1 0 Biomolecules > Biomolecules are the organle compounds which Form the basis of life, Ze, they build up the living system and are «esponsible for thei growth and maintenance. > Carbohydrates: Optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes and got io Lait pee L by é —— a Fastracl« Revision | des: These fe polymers or serpeducingand Non-reduclng SUBETE:Carbohygay | sr termed as reducing carbohydrates, eg | gh = ‘and disacchatides (g i. (oldoses) oF ketones (ketoses) or compounds which on hydrolysis give these units are known as carbohydrates. ‘They are also called saccharides. » Depending upon their behaviour towards hydrolysis, carbohydrates can be of folowing three types: 1. Monosaccharides: These cannot be hydrolysed to simpler molecules and further subdivided into tetroses, pentoses or hexoses depending upon the number of carbon atoms. These are also Aldotetroses: Erythrose, Thriose > Aldopentoses: xylose, Ribose > Aldohexoses: Glucose, Galactose > Ketohexoses: Fructose 2, Oligosaccharides: On hydrolysis, they generally give two to nine monosaccharides (same or different) and are Further classified as disaccharides, eg, sucrose, maltose, lactose, trisaccharides and so on, > Cutl,O,, is a disaccharide because it gives two monosaccharides. iglazOry+ HO —> Cehya0g+ Cea Boetse Glucose’ Fructose > The bond formed between two monosaccharides is called a glycosidic bond and normaly itis (1, 4) bond, > Sucrose is most abundant in plants and is known {as cane sugar or table sugar or invert sugar as equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose is obtained by hydrolysis of sucrose, cH,0n 4 7 —o, H ¢ ‘OH H HO B 2 0 | H on ho H Structure of Sucrose > Oneimportanttrisaccharide'sraffinose (CyyH,,0,,). (Cyoty20,,)+2H,0 1”, Glucose + Fructose + Galactose a re known as none, sah eee Oe ernuomeee Sot ee chcremaenar oem, | (cnr chve one prevent > nonce byiyer oF stro | Cipla yy HO 59 Cetra 6+ Cah: | Sucrose “Glucose” Fructose +040 ACO Os)y ene Glucose starchor cellulose BIKE Soar > Structure of Glucose > In intermolecular hemiacetal Formation (oyic structure), — CHO is converted into — CHOH which can have two configurations as shown below: H—¢—oH] HOE ceform () Porm) > Glucose having () configuration about C, is the e-glucose and having (li) configuration about C, is Bealucose. > The carbon C, is known as anomeric carbon and these compounds are called anomers. Both the Forms are optically active. a-D-glucose has specific Fotation 4111.5" and -D-glucose has specc rotation +19,5°, » Properties of Glucose: Glucose has one aldehyde ofou ‘one primary hydroxyl (—CH,OH) and four secondary hydroxyl (—CHOH) groups and gives the following Feactions: @ scanned with OKEN Scannerwie Seate contirming geste Fret ous in alicose® °° me Ho 1, $OEOO—* CHOC Scan ty intact nea 1 reacts wih Year ae and adds wi nema Seats sae th S101 HOS HOMO Gy we pote a" Kee ACH iy ules, byogen, eee lie ctowrre,s Sugars: Carbot SiO ranahyg gH COM ohvates, eget St. duces ammoniacat ey, meu artes, at ate eee mene se * (rc AS eagen) to meas et te sty, ho not race” [te slo or Borat shan at 35 nonreducing awn cuprous Oxide (CU,0) and esgion £0 Fed nomena, pwscare i are ence of 9 i onan soe on be bom » Yocose 15 oxidised to sluconic acig ere Mer feeuahnc ocd ers a, See's sweet taste ane Polysaccharides not sweet in taste tino, J (CHOH),—COOH Hoey 0h coed | '{GHOW cro ep40 19, blood suga ‘ em. : HOCH, (CHO, Sion Sage OOM hot dt miner cease, 09 prolonged heating with i frm hesane,SuBgesting that al the 6 carbon stacos 120 Grose at linked linearty, = e200 HCO oc ey MC 420s viene Ch, onal as wth Naphig and water, glucose is reduced ta ShalP0H,CICHOH),CH, OH). __ 1 pgcose reacts with three molecules of phenyt won Corie” sre to gve osaz0ne(glucosazone) low: a CHNNHC,H, CHOH acyhynwinny, C=NNHCAH, ! “2,0 I Grow, 8°” Gxom, tite s oUt CS cxase on reaction with methyl alcohol in the bon and sence of dry Hg) forms a and pmethyl Both the sicsides. The reaction occurs only at the —OH of 5 specific Mniaetylic carbon. specific och, H40Q 1 e group, (Giow, (cHoH), condary lowing cH CH I cH,OH CH,OH B-Methyl glucoside Methyl glucoside * crete Chemistry | class 12 | 227 Ficchen 888 of Glucose: wor given by Haworth and Je Kae 3 woh" © 4) Gk 7 = oucore 50.) Ghcose "Fructose: tei Manan 89a supa ,03) Py hydrolyis of natn, (0440), 0810 > Structure of Fructose ithe Fructose has furanose structure, Le, rng structure «g ‘insitng of Four C atoms and one © atom. Hon, on oH = Frctehranose POC rctturanone > The two forms have diferent configuration about — Hosf-cH,0H] HoH,c-Eonl > Fructose des nt reducer woter » Epimers: Monosaccharides differing in configuration at \ 3 carbon other than anomeric carbon are called epimers, £9, glucose and galactose differ in configuration at C,, hence are called epimers. \ Osazones: Monosaccharides and reducing disaccharides Teact with excess of phenylhydrazine to Form crystalline substances of the structure which are known as osazones. Glucose and fructose give same osazone. > Molisch Test for Carbohydrates: In aqueous solution cof compound, add solution of a-naphthol in alcohol and then conc. H,S0, along the wals of the test tube. Purple coloured rng is obtained at the junction. > Amino acids: The compounds containing amino group (CNH, and carboxylic group (COOH) are called amino acids. NH, iid > General formulais R-CH—COOH where, aryl group. > Except glycine (H,N.CH,COOH), others are optically active =H, alkyl or @ scanned with OKEN Scanner228 | MASTERMIND CHAPTERWISE Clue ication of Amino Acts Peis amine Acts: Depending Upon t S Neutral Houng one Nil, and one COOH Groupe. cH, cOON(tvAne) = Rete: Having one NI, and two —COOM postion a OOCCH,CH~COOH (Aspartic eld) Having (wo er more NH, and one — COOH group. es. " H.N(CH),—CH—COOH (Lysine) > Exsential and Non-essentlal Amino Acids: Human body can synthesize ten amino acids, called non-essential amino {2¢ids. The remaining ten amino acds required for protein Synthesis are not synthesized by body and are called ‘essential amino acids, They ae: + Phenylalanine + Threonine Histidine + Arginine + Leucine + Isoleucine = Lysine > Nomenclature of Amino Acids: They are known by their ‘common names and abbreviated by first three letters of their common names eg, glycine as ‘Ql’ and alanine asa’. > Structure of Amino Acids = Methionine i feo Hir,—CH—cod = HN —cH—cod =H Hi,N—CH—COOH SshionOhD— Zekteron trode. ven tw san > Configuration of a-Amino Acids ‘coon coon Hw ton Hon, R Lamina Dain acid omens) non » Proteins: Proteins are polymers of L-amino acids, Naturally ‘curring proteins are made From Lamino acids only. i t H.N=CH—COOH + H,N—CH—COOH “#29, tee 2 Dipeptide: acc) ° i > —C=NH™s known as peptide linkage and C—Nis a peptide bond, » Two molecules of different amino acids can Form two dipeptides. Three molecules of different amino acids can give six tripeptides. » Polypeptides: sine , ‘Seructure: simply reveals the sequence ae tt iets since | gOS aoe error, hydrogen and disulphide bonds, 5 al en a ang eorjugaced td c-amino acids a > Tertiary of polypen wuaternary struckUre. con the basis of hydrolysis classified as ids upon hydrolysis, > onthe Basis of Functions: roctral Protein bru proteins (B Extymen sere'ay ological contains 374 amine acid units dstibuted in four polypeptide chains > Selle cel anaemia Is caused by defective haemoolbin obtained by replacing ony one amine 2c fe, lutami act by valine, > Denaturation of Proteins > The process that changes the three dimensional structure of native proteins is called denaturation of proteins. > It can be caused by change in pH, addition of electrolyte, heating or addition of solvent tke water, alcohol or acetone. > Tests of Proteins > Biuret Test: Protein solution + NaOH +dil Pink or violet colour. > Millon’s Test: Protein solution + Millon’s reagent > Pink colour CuSO, Millons’ reagent is solution of mercuric nitrate and nitrite Innitric acid containing traces of nitrous acid. vi @ scanned with OKEN Scannersvels the sean or Bate aes todine Reaction: Proteln. sok solution + todine in tan» Yeti ein + Yellow colo » eneymes: Enzymes are the bloatayts which are needed MO orange colour ndwoeripcitig | |" thane beer eal Ana wee ag sc tr rots. od werk sa * ngmen oe sey specie rs dine one sear substrate and eatin. " sarge | amie eon reed anal mofo * sl OF hydro supe hydrola ino ads ang coins. Parl Iypeptides st €9. pepsin) ss, £9. myosin, nd Fibrinogen, its prosthetie | addition, solvent: fil. CUSOy reagent Wertman heath of human being nd animals ‘Vitamins can be water slube tain 8 and ©) oF Tat soicftomin 0, Cand depending spon their sobbity, Water soWble wains most be Spied region in dict because they ace realy Eietedm urine and cannot be stored (escent 8.) in our body. ~ Betceng of vitamins in let may cause various Ippo deficiency dieases ‘Sime important vitamins, tele sources and ther | Serine dese Vitamins Sources. Deficiency | eases Comin [Fah vero carrots Yeap | Sater (grein amin, | ik yeast green Berber Cegebtes and eres nmin | itceggwhite.tver | chetosis igesve | sorters amin Bg | Yeast mi cereats | Convulsions Vitamin Bel Meat Rsk eggand | Perious ! curd roe amin | crus fruits amiaand | Scurw ren ety vegetables amin | Exposure to sunlight. | Rickets and fen teteomatcs | Vitamin € | Vegetable oils ‘Muscular weakness and Increased Frog or nets Vitamin X | Gren eaty vegetables Delayed blood dotting sy Trrmones: Homones are the chemical substances Produced by endocrine slands in the body and a Pred directly in bloodstream. On the basi of chemical cerctitution, hormones can be divided into two classes: {) steroids (i) non-steriod hormones. Nucleic Acids > Nucleotides Nitrogenous base » pentose Sugar: It is ei hhaving oxygen at C,)- > Nitrogenous Base > Derived from their structure, Nucleotides consist of S-carbon suger + "+1, phosphate groups. ither ribose or deoxy ribose (not having two rings in purines ‘and Guanine (6) eg. Adenine (A) Chemistry | Class 12 | 221 te de tam primis hig x hale sreture, ea Tyme CT, Ura 0) 098 eine Two trond are present between A 0d (A —1) We three Hebonds ave present between Cand G =o. Ribonuceot Dnrtonent sate wi ena * Nucleoslde. Rlvse/deonyrbose + One base ni from A G.c,Ter¥. DNA and RNA: Huceic acs a polynucleotide present 8 the ting cals or bate calls having no nucleus and 6 ‘ruses having no cl DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) } Phosphoric acid + Deoxyribose + A,©.C.T 3 Teeonists of two polynucltide chains, each chain orm ight handed heli spiral with ten bases 8 fone turn of che spiral > The two chains col to double helix and run is Dppostte direction. These are held together by hydrogen bonding. > RNA (Ribonuclete acid) > Phosphoric acid + Ribose +A,G, CU iets usually a single strand of ribonucetides and Take up right handed helical conformation. UP € $2000 nucleotides constitute an RNA. > teeanbase par with complementary strands of DNA OFA. > According to standard base pairing rules, G pals ‘with Cand A pairs with U or. fn both ONA and RNA, heterocyclic base and Grogphate ester Unkages are at C, and Cy Fespectively of the sugar molecule. ees CF Petey > NA, on es b (OH OF > Types of RNA > Messenger RNA ( nucleus and cartes information For URNA: is produced in the the synthesis of proteins. ‘Transfer RNA (Solu RNA): It is Found in cytoplasm. feallect amino acids from cytoplasm For prot synthesis > Functions of Nuclelc Acids > Direct the synthesis of pr Jble or Adoptive RNA) (sRNA, its Function is to ten teins. (hereditary > Transfer the genetic information characters) of DNA ] » epleatins is aprocessinwhicna alee FON duplicate. & Scanned with OKEN ScannereS Jim RNA, FUNEEION In group, 230 | Masreniinun harTeninse Coser re gdon: The nese bases ode These beset: | O > Template: it means patter. nthe process of repation * COMONE: THe A ding | phe fone tha parent strand serves as outa sreenled Bor starence 1 ON, Sodgy | Oe » Sane tion ci ano ec ed es rf - Spel oehn eal gand_ wnafrence on jae » Genetic Code ween the amino at a ‘ themorteotie ple! valle genetic code awn 2 2 Qy Practice Exercise_ \ | following reactions Is no | @D Mattipte choice Questions 9, Which one oF sopen chain structure of aucong? og QL Suroseisa: 2 ‘explained by’ (€0SESOP 2021 Term) | a cro sa: of glucose with acene a ae c ae ‘a. Formation of pentaacetate sh ara " ln ©. teaccharide 4 polysaccharide See ‘9. Q2. Thepairofcompounds inwhich both the compounds ‘ ilar addition product with 24-DNP reagent | a sive postive test with Tolle's reagents: ori formation with Taller’ reagent | a glucose and sucrose b, fructose and sucro Silver mit comer a ; An ee 4. Existence of alpha and beta f = | © glucose and fructose Alt of these Le following structures represents 3. The sugar (disaccharide) present in milk is: Q10. Which of the (c8s€ 2023) 2. glucose sucrose D-glucose? cH,0H © lactose, d, maltose CH,OH 2 0. (G4. Which of te following sugars known as dextrose? nA %4 Wy ve (€0S€2021 Term) a KH & Kon on a 2. Glucose Fructose Hof" on oH H «. Ribose 4d. Sucrose HOH 95. Glucose on reaction with Br, water gives: 2 4 (OSE 2021 Term-1) 4 Oa © on ‘a. saccharlc acid b. hexanoic acid «Va a YH «. gluconic acid 4. salicylic acid Hoy ay, 6, Im the ing structure of glucose, the anomeric ow OH On cis carbon is: (cose 2023) OH OH oH OOH ' oe boa QUL The glycosidic linkage involved in linking the «C4 4c its in amylase part of starch is: slucose units in par 7. Onhydrolysis,whichofthe following carbohydrates (case 2023) gives only glucose? (case 2023) a. C\~ Ca linkage b. = Cg B linkage ; eo ania’ CG-Cyalinkage ed. G.-C, plinkage ct alactose 7 ; d Q12, Which one of the following statement is correct Q8. Inthe following ee and about sucrose? (CBSE SQP 2021 Term-1) (CBSESQP 2021 Term) . It can reduce Tollen’s reagent however cannot CHO, seaesnntie, reduce Fehling’s reage-: b. It undergoes mutarotation like glucose and ‘oct std fructose } © It undergoes inversion in the configuration on hydrolysis a. A= COOH—(CH,),—COOH, d. Itis laevorotatory in nature ‘8 = OHC—(CHOCOCH,),—CH,OCOCH, . Which of the following is a polysaccharide? b. A= COOH—(CH,),—CHO, (CBSE SQP 2021 Term1) 8 = OHC—-(CHOCOCH,),—-CH,OCOCH, © A OHC-- (CHOCOCH,),—CH,OCOCH, B= COOH—(CH,),—CHO, d. A= OHC—(CHOCOCH,),—CH,OCOCH, 8 = COOH—(CHOH),—COOH @ scanned with OKEN Scanner— yen COO OES th Monte ald 1 tm: casa fon in groupg — * axche act a eane " ase titees tse 97 MPL Nyeroyan oa ae ges Dstructone reference pet 4. D-glucose emcee a as WEN cant be gyre ita must Be obtained the yey thes poavand must Be obtalned through giegset the . eager 2 ie amino acld (eascaeai teen 2 tat amino acids ") 8 Seamine acids ns IS noe arvessential amino acids Folucose helix 2 structural featu 023 Termry tf Mcrase b poe lease; Sst polypeptiae, tt 2029) with acetic rcleoties a patbemtes < cn of the following statem, reagent it rent is correct? agent (1st s0P2021 7 4, Fbrous proteins are generally soluble gee? ucose. win is an example in water pam ple of fibrous protel presents * ya forous proteins, the structure stan 8s€2023) mérogen bonds and disulphide bongs seo OY 4H does not affect the primary str " protein structure of proteins are found to have two different fg ig ae ad tae rr pes ot ' Sreet structure. c-helix structure of protein seabilised by: (cent exenpuan) ol + peptide bond y b.van der Waals’ forces « hydrogen bond CHZOH dipole-dipole interactions a Proteins are polymers of: (case 2023) ag the © nucleic acids b, amino acids Bs c monosaccharides d, amines ) 12 Complete the following analogy: Carding of milk : A :: a-helix: B 3 (CBSE SQp 2021 Term-1) cee) A:Primary structure 8: Secondary structure srmat ©-A:Denatured protein 8: Primary structure Cc A:Secondary structure B: Denatured protein and 4 A:Denatured protein B: Secondary structure 12 Which of the following acids is avitamin? non (ceRT a Aspartic acid © Adipic acid {Deficiency of ‘which Chemistry | Class 12 | 231 226. Detcency of vitamin B euses: A. riekets © scurvy 227. Nuctete acids are potym costs © amino acids 1b. nucleosides : © nucteatides : \ aan, Stic: noe \ The base whe i presen in DNA bt natn RNA, \ fcose 10 Tre) ® pote ». guanine © cine <. trymine 29, Nucleosides are composed of 2 apes np ana pesphore 28 Dntrogeous base and prosper oid € antrogenous base anda pentose sugar 4» ntrogenous base. a. pentose sugar and Phosphoric acid a = 930, Match the oltow 9p 2021 Term) Column i (i) | Nucteic acis NA (wv) | zwitter ion Which of the following is the best matched options? 2. (A) (9.(€) (0). (> (H.0) > b (1.8) (i. (> 0.0) >) © A>). >. 0.0) > (A) (0.8) 9 WW), (>). (0) -& Assertion & Reason Type Questions Directions (Q.Nos. 51-88): Each ofthe following questions consists af two statements, one is Assertion (A) and the ather is Reason (R Give answer: ‘a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). 'b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). c Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R)is false. 4. Assertion (A) Is false but Reason (R) s true. (A): Bralycosidic Linkage is_ present in CG Scanned with OKEN Scanner232 | MASTERMIND CHA Reason (R): Mi Reason (R): Enzymes are blocata ists. 1 (O) disaccharide 2. (C) glucose and fructose positive test with Tollen's reagent. 3. (0 lactose 4 (2) Glucose 5. (¢) Gluconic acid cHo cooH i ey, i (How), = 2 (CHOM), i Water . HOH cH,OH Glconle ocd ‘anomeric carbon in cyclic structure of glucose. made of glucose and fructose, lactose Is made up of glucose and galactose, 8, (d) A= OHC—(CHOCOCH,),—CH,OCOCH, ‘#8 = COOH—(CHOH),—COOH cro sro (CHOH), + 5(CH,CH),0 —» (CHOCOCH,), + 5CH,COOH cet anyie jon eo Glucose cH,O—C—cH, Glucose pentaacetate (A) HO ‘00H 0, (HOH), ——> (CHOH), (CH,0H) "00H Glucose ‘Saccharic acid (8) 9. (A) Existence of « and p forms of glucose, 10. (a) u-D-glucose is an isomer of D-gluco —OH group of the first carbon at (032, Assertion (A): All naturally aecwiing amine ae . exactly similar (cnse 597 2023-24 : 6. (d) The carbon of —CHO ie, Ist carbon atom is 7. (a) Maltose is made up of 2 glucose units, Sucrose is an ones ll ee amin D can be stored in gue 2 i Q3) Ae na fenaan The two strands In 3 ONA Melee * GG 4) or C, > C, «linkage, oy All monosaccharides (glucose. fructose. etc) give (9 Hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a ch tnd the product is named asinvert sugar Sugg is dextrorotatory in nature 1B, (@)Starch, Cellulose and GIYCOREN are song important polysaccharides. 1. (6) glycogen 15, (b) When glucose Is heated in the presence of i 5 reduces to n-hexane 16. (¢) D-glucose 17 (b) Essential amino acids 18. (b) An a-helix is a right-handed coll of aminoadg residues on a polypeptide chain, 19, (@)pH does not affect the primary structure g protein. The primary structure of protein refers to th sequence of individual amino acids that make the protein. Upon being transferred to an acide solution, the protein does indeed unfold, but t doesn't break apart into individual amino acs Therefore. the unfolded protein remains as a single, long chain, but its sequence of amino atts {s still intact. Thus, there is no change in priman, structure 20. (c) hydrogen bond 21, (b) Amino acids @ scanned with OKEN Scannercis ae bain goed JF maxtor a om | Mrogenous bse anda 00 0 hag Fe nogsous bs da peose supe yaar, SM 3. AE HOG OO structure,” Stag cei orm roth and ext a zwter on, Aructure p arn aarogenou bse NA a9 20223 sno alsa m ONA and Ur snitogenous double stra nd ty ase found in RNA which a nuclei a 41 (in maltose, the two glucose Units are joined together by glycosae tinkage 4,04 2 DNA me & NA molecule bio W/| 4 oH p K on {3 1 oS is caytaae NP 2 D Maltose : 132, () Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). 133, (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (A) i the correct explanation of Assertion (4). 34, (b) Enzymes are very specific for a particular reaction and a particular substrate Also enzymes are biocatalysts. Both assertion and reason are true but reason Is not the correct explanation ‘of assertion because each enzyme contains an active site which is an area of an enzyme that has specific shape and size and differs fram one ‘enzyme to another. vresence of Hl | of amine y structure refers to, that mle 435. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason () are true but d to an a Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). 36, (6) Allnaturalty occurring w-aminoacdsare optical active because the a-carbon atom is asymmetric unfold, bt ‘amino at emains f amino a ‘iso, most naturally curing ain acids have e in pri treonfiguration. Hence. assertion and eas0n Both ee true but reason isnot the correct explanation of assertion. 437, (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reastn (a) are true ‘and Reason (R) {i the correct explanation of Assertion (A) 4 suse the two strands are ‘ga, (c) Reason (A) I false because | : : complementary to each other the Hyatt ond are formed between specie PATS ofbases. chemistry | Class 12 | 233 @ Case Study Based Questions case Study Polysaccharides may be very large molecules. nacre SmYglose and cin Srna pyechaties ‘Starch is. ee red form of sugars in plants, and See dp ot amylose and amy! polymer of cose). Menor and ean be hydrolysed TESGAM sjeosiaic bonds, by the, eneymes breaking eet payee is staight cha falyger Amlopectin is a branched chaip olyner of sosera D-lucose molecules, 80% of Renvlopecin present in starch. Plats a Ske to aymesize glucose and te excess glucose Stored as starch ferent pant pats, including tools and Seeds."The starch that is consumed BY Snimals is broken down into saaer mole=les, Sch as glucose. The ces can then absorb the slucose. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in feonams and other vertebrates and is made UP monomers of glucose ts structurally quite Similar to amylopectin, Glycogen is the animal cquivalent of starch. tis stored in liver and Skeletal muscles. Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural ‘opolymers. The eel walls of pants are mostly were of eelulse, which provides structural Tupport tothe cell: Wood and paper are mostly cellulose in nature ike amplose, cellulose is a linear polymer UiMGnucove: Cellulose is made up of ehvcose Slosomersthat are linked by bonds between Tarcular carbon atoms inthe glucose molecule Enery other glucose monomer in cellulose is flipped over and packed Ghtly as extended long Tien. This gives cellulose its rigidity and high ‘tase stengih—which is so important to plant ‘Site Cellulose passing though our digestive system is called dietary fiber. Read the given passage carefully and give the “answer ofthe following questions: {1 In animals, glycogen is stored a. ter spleen, lungs 4. smal intestine 2, Amylose is: a straight chain, water insoluble component of starch, which constitutes 20% of it by straight chain, water soluble component of starch, which constitutes 20% oft. «branched chain, water insoluble component. of starch, which constitutes 8096 oft. 4, branched chai water Insoluble component of sarch, whieh conttutes 80% of & Scanned with OKEN Scanner234 | MASTERW)ND CHAPTERWISE Clurerion sane 93, The linkages which joln monosaccharides to {form tong chain polysaccharides: peptide kage, dupe bons © hnydeoge bonds a glycoside nage G4. Cellulose on complete hydrolysis yelds: 2. amylose . amylopectin © plucose 1. amylose and amylopectin + fa)twer 2 (0) straight chain, water soluble component of starch which constitutes 20% of 3. () slycosiicinkage 4 (alucose Case Study 2 ‘The basic chemical formula of DNA is now well established. As shown in figure, it consists of a vety long chain, the backbone of which is made 4p of altemate sugar and phosphate group dined together in regular 3'5' phosphate di-ester linkages. To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, only four different kinds of which are commonly found in DNA. Two of these — adenine and guanine — are purines and the other two thymine and eytosine-are pyrimidines. A fifth base, S-methyl cytosine, occurs in smaller amounts in certain organisms, and a sixth, hydroxy-methyl-cytosine is found instead of cytosine in the T even phages. It should be noted that the chain is unbranched, a consequence of the regular internucteotide linkage. On the other hhand, the sequence of the diferent nucle is, as far as can be ascertained, completely irregular. Thus, DNA has some features which are regular and some which are irregular. A similar conception of the DNA molecule as a ong thin fiber is obtained from physicochemical analysis involving sedimentation, diffusion, Hight scattering and viscosity measurements These techniques indicated that DNA is a very symmetrical structure approximately 20. A wide and many thousands of angstroms long. Estimates, of its molecular weight currently cemer between 5% 10°and 10° (approximately 3x 10 nucleotides) Surprisingly each of these measurements.tend tc Suggest that the DNA is relatively rig, a puzzling finding in view of the large number of single bonds (5 per nucleotide) in the phosphate-sugar back ‘bone. Recently these indirect inferences have been contirmed by electron microscopy, nasi suaaH NOAA a hast puoseants asie—SucAn Osviare ASE SUGAR PHOSPHATE, 1 pien petage corey end glo hg Snower ofthe fetowing questions 1 Parnes precetin DNA are: © guanine ad thyme © nose and yine dso dine relecles has OP ieremucewite. linkage ad ttquance ofthe diferent nucleties, Drepiscrepiorbreguarimepiad regia gar. hrepr rear 2. ONAhas backbone. 2. phosphate -purne ®. priines sugar €. phosphate. sugar 4. purine: pyrimidine 4. Out of the four different kinds of nitrogenous bases which are commonly found in DMA, has been replaced in some organisms. a. adenine b. guanine © cytosine 4. thymine Answers 1. (d) adenine and guanine 2 (b) regular, regular 3. (0 phosphate- sugar 4 (cytosine Case Study 3 St the F i Fes enim Ct Many people believe ‘that James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA in the 1950s. In” reality, this is not the case. Rather, DNA was first identified in the late 1860s by Swiss chemist Fledtich Miescher. Then, inthe decader fll @ scanned with OKEN ScannerMies Phoetne Levene 1 Veen ¢ a series of research eflente ta ee dena tthe DNA moecute primary chemical hich they scientific founda Crick may ne ent the 1 thewe quien vet have reaches t conecsiom of 1953: tha te Pa molecule exists inthe form of a three-dummeeee double helix. vent rep this DNA rear, stout to oe ahi ee ee (i The nucleotide compenivon of DNA varies among species. (iy Almost all DNA, no matter what organism or thee type It comes trom machen conala properlcn, even aa ls cormpositin varie, fa [soir fier peavey apres tothe amount of thymine (T) and the arcunt of guanine (G) approximates the amount of stoning (C) Jn other words he tata amount of purines (A + G) and the total amount of pyrimidines (CT) are usualy nearly equa This conclusion is now known as ‘Chargaff’s rule.” Chargaff’s rule is not obeyed in some viru These either have single-stranded DNA or RD as their genetic material. Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL A segment of DNA has 100 adenine and 150 cytosine bases. What is the total number of nucleotides present in this segment of DNA? Q2. A sample of hair and blood was found at two sites. Scientists claim that the samples belong to same species. How did the acentsts ative at this conclusion? 2. The sample of a virus was tested and it was found to contain 20% adenine, 20% thymine, 20% guanine and the rest cytosine. Is the genetic material of this virus (0) DNA-double helix, (ii) DNA-single helix, (iil) RNA? What do you infer from this data? OR rule be used to infer that of an organism is double- (case sop 202272) - Answers A he 8s tetova the wre accessory foo Proteins are the polymers of a- perform various structural zad dynam in the organisms. Deficiency of vitamins leads 1 many diseases. Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL The pentazcetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine. What does it indicate? 2. Why cannot vitamin Cbe stored in cuz body? 3. Define the following as related to proteins: () Peptide linkage Gi) Denaturation oR Define the following as related to carbohydrates: (@) Anomers (ii) Glycosidic Linkage (esse2023) L The pentaacetate of glucose does not react ith fnydroxylamine indicates the absence of free —CH0 group. 2. Vitamin C cannot be stored in our body because it & a water « Qus. What are disaccharides? Give an example. Disaccharides are the carbi fn_ which two Molecules of monosacchafides (sarhe or different) are combined with: th : & Scanned with OKEN ScannerNA found tn thy (cent nd in the cet no acetic acid, coo" shment t0 the 8 Source of pydrates are: 18, Name {0 water soluble vitamins, he siventes caused due to thelr dencloey Vitamins Sources ‘alk yeast Taamine By Ascorbic aid (): [tru ries. ma | scurvy {07, Name the four bases present in DNA, Which ons these is not present in RNA? = ns. The fourbases present in DNA ar: Adenine, Thymine Guanine and Cytosine, Out ofthese: Thysine present in NA ae (18, Name fwo fat soluble vitamins, their sources and the diseases caused due to thei deficiency nae vitamins Sources Causes Vitamin A | Fisholt carrot. | Night mile egg yolk | blindness and xerophthalmia Vitamin | sunlight fish, | Rickets and ‘ egg yolk Osteomalacia (19. What is structural feature which characterises @ reducing sugar? ‘Ans. Sugars which contain either a free aldehydic group (eg. glucose) or a-ketonic group (eg. fructose) are ‘regarded as reducing sugars, 20. What is the structural difference between a ‘nucleoside and nucleotide? Ans. e Hoc (Nucleoside) on ‘structural difference between & ‘nucleoside and a nucleotide yn-essential amino acids? jal and no (Q21. What are essent Give an example of each tYPe- yt wythe body Ans. Theaminoacids which canbes tess mebosy are called non-essential amine = (ea sere, it he, body fais to. sym ‘amino acids which. the mos ae ym aessea rina aos OM by ‘oir *). 2s leucine. (923, Write the Zwituer fon structure of aytine. ‘Ana. Glycine i also called dipolar lon and its stueture 8 a tO —B lame the vitamin whe deleny causes () Might ness Poor ceaguatin of loo () Oeicency of Varin cae le nes. (0 etcency of vtamin causes poor ongton \ of blood, feoreens 425. Write te structure of he product when slacot Is ndised with ane nities Ana, Glucose sored to sacchare a, darby acid upon oxidation wth conc nic a Ans. HOH (HOH) CHORE aoo(croH COOH 26. What is meant by pyranose ring of glucose? ‘Ans. Pyranose ring is sie memb erocyclc ring with an_ oxygen atom. It is present in the cyclic | structure of both aD (v) glucose and p-0(4) 1 slucose, \ CH.0H G,0H 0, 0, a HA CVA oH 07 on \GH HoH OOH HH Pyranose ring HOH HOW e-D(+)glucopyranose —0(+) glucopyranose -@ Short Answer Tupe-1 Questions QL. Account for the following: {() There are 5 OH groups in glucose, | (ii) Glucose is a reducing sugar. (cBse 9p 202223) | ‘ans. (\) Acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride gives Guacpeiaedsteuichowinstepeare of five —OH groups. Since, it exsts as a stable ‘Compound, five—OH groups should be attached to different carbon atoms. cH 1 = I (Grom, Meanie (4—O—F— Oh CHO 0 cHoH OOF 0H ly Glucose has a free aldehyde group which can be oxidized to the acidic groups, Hence. BLicose 15 8 Tetducig sugar Glucose reduces Fehlihg Feagent shown & Scanned with OKEN Scanner238 | MasTeRMNo cHAPrERWist CluesrioN eam enon eon (92. What happens when D- glucore Is treated with the following reagents: (Bromine water ci) HNO, (cose s9p 2022.23) Ans. () When Diglucose Is treated with bromine water. luconic aids formed no noon (10%, (G10), on 0,04 (When Ogtucose is treated with HNO, saccharie cid Is formed, Gluconic acd also glves saccharic acid on oxidation, cho noon gon i Gaow, 2st, (yo), Ouse (HoH i i ion coon 3 What happens when ‘Delucose is treated with the following? Give equation to support your on (i) HNO, Ans. (i) mhexane is CHO (case 2019) (GHOK, 25 c4,—cH,—cH,—cH, cH,0H (i) Saccharc acids fo cHo | | (HOH), ee (GH0H), cH0H Dalacse coo Scho ait 4. (i) Write chemical reaction to show that open structure of D-glucose contains the straight chain. (ii) What type of linkage is responsible for the formation of protein? (c8s€2023) ‘ans. () When either of the carboxylic acid a a 5 ery — a SHH, cH,— cH, on, He the polymers Of iN Cis ang (roe oe the Ea cach ater by pe irae Hence peptide UNKOBe fe espostee 98. Def na 0) avant A) penncenrdes: carbohytates which ge fos. (0 roe number of monesacavae wae M Faris ore called polysaccharides. eg tng ee Mycogen. ete These ae not Saco tose cone sae pareve ty are aso called non-suge, Xa When nucleoside is (i) Muceotdes: Whe ee sphere ad at5 poston of Sugar mash ae etse a obtained. They are (Ones ats By phosphodester Unkage between 5 ej carton atoms ofthe pentose sugar (c2se2o1y) te ° bone fase goo te oo. o 4 wl nai OH OH Nuceote Q6. Differentiate between: : (i) Peptide linkage and Glycosidic linkage (i Nucleoside and Nucleotide (case 2023) OUD oF an ‘amine group attach with the opposite Whereas, a glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent ‘bond that joins a carbohydrate or sugar molec to other group which may or may not be differen: carbohydrate. A nitrogenous base is attached to a sugar and omewhere_between one to three phOapatt srOupsin case of anucleotide- A nitrogenourtasee Sovalently attached to sugar which is either ribose oF deoxyribose, however, there is no presence of ‘the phosphate group here in case of a nucleoside Nucleotide = Sugar + Base + Phosphate Nucleoside = Sugar + Base & Scanned with OKEN Scannersored eet (Starch 15 a long branched or unbra serch la branch branched chain formed by Fad cele a Sought ater on composed only of HO glucons nae eee fined by glyoadetrkape betwee ate core unt and, ofthe ne glucose ee 48. Diferetiate between: * (Nucleotide and Nucleoside i) Amylose and Amylopectin. (€8s€2019) ane. () A eltrogenous base is attached to a sugar and somewhere between one to three phosphate _zroups incase of anucleotide.ritrogenous bases covalently attached to sugar which is either ribose ‘or deoxyribose. however, there is no presence of the phosphate group here in case of a nucleoside, Nucleotide = Sugar + Base + Phosphate Nucleoside In. which chin is ‘lycosidic linkage. On the other ugar + Base Chemistry | Class 12 | 239 10. How is trae obtaned Hom hae te pened tomate i Wek ha oT alte Hs8-inetoetsowanes (bigeay +o Hs 0) (21, Glucose and sucrose are slule in waver but {ycohexane and benzene (simple sk membered fing compounds) ave inseluble in water Expl Ans. Goth glucose (0) and sucrose LesysO) ae orm compoutad of are cpt 6 bee later ut qute surprising they realy dssohe in water. Ths sd tothe presen of number ot \ Od group vein case of prose agit nonce) which are of polar netre These ae ave in the intermolecuiar hydrogen boring wt the secs of 0 (voter) As rest both of the ready | Sieve inte, Benzene (CeH_) and cyclohexane (C,H,) are \ hhydrocarbons which do not have any polar group. \ ‘They therefore do not dissolve in water since there “Amylose 1 fit is a straight ‘chain_polymer of Deglucose units 2 [Constitutes 205% of starch, ‘Amylopectin It is a branched-chain jolymer of D units, Constitutes 80% of starch lucose 3. | Solubitity in water isless. (common) ERROR Do not be confused with amylose which is a water soluble component of starch. ‘More soluble in water. 9. (i) What isthe difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide? (i) What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed? (case2023) ) A nitrogenous base Is attached to_a sugar and smenhere between one to three phosphate roups in case of a rucenie. & nitrogenous Base is covalently attached to sugar wt ch ie aiher ribose or deourbse, weve. eres S jhosphate groug here in case of a Ans. resence ofthe side aero loti = Sugar + Base «Phosphate nucleoside = SHE" + BARE i + nen a nucleate from DNA cose (i) When ey rgmine_p-D2-8e ined a5 pro phosphoric acidare obtained as Prod is hardly any scope of hydrogen bonding in thelr \ molecule with those of H,0 (water). Q12, What are essential and non-essential amino acids? Give two examples of each type. (NCERTEXERCISE) ‘Ans. The amino acids which cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained through diet are called essential amino acids. eg. valine, leucine arginine, etc. whereas the amino acs which can bbe synthesised in the body are called non-essential amino acids eg. glycine, alanine, aspartic acid. etc. 13. What type of bonding helps in stabilising the achelix structure of proteins? ‘Ans. a-helix structure of proteins isa structure in which polypeptide chain forms all possible hydrogen ‘bonds. In it, polypeptide chain is twisted into a right handed screw (helix). Consequently, —NH group of each amino acid residue form hydrogen bonds with C=O group present at next (adjacent) turn of the helix Thus, helix structure of proteins get stabilised ‘by these hydrogen bonds. 14, What is the effect of denaturation on the structure of proteins? (Ncenr EXERCISE) oR Define denaturation of protein. What is the effect of ‘denaturation on the structure of protein? (cese 2023) ‘Ans. Denaturation of proteins is done either by change In temperature (upon heating it on heating) or by bringing a change in the Sam Arrest oe PH of the medium. As a result, the pcrogen bonding is disturbed and the proteins lose theit_biological a ological activity Le, their nature changes. & Scanned with OKEN Scanner240 | MASTERMIND cHaPrERWIsE Chu ihe primary sirut Wath he tertiary and 18, Give any two points of difference between globulat and Rbrous proteins. renee 2019) Fibrous Protein | Globular Protein 1 [ihe p run para together by hydrogen [to give a spheric ana! visuiphise bonds | shape. Insoluble in water Solubie in water Q16. () DNA fingerprinting is used to determine paternity of an individual. Which property of DNA helps in the procedure? (iy What structural change will occur when a native protein is subjected to change in pH? (cBse sap 202224) ‘Ans. (i) Replication of ONA helps in_the procedure A sequence of base=_on DNA is unique for_a person and is the genetic material transferred to the individual from the parent which helps in the ‘determination of paternity. (i) During denaturation, secondary and _tertiary structures are destroyed but the primary Structure remains intact 17. White two differences between DNA and RNA. (€8sE2023,19) RNA Its ribose sugar. Itcontain bases AUGC. Ans. So] rs deonyrivose spor 2. conan base aTEC TiP Ty to ge diference in tabular form if possible and provide separate points. {CoMMON] ERROR Do not be confused with amylose which is a water ‘soluble component of starch. Short Answer type-li Questions y Q1. What are reducing sugars ? Justify your answer by giving chemical reactions. ‘Ans. All_those carbohydrates which reduce Fehlin Solution into red precipitate of cuprous oxide (Cu,0) or Tollen’s reagent into silver are called reducing sugars. All monosaccharides and disaccharides (except sucrose) are reducing sugars, jae i (¢HOH), + Ag,0 + 2Ag) +(CHOH), Tolens —slver CH,OH regent minor CH OH cone tc aed cooH fueron veh he fa CH, CH, —CH— Ch, rats c4y—€04,-My : Gyo +88 9 Hy cH, —CH, dation of glucose WO group in te strueture so tons tg agent Hence, it gets ovded Seve Fehling,soltion ang M__ycH,—cH, CH +4, 3, Write short note on ox ‘ane. Glucose contains iy weak ox Rive reagent and reduces ther. 10+ 2Cu0 —» Cu,0 ++CH,OH(CHOH), COOH (CH,OH(CHOH), CHOH(CHOH),CHO+Ag,0 —> 2g +CH,OH(CHOH), COOH When itis oxidised by concentrated HNO,,it gives sacchari add a CH,OH(CHOH),CHO + 3{0] "2, HOOC—(CHOH),—COOH+H,0 Q4. What is Tollen’s reagent ? What changes take place ‘when it reacts with glucose? Write related chemical equation. ‘Ans. Tollen’s Reagent: When NaOH solution is added to 10% silver nitrate solution, a brown precipitate is formed. which when dissolved in a minute quanti NH,OH forms a transparent solution. This solution is ‘alled ammoniacal silver nitrate or Tollen's reagent. Reaction with Glucose: Toller's reagent reacts with glucose in the following manner and forms silver mirror. i COOH \ (CHOW), + Ag,0 —>(CHOH), + 2ag 4 T Tolien's | ‘Slver CH,OH regent CHjOH = ™TOr ‘eon ‘lucie aid 5. When sucrose is hydrolysed the optical rotation values are measured using a polarimeter and are given in the following table: S\No.| Time (hours) Specific rotation Zee. +665" a 0 @ «i @ scanned with OKEN Scannerened on the above obtera pone of the lot ‘ products tydrolyais of sucrose eg aeet_ SH00 the with 3 glucose, tt : hydroxylamine to give we ‘entity compound A compoun : :The 5 of fructose is higher t nee vgher than glucose ors sremttery act ce be now oS . ee : tr su The oe TSE mgs about ge nig saat er ue a wah harowamine Ww gh ‘pound A ie. an oxime as shown ~ 3 ci OH (con), 2 (HoH), (anowime) HOH HOH fhe compound Ais CH=N—OH (CHOH), cH,0H G6 Write the structure of product when >- ta cH,0H Deut i) Saccharic acid is. formed. HO coo huow, ge (HOM Cook cHo# ‘gacenanic aed ogee peels at Gren, Se on, ami q $(CHOH), + CuoL eta? (FHON, + CuO CHO ctr sas str cha) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCelle Structures of Glucose oy Hon Woo ston H—Con HOCH Oo Hot oo ton nd on Hoo. we dion bin eoguce po-guctee 13. (i) Write tests to distinguish between glucose and starch. (ii) Fructose can reduce Fehling solution, although it contains ketone group. Why? ‘ns. (j) Distinction between Glucose and Starch: (@) Starch is a polysaccharide whereas glucose is a monosaccharide. (b) Starch gives blue colour with iodine solution, which disappears on heating upto BO°C and reappears on cooling, whereas glucose gives no such reaction and no colour is obtained in this case. (Q) Glucose reduces Fehling solution to give red fecipitate of cuprous oxide whereas starc does not react with it. cHO cooH | (FHO, +2640... —? 404+ (HOH), CH,OH CH,OH cor cd (i) Although fructose contains ketonic group, but it reduces Fehling’s solution, This is because, rearranges to give glucose in alkaline medium. The process is called enolisation. Q14. (i) What are the hydrolysis products of (a) Lactose, (b) Mattose? (ii) Give the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose. (case2023) ‘ns. (i) The hydrolysis products of lactose are p-D- galactose and p-D:glucose while the hydrolysis product of maltose is p-D-glucopyranose, (il) Starch is a long branched or unbranched chain polymer of aD glucose unit in_which chain is formed by C, - G, B\VCosidic linkage. On the other rand, cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed only of p-D glucose units which are joined by glycosidic linkage between C, of one glucose unit and C, of the next glucose unit. QU7. What are Chemistry | Class 12 | 243 Oligopeptides: These are the peptides in which 2:10 amino acids condense to form peptide Bonds, These are further classined as Gipeptide Gubich is made up of two molecules of same oF Aiferent amino acids), tripeptide (containing, 3 same oF different amino acids) and so on (W) Polypeptides: These are the peptides in which 1201000 eamino_acd_ molecules. condense {3 form peptide bond. The polypeptide having ‘molecular mass more than TOOOD are called Proteins Importance of Peptides: These are used mainly in 216. Define the foltowing with an example of each: () Polysaccharides (c8se2018) ‘Ans. (i) Polysaccharides: Carbohydrates which _ give a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called polysaccharides, eg. starch cellulose. glyco. en. etc. These are not sweet in {taste therefore also known as non-sugars. (i) Denatured Protein: When a native protein subjected to_physical change Uke cha 3e in temperature or chemical change, the hydrogen bonds get disturbed. Due to this globules Unfold and helix get uncoiled and protein loses its biological activity. Such protein is known as denatured protein Essential Amino Acids: Those amino acids which cannot be synthesised in the human body ind are supplied through our diet, are called essential amino acids. e.g, Arginine, lysine etc. ‘They are required for proper health and growth, iccharides? Write their type and chemical tests for any one. Ans. Disaccharides: ‘The carbohydrates which give two molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis are called disaccharides. These are in general of three ‘types: sucrose, maltose and lactose. Their molecular formula is CH220, CotO Catan + HO 5 CH, 0, + CHO, Bete Ease tt 1.143504 CutnOn + HO —* 5 CHO, CHa Mattose Gucose Glucose at, Coban + #0 CH,.0,+ Hy, : Gucose’ Goacone Chemical tests for sucrose: It gets charred and gives 1S. Classify peptides and explain their importance in our life. : ti ‘lassified ication of Peptides: These are a i = aetie upon the number of a-amino ao taking art in the peptide bond formation. Thus. these ce csified as oligopeptides and polypeptides Q18. What are peptides and an example. ‘Ans. Peptides and Pey similar or differ then carboxylic smell of burnt sugar on heating. i sm ing. On further heating Sugar coal remains as residue, Peptide bond? Explain with tide Bond: When two molecules of rent amino acids condense together fou of one molecule reacts with @ scanned with OKEN Scanner