C8 LS agrto amie? Seite meccae a eotaw| Stier ued si rasceey fiestas ag, Onan a 2005+ 59 Die af st refore both these lor dant sane x ies a ofan oxo-anon ofr soc trough ste son of 38, we he fm al QD. when 5 appears Why? wate th ont eos the cxiation sate wo OO an bo roup number (carta Cogminines pgrosuph which gM toca orale yaon oe pe nation state S010 8S OU ie Tans tobe voeactve with Here, oto state of Hn 157 which 5 sae any a Tanstion, metals tend o increasing atomic numbers ina series. Why? 7 er ret praua erase the valucs of A. Te rigm enthalpies which make the parispauon of “lactrons rather cific (913. There isa greater range of varia among the actinoids than among the Why? ‘ans. In actinols, there is less energy difference in the 25f, 6d and 75 orbitals as compared to Af. Sd and 63 ‘rbitals in case of tanthanoids. This Means that more Zlectrons are available for bonding i actinlds 2s compared to the members of tanthanoid family 14. Why is there a generat increase in density of ‘elements from titanium (Z = 22) to copper (2 = 29)? ‘ans. In generol.the atomic radi and the atomic volumes of the elements gradually decrease along 3d series. However. their atomic masses increase, This means that the densities (Mass/Volume) of the elements are tikely to increase from left to the right in the series. Q15. There occurs much more frequently metal-metal bonding in the compounds of heavy transition ‘elements (34 series).Assign reason. ‘ans. In transition elements, a number of ns and (n=1)d electrons are available for bonding since these are inpaired. As a result, metal-metal bonding is quite Frequent in these. These are supported by the fact that metals are lustrous, hard and have high melting and boiling points, 16. Why is Cu* ion not stable in aqueous solution? OR Why is Cu* not known in aqueous solution? Ans. Cu()) compounds involving Cut ions are unstable in ‘aqueous solution and undergo disproportionation. 2Cut—s Cu? + Cu ble oxidation states lanthanoids. (920. Write the formula sroup number (7) ‘of an oxo-anion of chromium Wen it shows the oxidation state equal to group number. (cosa, ana. tne formula ts C#z07_(dichromate_1on) in wha, Tration state of Cr i 26 which is equal t0 RS grog umber (8) 921. Complete the following reactions: 29 = ) cyoF ssa ww i) MnO, Fe? + Ht —> . (i) Mn0g + Fet +H awe ann (ycro% eet 9 t* —20 36h TH 7 (iy anno 16H" +10Fe2 > 2Mr2* + 8H,0+ Tore] @3- w 922, Explain why Zn? salts are colourless while NP ang. 7 salts are coloured. a Ans, Zr2 with configuration (Ar}®3d™ has all fle orbitals, Therefore its salts are colourless. NP» wih configuration (Ar}® 3d® has some half-flted orbitals, q al, Therefore, its salts are coloured. 923. Whyis +2 oxidation state of manganese quite stable while the same not true for iron? Ans. The electronic configurations of both the ions ae MnP: (Ar]ad5: Fe: (AradS The Mn?" ion has more symmetrical configuration than Fe® ion and is therefore, more stable, Thus. #2 oxidation state of manganese is quite stable whilethat of irons not. Q24, Write the electronic configuration of an element with atomic number 102. An @ scanned with OKEN Scannerspunodiuioo sy u 21 syqye “aioe WAU aL UO! Swuoma seB zigou e Saraupe y “SUOK2aR ‘ona Bus) Ag 359 PS _J¥ [Bx] ‘uoneunByuo> ‘ages © sey 9 = 2) undoing wows aul “BES UOREPIKO 7+ GND 01 UMOUY T>M +, ypuym sous ploueyguey ain Jo saquioul F @uIeN (ore) 0) (Go) xt 2 + (bo) gt Wale Bupnpay ay wosy vor ve TEyE asneaq wale Busipro ysaBuNS © zw pue abe ‘Buysiporo soBuons e 5] YDIYMcUW PUR W140 300 “saluay Jo Sa4l25 UONSUEA PE 3 ‘onesie so AdjeWUs saMOL uy eam ayn ase sf ‘onesnlyuoo sonra yeouaaunuts sey (OE = siuauoye uorsues Jo 5295 PE ‘wuz 20} somo) xf UoRestuoNE Jo AdqeUaH® 51 KUM, (Go). +b) 20H —C sina 58 woe seoB,opun a wpns sy (ES ‘Rian si 0M 208) 31H 5 SHAESUN AEN u spunodio> «9 u ayers uanepro Zé Auo smOYS Uz as0ja.0y, uoraja 2s0W, hue 250) 01 /ouapuay ou sey uo) uz TeEnaUUARS | uDIU ‘BPE [ov] sey uo} +2UZ ‘suonza}9 fa 2S PE () 5] UZ Jo wonesByuo> ay. pasnoyo> si) pue soynop 514m) "nso e Sy (eRssod 5) voNsuED pp) wonesnijue> _pe Sey UOT «gm uPA GUOZAB jo woysuea p-p ov) WOREMBYUD qPE SA Il) “spunoduwe> fay ul aes uopepixo z+ Kuo sMoys UZ (H) “pauno}o fp pue S53n0109 51.0) :Buymomioy ays wierd TE uojendwo> >auoaray aygens © seanboe 3 omar 200 2fuya pue Auanbay sou 35 woReP ssqnp saues uopsuen 351g aya Jo 1eIou! HM (c+ pue s+ 5+ vr Er 7+) sais wonepno jo oqurl ununeus smoys (GW) asoueHveu waa? *L swowoyo ayn Buowe savers {so suonmos snoonbe uy anges on © Scanned with OKEN Scanner80 | Masrenvpwo cHaPTERWst Chu 40, ster atm hay completly wun by fons! eet eid in the sete Therefore jons Sa & Short Answer tupe-1ou Gi wha do you mean by variable onan states? PMS Ietonten of stn element dos. toast te oan ss La Vrs Oona cee cerpion of nad CU of zine gr. ccm semen exit varie onan cane the energy erence beeen of te outemet shel 2nd Tesincaee of Se ereey of satel dee amdecvorsafbath esutsele can Droste formato ° me Spl rf) eis 2 and + 3 oan copper (Cu) elt + 1 and «2 oxidation states and ci Je sates 192 Which elements are called actinoids? Write th ma uses. sos, te pero ble acne athe elements placed after (rom soTh to oslw) are Sitadec bide Tis series formed by te successive fling of electrons in Fsubshll Uses: Important uses ofthese elements are 35 follows: (9 These elements are highly reactive metals, Thus. they con be used as strong reductant (i) These are used for the formation of complex ‘compounds. @3. What are interstitial compounds? Why are such compounds wellknown for transition metals? Ans. The compounds in which interstitial spaces in the ‘crystal lattice are trapped by small atoms (ke H, C or Nae called interstitial compounds. These are well ‘known for transition metals because the small atoms Uke H.N or C get easly trapped in the voids present in xystal lattice of transition metals QA. Explain why Cu" ion is not stable aqueous solutions. (wcenr ext) ‘Ans. Cu* (oq) is more stable than Cu2* (aq). This Is because Second ionisation enthalpy of copper is more, but for Cu?* (aq), Anyy H is more negative as compared to Cur (aq). So it compensates more for the second ‘onisation enthalpy of copper. Thus. mostly copper () compounds are unstable in aqueous solution and disproportionate in the following manner: 2Cut (aq) —+ Cu? (aq) + Cu(s) ans. Ans. ae. Ans. tent atid eernents oc Bt electrons have more poor shi "ether | rng taro Pree wc f te ftiowng Wl be cou Sauwowr solton? ncenreene “TV cu", Se Mat Fac Coniythoselans wile calouredehichhavlncarg | ort The ton wih ther meh A Garbials are colouress Heeping this veg Coloured ion among the gent ae: TIGA, Vea MP 3E, F.C By 56> ("and Cut Gd) ions are colouress For MM and M/M" systems, the E* vals ‘Some metals ae given: (ween ree CR /cr=09V; CYC = 94 Man Fore Fet/Fe=04V; Use this data to comment upon: () The stability of Fe5* in acid solution compared to that of C* or MnP. ‘The ease with which iron can be oxidised | compared to the similar process for ith chromium or manganese metal. (NCERT EXERa| (WAS Ecae 2+ is negative (-0.4 V). this means th ns in solution cannot be reduced to Cri sare very stable. As further comprise, of & values shows that Mn? fons can be reduc to Mn2* lan mare readily than Fe>* fons. Thus the light ofthis. the order of relative stabilities different ions is: =+08 MnP < Fe Fe. What must be the stable oxidation state of the transition elements with the following electronic configuration in the ground states of their atoms: 3a, 305, 348, 34°? (vcerr exereisy The maximum oxidation states of reasonable stably in the transition metals of 3d series correspond tothe sum of 5 and delectrons up to Mn, However, aftr Mn there is an abrupt decrease in oxidation states the light of this, most stable oxidation states of tte elements are 303: 3d4s? (+ 5) :3d5: 30545" (+ 6) and 345452 (+1) 38: 344s? (42) :3d4: 3444s? or 3d 5451(+ 6) giz. Cor ( Ans. | ‘Qs. net @ scanned with OKEN Scannerchemistry | Ciass 12 | 84 sone cemtent do the electronic cont 14, Explain —_paramagnetle and — diamagr 2.8% Cy toxin arte aa" Era moon tren WP O° tf ge traaon steer Musate Your ‘enarmple, saps coat sett it an exam. necereaenvece) Ane, Wrath ofthe tramatin metal torre Sen ire ets stably to 9 portethar element fog ur os parry co te nami of sikh bia, more all Cut Wd ph 20d 3p al? reat statlty For example tetas ate the TLL re tes tne) ong (eleeleL) wo gy aa Mn: (A) 3d nt ae, tp ether an the ain, er won state of the element to thkely to be the maw. etic behaviour. eg. Cu on o ile because the corresponding electronic ‘Cus : 192, 262 2ph 35? 3p 3a wration of Mn?" is highly symmetrical (al the fa) x round state. ‘How can you say that it is a transition Q15. Calculate th Seca? (wcenrintexr) MP (aq) ion (2= 27)- Tiger (2= 47) belongs to group TI of d-block (CuAg, Ans. Electronic configuration of atc ter electronic configuration is 465s) e p ‘1 oxidation state (4d configuration) in iectrone configuration of M2 =(AP} 30 17a (ea ABC). However. can also eit Ug, 7A ation state (4d configuration) in compounds (ae ve A anak the presence of hal Hed ‘Thus. it contains three unpaired electrons. isa tanston metal 5 pre iin ont ‘etic moment (1) = n(n +2) BM. 1 owiskMnO, prepared from pyrolisite? Give steps Spin only magnet moment (0) = faved with equations. carson) where. n= numberof unpaired electrons. ac pen rte 6 fsed wth KOH i presence 2G+3 = am af ar or oxidising agent, potassium manganate is 1-387 BM. produced =307 8. : — 16. Equivalent weight of KMnO, is different in acidic 72Mn0, + 4KOH +O, —+ 2,0, +24,0 ca atie medium. Why? (yrotossam ranganate upon further 0X08 OF yng, nace medium Kin, show flowing reaction: eproportionation in a neutral or acidic medium “e vs gives potassium permanganate, 2kin0, + 34,50, —> K,50, + 2MNSO, + 34,0 +5 (0) 3KgMnO,, + 2H 50, —> 2K,50, + 2KMnO, + 2H,0 Thus, equivalent weight of KMNO, (depraportonatinatnts0) +N Molecular wt of KMNO, Thangeinoxdation number paired electcons, so itis damagneli pin only’ magnetic moment of (cen TEXT) corn M(Z = 27) = (Ar) 30? Fa Kynino, Listoaric onsaton _, ayno, (at anode) 30455464 Sis atatine medium) eet ez complete and balance the following equation Inalkatine medium, KhnO, shows following reaction: (c8se2018) 6 eee 2kNanO,, + 2KOH—> Ky MnO, + H,0 + (0) , Thus. equivatent weight of KNINO, i) Na,Cr,0, + KCL—> 39455464 _158 Jans. (i) 2Mn0 4 + 10 + 16H* —> 2Mn?* +51, + BHO. 71-6 1 (i) NagCr,0, + 2KCL—+ KCr,0, + 2NACl Q17, What are alloys? Name an important alloy which 014 complete the following equations: _(CB5E2025) contains some of the lanthanoid metals. Mention its ()) 2Mn0, + 5NO; + 6H’ —> use. (NCERT EXERCISE) : ‘Ans. Alloys are the homogeneous mixtures of different eae i ns O00) 1 1 Ge eee * metals which are obtained by mixing diferent (uno; + 5NOx + 6H'—> 2Mn?* + BNO; + 3H,0 tals, These are infact, homogeneous solid solutions (i) C103" + WHY + 6°" —> 2C13* + 7H.0 in which atoms of one metal are irregularly dispersed @ scanned with OKEN Scanneron ens convrenvise CQveeron sat 82 | MasteRNiS® ther motat This type of " ri @ 2M - famous alley 1s whereas higher oxid states are Most stay 2 Gre eu a aa ethers in raneition elements = @ of the mc meta sed Jon elements and their compo oi sores tents cae ee Te gond eat me) 9 imag fos on SE TT ad WM) Eee) walle RIGNY an oe ene (En au ONY oe | c aim Conia OW (i) easona rege ‘ 2 +H (aq) — 122 Ty () {1,94 00) HS Transition elements have the tity (i) Cut (oa) «1 (00) > ‘ans. (0 Tretiple oxidation states and to form ese M05 «FF +O whicnmates tem agooderaist S| a *, ‘value is highly negative as cor w vino, 7 (0 yaaa e : (0 C703 (oq) + 34,5 (9) + 8H" (aq) —> 267" (00) toviher elements due to stabilty of hal ane. () C50} 7440 (on) +3519) subehel (i) 2642 (oq) + A-(aq) —> Cu (91+ 1) (a) Cr has & configuration white > tas ma] ( > jo > 208" + 280; Stable 6 (2) configuration, Thus Cre oe tendency to aque CF” due to prea a +3504 © ‘of +3 oxidation state, Therefore. Cr acs = srrong reducing agent. Gu) 24070, Ps KegMnd, + Mn, +037 strong reducing ag 7 x agent in acidic medium. 3. 19. K,Cr,0, is a good oxidising agent i ze ro on “mn 028 | -025 | -034| 4 cosa decrease in Tosi} =e [=o a ns. see edu, undergoes _decrease_Ip 28-025 ine from 8 in C07 nto 3. Front given values Ta eee ee ere cutee roe atk bande, 9 9 fea Sa a saliowing gums axidation state therefore. K,Cr,0; Is a good oxidising i) Why is E'sgcy, value highly negative att 3 ocr Why is Furpe a ager the acide medium omnpared to other elements? i pele 2)" (ii) What is the reason for the irregularity in [é] eet e607 [zee] +7440 oe tee ie A . il) Why is E'ge, Value exceptionally posite] Get ie an oxding reacon of Kc30, in tne WY HF pole A acidic medium. : wig ee (ii) Write one oxidising reaction of KMnO, in the Ans. (i) €° value of (Mn?*/Mn) is highly negative basic medium, compared to other elements due tothe gre ‘Ans. (i) K,Cr,0, oxidise H,S to a sulphur (yellow ppt) in the Stability of hal-filed d-subshell of Mn2*(325) | aciaic medium. (i) The E"yeeqy Values are not regular which cx KCr,0, + 4H,50, + 3H,S—+ K,50, + Cr5(S0,)3 +7H,0 +35 (i) kNin0, oxidise Ki to KIO, in the basic medium. 2KMn0, + KI + HO —> 2Mn0, + 2KOH + KIO, D Short Answer type-li Questions y QL Define transition metals. Why Zn, Cd and Hg are not called transition metals? How is the variability in oxidation states of transition metals different from that of p-block elements? (CBSE 2022 Term-2) ‘Ans. Transition metals are defined as metals which have incomplete d-subshell either in neutral atom or in their ions. Zn, Cd and Hg have full d'° configuration in their round state as well as in their common oxidation states and hence, are not regarded as transition metals. be explained from the irregular variation ¢ ionisation enthalpies (4,H, + 4,H,) and also te| sublimation enthalpies which are relatel much less for manganese and vanadium. (ii) Copper has high enthalpy of atomisation (ad#| and low enthalpy of hydration (Anya). Sic the high energy to transform Cu(s) to Cu? (i \s not balanced by hydration enthalpy, therefat| E'c.2ryqy Value is exceptionally positive. Q4. Complete the following chemical equation fy reactions in aqueous solution. (i) Cr, OF" + Ht + Fe2*—> (i) Mno; +r +H (ili) MnO; +C, 02° 4 He, @ scanned with OKEN Scannerseo ong em, 0 Cn mcat Catengp RO oy ough seen 0 spel tere et are ae white th (ost 2015) agent because ‘coy Mh (+157 V). AS a result Atm * reduced €0 NN ony, ion ca be cCcepting an electron rare 2 Good oak Wie Cr on thet a by wu that. the variation inthe = The Se 9 atomibation ad ena Fae due to the canoe at =e aly vet the reason that thee an_form multiple by Tr 7 metals, but uorine can tie element Kin exhibits sore ine and #7 oxidation state a Oo F Ao. ae F ve easons for the following statements {1 Copper does not displace hydrogen from acids. {@ Tansition metals and most of their compounds show paramagnetic behaviour. (a Zr,Cd and Hg are soft metals. (CBSE 2022 Term2) 1 |) Copper does not displace hydrogen from acids because Cu has positive €° value, ie, itis less (C0SE 2022 Tem, nly negative as Je to the of Mn2(305) ular which eax ar_variation i) and also the are relatively) radium. reactive than hydrogen whose € value is OOV. (Transition metals and most of their compounds show paramagnetic behaviour due to the presence of one or more unpaired electrons in dsubshell i) Zn. Cd and Hg have completely filed c-orbitals inthe ground state as wel asin thelr common ovidation states. Thus, due to absence of any vapaired_electrons _and_weak_metal-metal bonding, they are soft in nature "Gi reasons for the following! 4) The only oxidation state i543, © TH, oy 6) Mnovs bas Chemistry | lass 12 | 83 56 20) ete or (het? flectrnde vontiguratin, fas the tendency 69 (RKO) seo eeu 8) The oxide the lower oxidation state of a metal a baste and inthe higher oxidatin state of the vihy. MoO (osidation Answer the (0 What isthe generat electranic configuration of lanthanoids? (W) What are the common oxidation states of cerium (At.n0. $8)? (ii) Wry do actinolds show a wide range of oxidation tates? (0 The genera electronic configuration of tanthancids 1s ie) af 5a Ge? (i The common 58) are +3 and +4, (i) There is a greater range of oxidation states in actinolds, It is due to the fact that Sf. 6d and 75 levels are of comparable energies. . Give reasons forthe following statements: (0 Scandium (Z =21) isa transition element, but 2n(2= 30) isnot. () [TiH,0),)* Is coloured white [SetH,O)* is colourless. (ii) Physical and chemical properties ofthe Ad and 5d series of the transition elements are quite similar than expected. (CBSE 2022 Term2) (0 Scandium has incompletely filed d orbitals (3d’) in its ground state, so it is regarded as a transition element, On the ather hand, zinc has, completely filled d orbitals (3d!) in its ground State as well as ints oxidised state, hence itis not regarded asa transition element (i) Tin Ti(H,0),)*is in +3 oxidation state and Sc in {Sel},0),)>"s in #3 oxidation state. TP* has one unpaired electron in 3d orbital to undergo d-transition by absorbing light from visible region and radiating complementary, colour, Therefore, (ilH,0),)*Is coloured. ‘$c3* does _not_contaln unpaired electrons to undergo d-d transition. Therefore, (Sc(H,0),}* is “{i) This is because 4c and 5d sees elements have | the same atomic and lonic radii due to fanthanide contraction. & Scanned with OKEN Scanner84 | MASTERMIND CHAPTERWISE CO 10, Account forthe following: 0 iy cach more stale tan Cy (i) Atomic eal of 4 and 5d series elements are nearly same. , . Gi) Hydrochlore aeld Is not used In permanganate OO fuacone rers70%7 Ans. (i CuCl, Cuts in + 2 oxidation state whl s more Stable duet high yrationenthnpy as compared which Cu isin (i) Atomic radil of 4d and 5d series elements are nearly same due to lanthanoid contra (i Hydrocnioric acid (HEI) Is not permanganate titrations because HCL to chlorine Note: The lanthanige contraction is. greater than expected decrease In ianic radi ofthe elements inthe lanthanide series ‘GUL Account forthe following: (9 Eu? isa strong reducing agent. (i Orange colour of dichromate ion changes to yellow in atkatine medium. aon (i) Earp values for transition metals show 07 eit ates ‘cse20") ‘Ans. (9 €u2 having electronic configuration (Xe}4f? is a strong reducing, agent because in the aqueous solution. it reverts back to the most stable +3 ‘oxidation state. Eu (When orange solution containing _Cr,0 (Gichromateion) i treated with an alkali yellow solution of Cr,03-(chramate ion) is obtaine co coe Deprcataion— Chramaefon (Grane) ‘rata (i) ns and (9 ~ i) electrons of transition metal have very lite difference in the energies and hence both can participate in bonding. which results in variable oxidation states. When ns electrons take part in bonding, they exhibit lower oxidation states whereas (n ~ 1)d electrons along with ns electrons participate in bonding, they exhibit Variable oxidation states, Qiz. (i) Write any two consequences of lanthanoid contraction, (ii) Name the element of 3d series which exhibits the largest number of oxidation states, Give reason. (€8SE 2022 Term-2) ‘Ans. (i) Consequences of Lanthanold Contraction: (2) Due to lanthanold contraction, the third transition series atom has roughly the same size (atomic and ionic radii) as the second transition series atom. (6) Due to lanthanoid contraction, the basic strength of oxides and hydroxides of fanthanoids decrease with increase in atomic number. 9 anganese (34 45°) xr (0 Metta ta ist or are a3 Se ompied) Hence. Teh a nea ction ates (rang tin on among te felling why? 7 ce (atom number 7 ore ne meh more res towards? | rt ongation state of 8 meta ig Hoa or uorie only Justify ne eo Last Electron configuration of sven inate 7) 366458; C= AT ag Vso) 3 45 nce doesnot contain unpaired entsiga dd tans, tis clout ee iecrronic configuration of Mr? = arags Electronic configuration of Fe = frage as stble (al te) cori Fe config tration and by See es configuration change to mae 53 configuration Therefore. Mr?" Is much more resistant a Fet* towards oxidation. Oxygen ond fluorine act a5 strong agents because of their small se ang electronegativty. Hence. 3 traniion tbs highest oxidation state inte aug | Ruorde o Long Answer Type Questions y 1 Explain the following observation: () d-block elements exhibit more oxidation sti! as compared to elements of f-block. i) Cu* salts are colourless, whereas Cu?* salts zn coloured. (Atomic number of Cu = 2! (iii) Mn?* ion is more stable than Mn> ion. (iv) Transition elements form several compl compounds. (v) Zn? salts are white whereas Cu salts a blue. Ans. (i) dblock elements contain a large number é unpaired electrons which take part in bart} formation. Because of this, effective nuclear charg} is less. So, they exhibit more number of axial states as compared to Flock elements in Fi effective nuclear charge becomes more effet due to weak shielding effect of Forbita hence, less electrons take part in bond format (il) Cu* ion does not have unpaired electron, 2! can not exhibit d-d transition, Thus. Cut salts colourless. Cu?* salts are coloured becauset™ have an unpaired electron, so they can show # transition. They scatter blue colour by light from visible region. am “ aw Ans. () i) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner3° 3p 0 3a, weaned ey shell Ga") 2 compet iz form a mre Vay) = This nla Humber gy aN antag geen a naiability of vaca eeeBe derity the. = uot which the salt 98 352 3p 399 «= configuration, @'subsh jount for the foll ee ee 1d Fie values fc : highly positive. {o)Gu" ion is unstable in aqueous solution, Wwite the equations involved in the preparation ‘of KMnO, from pyrolusite ore (MnO, * (cose 202 to the comparatively smaller size a ailability of vacant _d-orbitals for bond farmation, transition metals form a large umber of complex compounds. value is highly negative for manganese due to the greater stability of halffiled c'subshell of Mn2(3d°) whereas, -yyy2- 5 highly positive due to the fact that lin2- (04) is quite stable. ur (og) is more stable than Cu2* (aq). This = Because second ionisation enthalpy of copper is more, but for Cu? (aq). dng H is more negative as compared to Cu" (aq). So it compensate more for the second ionisation enthalpy of copper. Thus, mostly copper () compounds are unstable in aqueous solution 2nd disproportionate in the following manner: 2Cu* (0g) —+ Cu2* (aq) + Culs) The equations involved in the preparation of KMnO, ‘om pyrolusite ore (MnO,) are as under. 2in0, + 4KOH +O, 2H, metal fons. high ionic charges and the\ \ ” ets orm toys italy an co Pearl (2 orcion st strong.o Suidaton statetemare sen ee BeaUSE*3 ectensatelamorestabie ton compleres where ~ =>. tendency to forr: (i CRO 20 24. (aes ea tan (38 {@) Transition mig weous soltion, CCompieté-and balance the following equations: (a) Cr,0}- + 14H" + 6Fe2* (6) kno, — Pst (c1se.2023) (ii) What is Misch metal? Write its one use. () (@) Cuisa transition metal of 3d series that exhibits, only one oxidation state (b)Cr_is the strongest reducing agent in 42 oxidation state (il) (2) Cr03> + 14H* + Fe? —s 2C13* + 6Fe®* + 7,0, (b) 2kMino, M2» K,MInO, + MnO, +O, } Misch metalis an alloy that consists of a lanthanoic metal (-95%) and iron (5%) and traces of S.C. Ca and AL It is used in Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shell and lighter flint, ‘Account for the following: {@) Transition metals show variable oxidation states. ) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals. value for the Ma*/Mn?* couple is highly tive (+1.57V) as compared to Cr yer, Ans, Q5. (i) (cast2017) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner86 | MASTERMIND cHAPTERWISE Cun i) Write one smiartyand one eiference between ( Whe chemistry of Tanthencl and ortield omens (vi) Tonetion metas have sory ie deve oq Ut ficeees and (#1 1) ehelectrons and hence tosh prt yang wis eat invariant tte, Wh electrons take tind thee ower ion es wher when (9 electrons alan (nan chant hr deranin subst hs an Seca olngrns (0 sins dt thea that (2) (ote sabe wheres conparatily to tale for COV bata of the ra Stabilty of CF. Therefore, Cr>* Cannot be meaucedtoc (i f Both anthanoid and actnoid elements © Sonva common odaan ste and bo are electropostive and very reactive, Difference: Lanthanoids have less tendency to form complexes whereas actinoids have greater tendency to form complexes. 6. () Account forthe following: (@) Copper ()) compounds are white whereas Copper (I) compounds are coloured, (©) Chromates change their colour when kept in an acidic solution, (Zn, Cd, Hg are considered as d-block ‘elements, but not as transition elements. ) Calculate the spin-only moment of Co? (2 = 27) by writing the electronic configuration of Co and Co. (case2020) 4ns.() (a) Cu’ (34°) compounds are white because of absence of unpaired electrons while Cu2* (30) compounds are coloured due to unpaired lectrons and they show d-d transition, () Gwromates change their colour when kept inn aid solution: because they change to Ans. () Difference between Lanthanoids and Actinolds TE een antacids and Actinoids dichromates (Cr,03-), (0 Zn Cd and Hg are considered as dblock elements, but not as transition elements due 0.completely Filled d-orbitas in their ground state as well asin excited state w Eetronic configuration of Co (2= 27) = (ar) 3d? 2 (2 = 27) = (Ar) 30? Co = (ara? By the electronic configuration of Co2* ion, itis lear that it has 3 unpaired electrons, Hence 07, Answer the folowing: (0 Why ae al copper halides know exe copper lodide? Pty | (0) Wing Is the Egy ¥AlN6 for ; comparatively tow? an8Rhy ¢ (iy Wy HEL should not be Used for permangnate raion "Peta c (Ei re esr a th tgs Petlod, there ts 9 sight Increase ies radius ofd block elements, mon (9 Ma's he eet oF on dona | Solution? () A copper halides are known except that lodide because Cu? oxidizes odie foe yo ledine but copper iaie not formes He |g. ater halogens combine fo form capper hans | 69 Te compara lowe vale or Vana eto the abt oF (al ad Salo (i Potassium permanganate iiraiose © of hyretoric acd are unatraceny Se hyrechlariesiisrdsedro corns Hen Shou ot be used for potsso perma S trations (3) The deritatiscomplete when tet edn Decreaea te reais electrons pret 3 higher «orbital toa greater dent ees inthe higher -orbital to greater ecient esr : ee the toric radius of dblockelements at teensy each period (0) The chromates and —dichromates ay interconvertble in aqueous solution depen upon pl ofthe solution. On increasing the pi basic Solution) ofechromateions,acolour cha fom orange to yellow is observed as dihromes ions change to chromate lane Q8. (i)Give three points of difference between lanthanolds and actinolds. (ii) Give reason and select. ‘one atom/ion which wil, ‘exhibit asked property: (2) Sc or e+ (Exhibit diamagnetic behaviow (©) Cr or Cu (High melting and boing point (cose 2029 Ans. quo. ( S.No.| — Lanthanoids 1. Most of the lanthanoids are 2. They do not show 3. | Most of their ions Actinoids AlLactinoids are radioactive elements fadloactive elements. They show a wide ange _of oxidation states Most of their ions are arecolourless, | coloured Spin-ont 2, pi ly moment of Co2*, In(n+2) (il) (@) Sc; because of absence of unpaired u=\3G73) =e electrons, =3928Mm (b) Cr; because of presence of strong intermetallic =a bonding than Cu, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(cx023509) ‘suoseai omy @Alp “Sploueyaue] 0} paredwoo se payeonduios si spjounse yo Ansiway (1) eeu jeje ue gy paren way snojo MOTIAK 1 sebuey uo} {0% jo snoje> abueso 6) ue uormos snoanbe ‘uy aygeasun sor ypI4A n> PUE 19400 (6) esuauaye poia-d aun jo 224; woy quarayIp sjevu UoRISUER yo saieys vonepyxo UL Aye oun s1 MOH (©) (2rd (unpou aren) (@p0ve ve) "OUMNH rama YOUN 4 Zouw+ ote our + "ose —YostHe + *ouW? HE ofc "OU xe —"0 + HOMY + FOUN are “uw wosy “OUND Foun wos suonenba yeojuou> 4h ou CH) saseainap 12Dee) AYERS WONEPHO aU yen "523235 UONEPRO 43M} UI (9) sspunodusoa x@jduwo> Jo sequin jounse pue pjoueyauey jo AnsOy> 2p tuaamgaq aouasayyip auo pue Aes au0 aH (t) pasedwos se (A ‘Aiu6qa 51 aydne> .,UHA/-c UW 917 405 a 40 auaioydwe 51 appxo asoybry aun 5 >jseq 3! Je}9u RISUeN Jo apIxo 359Mo} 2 ‘spunodwo jo soquinu 966) wou sierou Buymoroy ut 40) uno W) OT (rose © Scanned with OKEN ScannerBB | MASTERMIND CHAPTERWISE CQutsrion mann ns. ()(a) The varabilty In oxidation states of transition 408 OO) ate du to the Incomplete filing of insuch 3 way that their oxidation cotter by unity. tor of pitock at fer by units Ste for eammple. +3 and =. Moreover In {Panation elements the higher oxdation states aremore stable isin a group 3 engl ne" femore state than Een sock leet the to re more, stable (or Fe mers due Selec or ample PO more aie tan PO QyCe tone unstable in aqueous solution fin Cob Ths is because, although second ionisation enthalpy of copper_is_large. but wv ipy for Cur 1s much more Fdration enthal Tague than tot for CU" and-hence. ie more tier vampensates tor the second ination nay of copper Therefor. many. Cu Eempaonds are unstable In aqueous solaton snd undergo dspropotonation cut —+ Gul? Cu 6) orange colour of Cr,0;-ion changes to yellow (0 Orne wen treated with an aa because of the formation of evomat ions oF + 20H > 2010+ HO again owenen eae) "yao (i) Chemistry of actinoids is complicated a5 compared to lanthanoids because: (a) Actinoids show a wide range of oxidation states ie, +3, +4, +5, and +6 due to small energy difference between 5f 6d and 7s Subshells of actinoids. (6) Actinoids are radioactive due to whi chemistry is complicated. Q13. (1) Account for the following: (a) Zn salts are colourless while Ni salts are coloured. (6) Cr?*is a strong reducing agent. (6) Transition metals and their compounds show catalytic activities. (ii) Write the ionic equations for the oxidizing action ‘of MnO; in acidic medium with —_(cBsE 2023) (a) rion, and (b) Fe?* ion. Ans. (i) (a) Zn?* with configuration (Ar]'® 3d” has all filled orbitals, Therefore, its salts are colourless, Ni2* with configuration (Ar}"® 3c has some half- filled orbitals. Therefore. its salts are coloured. (0)Cr?* has a configuration while Cr3* has more stable d3 (ta) configuration. Thus, Cr hhas a tendency to acquire Cr3+ due to greater stability of +3 oxidation state, Therefore, Cr2* acts as a strong reducing agent. heir (9 Transition elements. have the ay adopt muttigle ox eat | 0% Mint Compleves which makes thers see ome (09 (0) 284m, + 101+ YH" —> Bs ae nn () ano; +164" OF aa A eens 14. Assign reason for each of the following: "Fs warn ar aapemes tan etnies aa oer (of 7 among the Bd series of aration eg 2 ome Serra oun sooseaaynca we ya8 reactions. wr (i) C2" reducing in nature while with the ie Cu?* (aq) + Cu(s) @ scanned with OKEN Scanneran otny Eu not stable i aque name a member of ecit-known to exh 4 {oyname to elements of 3u sees whieh show ous electronic configuration «vines ota onset inst 7tton bea ropa fhe sGeskdtlon staan group hummer (omni the ry anges ne GC, a eo hg yl Wa {oo cut) compounds involving Cun are unstable tn 2Cu' —» cu? + Cu ihe stablity of Cu? ons as campared tou" fon isl t0 more negative 2 fog) than the second oniaion go dlsproportionation Cu (ag) hich compens: enthalpy of Cu involved () Cerium — Cefxe) 4250652 Formation of Ce* is favoured by its noble gas configuration ie Celxe) 4/9 59 6s? (vr and Cu are the elements of 3d series which show anomalous electronic configuration. bis. Attempt any five of the following: {) Which ofthe following ions will have a magnetic moment value of 1.73 BM? Sc3*, TH", TH*, Cu? Zn? (i) In order to protect iron from corrosion, which ‘one will you prefer as a sacrificial electrode, Ni or Zn? Why? (Given standard electrode potentials of Ni, Fe and Zn are -0.25 V, -0.44V and 0.76 V respectively.) (ii) The second ionization enthalpies of chromium and manganese are 1592 and 1509 ki/mol respectively. Explain the Lower value of Mn. (iv) Give two similarities in the properties of Scand Zn. (v) What is actinoid contraction? What causes actinoid contraction? (vi) What is the oxidation state of chromium in chromate ion and dichromate ion? (vii) Write the ionic equation for reaction of KI with acidified KMnO,. (CBSE Sap 2023-24) |Ans. (i) Both T3* and Cu?" have 1 unpaired electron, so the ‘magnetic moment for both will be 173 BM. (i) Zn. it has a more negative electrode potential so will corrode itself in place of iron. (i) n° has 3454s! configuration and configuration of Cr* is 305, therefore, jonisation-enthalpy of Mn’ is wo 2 | 89 Chemistry | (0) ont 2 bt fan oe (0) io ocrnna (4) Intanetwonnate and eehvomte on. roan (op 10s 2a, +H pon steg, ant) (017, What can be Inferred from the magnetie moment ‘values ofthe following complex species? Example Magnetic moment (8M) 0) Kymin 22 (i) (Feo. 53 (ay Kenedy 5.9 «ncenroxencis) ‘na. The magnetic moment of a compounds ven by the relation (#)= Ji(9* 2) BM., where mis the number of unpaired electrons, For one unpaired electron (n= 1) i= tea} = 3-173 Fortwo unpaired eectrons (9=2}: uo (2+ 2) (@ = 2838m For three unpaired electrons (n= 3): B+ 2) =\i5 »3670M ForFour unpaired electrons (n = 4 no (le) = 2 498M For five unpaired electrons (n= 5} = (Gra) = (35 =5928M In the light of the above valu, let us gather the desired information about the complex species that are mentioned (i) K,[Ma(CN),) Oxidation state of Mn: (Mn(CN),}*. 146 (== 4orxe— 446-42 “The magnetic value of 173 BM. indicates the presence cof one unpaired electron inthe complex. When six,CN ions (or ligands) approach Mn?* ion, electrons in 3d orbitals pair up to make available six vacant orbitals involving d2sp? hybridisation. |) GEL CNCN CN CNCNON ‘The complex is octahedral and is paramagnetic due to ‘one unpaired electron. & Scanned with OKEN Scannervy) ss JO UONeUe|EK® 1231409 aN 5t () Uoseay poe an axe (ui) uoseay pue (y) uonassy ynog -e “JAMSUD aN (y) uosoay 24) pud (¥) uoassy 5) au0 ‘suawayoys omy Jo s)ssua suonsanb Gumojo} ays Jo y>03 :{9-s “Son ~) suonsaig Suonsend edf uoseay pue uopiessy “oneunSyu0> » pg sey Uo! 22 AWM UoReAnEyuOD DE Sey Uo) ,2n7 -e :asneaq aneubewerp s| ‘osu ayym 2naubewered 5) Yosny 20 apyoyy> asaueBuew p VAuoque2e>ap asauesuewig > aqeueBuewad WnIsse}og “q ayeueBuew wnisseiog 2 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Sor : eee Wage © & 9490170 4 0 ens squnu vopepye Ot A eee WG ‘SsauebueW spunoduos Buymorios ays Jo Y>IyM U) Th 1 SZ ABquIMU aWeRE YAMA LOHMos snoanbe Ut uo} quayeaip e Jo wuswow snaUBeW ay, “yh Suopsand e21049 9] 389] 4a}deyD xy PAYERS ‘Bs0jasauy $1 xajdwo ayy UL UOREWIOY puog ay UI panjonuL eNO PE any axa ye ea sueBLH Sy TET TATE] ton) sxe» ay uy suanzep payedun any ave asoun seus See PUI “WE ES Jo anfen wuawow snavBew aup RRP HE Zaye Z~=x407-=(-) y+ eC DUH) 00 Geen uso ; Pounl'x ] LTTE TF] tee = ze Srueben saan pub sy ueTeA a0 iu "HotHO anjonuy ave syeugu =u) py asneraq -dMOFHe4) ywwe nousan() 3SIMILdVHD RINSISW | 06