Alexandria Engineering Journal 81 (2023) 419–436

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Alexandria Engineering Journal

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Original Article

Interconnected square splits ring resonator based single negative

metamaterial for 5G (N258, N257, N260 and N259) band sensor/EMI
shielding/and antenna applications
Mohammad Lutful Hakim a, Touhidul Alam a, *, Mohammad Tariqul Islam b, *,
Norbahiah Misran b, Saleh Albadran c, Ayed M. Alrashdi c, Haitham Alsaif c, Ahmed S.
Alshammari c, Ahmed Alzamil c, Mohamed S. Soliman d, e
a
Pusat Sains Angkasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
b
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
c
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia
d
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
e
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This article proposed a new triple-band transmission block metamaterial (MTM) for 5G mm-wave applications.
Metamaterials The peak transmission-blocking attributes are achieved at 27.09 GHz, 38.71 GHz, and 41.81 GHz frequency by
SNG interconnected square split ring resonators (ISSRR). A thin Rogers RT5880 substrate material of thickness 0.79
mm-Wave
mm is employed to design the MTM structure, and the unit cell dimension is 5 × 5 mm2. The designed meta­
5G
EMI shielding
material shows a − 10 dB transmission coefficient (S21) from 24.60 to 28.47 GHz, 36.50–39.65 GHz and
Sensor 40.77–44 GHz frequency bands. The design evolution, metamaterial properties, surface current distribution,
Antenna electric field, magnetic field, and equivalent circuit model are investigated to understand the transmission-
blocking property of the MTM. The simulated results of the MTM are validated by measurement of the fabri­
cated prototype, and both results agree well. The transmission-blocking attributes lead the proposed MTM as a
potential candidate for different fields like EMI shielding, sensing, and antenna performance enhancement. The
dielectric sensor performance of the MTM structure is investigated for different dielectric materials. Besides,
MIMO antenna performances are also investigated, and gains of 1–3 dBi, isolations of 5–10 dB, and the radiation
pattern deflection angle of 45˚are enhanced by the proposed MTM. These significant features and applications of
the proposed MTM make it a special candidate for 5G mm-wave applications.

1. Introduction splits can be used to create artificial metamaterial. The geometrical

Metamaterial (MTM) is an artificially engineered material that ex­
hibits unnatural electromagnetic (EM) properties like negative perme­
ability, permittivity, refractive index, magnitude, and phase change of
incident EM wave [1,2]. These unnatural EM properties lead MTMs to
various applications such as sensing [3,4], absorption [5,6], SAR
reduction [7], superlenses [8], energy harvesting [9], electromagnetic
interference (EMI) shielding [10,11], antenna performance enhance­
ment [12–15], etc. MTM can be categorized as single negative (SNG) and
double negative (DNG) based on the fact that either one of permeability
or permittivity is negative or both are negative[16]. Metallic rings and
structure of the MTM is a very crucial factor for negative permeability
and permittivity at resonance frequency [17]. Nowadays, single nega­
tive MTMs are extensively investigated for sensors, EMI shielding, an­
tenna gain enhancement, MIMO antenna isolation enhancement,
antenna beam tilting, etc. [10,18,19]. Various SNG transmission-
blocking MTMs are recently presented for microwave range sensing
applications [18,20–22]. In [20], an omega-shape resonator-based MTM
dielectric sensor is presented for industrial oil sensing applications and
the transmission-blocking property of the MTM is achieved from 8 to 11
GHz frequency. In [21], an MTM sensor based on a tri-circle split ring
resonator is investigated for edible oil sensing, where the resonant

* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: p108762@siswa.ukm.edu.my (M. Lutful Hakim), touhidul@ukm.edu.my (T. Alam), tariqul@ukm.edu.my (M. Tariqul Islam).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.09.044
Received 16 May 2023; Received in revised form 3 August 2023; Accepted 12 September 2023
Available online 21 September 2023
1110-0168/© 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
M. Lutful Hakim et al.
Fig. 1. (a) front view of the proposed ISSRR metamaterial unit cell (L = 5 mm, R1 = 4.5 mm, R2 = 2.85 mm, R3 = 1.9 mm, W1 = 0.2 mm, W2 = 0.2 mm, W3 = 0.1
mm, G1 = 0.10 mm, G2 = 0.10 mm), and (b) simulation setup.
Fig. 2. Retrieved reflection coefficient (S11) reflected wave phase value and
transmission coefficient (S21) of the proposed metamaterial.
frequency of the transmission coefficient appeared at 8.34 GHz and
11.59 GHz frequency with an SNG behaviour. A G-shape resonator-
based liquid sensor is designed in [22], where peak transmission-
blocking is achieved at 9.4 GHz. The transmission-blocking feature by
MTM is also attractive in the EMI shielding application for filtering
unwanted frequencies. The transceiver of the radiofrequency device
suffers due to unwanted EMI. Traditionally sensitive devices are pro­
tected from EMI by applying a metal shield, but this approach blocks all
EM waves. The MTM is an attractive solution for blocking a specific
frequency and allowing all other frequencies to propagate. In [10], a
polygon-shaped resonator-based transmission blocking MTM is pre­
sented for 8–12 GHz EMI shielding. The unit cell size of the MTM oc­
cupies 8 × 8 mm2. The EMI shielding is completed by a twisted spiral
triangle cross dipole resonator and Jerusalem cross resonator in [23]
and [24], respectively. However, in [10,23,24], however the MTM
properties are not acknowledged. Another significant application of
MTM is antenna performance enhancement. The unusual electromag­
netic characteristics like SNG and DNG properties of MTM make it a
promising solution for improving the antenna gain, isolation enhance­
ment, and radiation pattern deflection by controlling the radiated
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 81 (2023) 419–436
electromagnetic (EM) wave [25]. The antenna development for the mm-
wave fifth generation (5G) wireless communications systems is chal­
lenging in current research [26]. Because this frequency requires a high
gain antenna to overcome higher path loss and atmospheric absorption
compared with lower frequencies band, and sustain the link budget at
this frequency [27]. The MIMO configuration is also required to increase
the channel capacity where isolation between the MIMO elements is
crucial. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and different
telecommunication industries have allocated N258 (24.25 to 27.5 GHz),
N257(26.5 to 29.5 GHz), N260 (37.0 to 40.0 GHz), and N259 (39.5 to
43.5 GHz) mm-wave frequencies for 5G applications [28]. So, the
transmission-blocking MTM mechanism is attractive at this frequency to
increase gain, isolation, beam tilting etc. A Slotted patch MTM is
designed in [19] for antenna gain enhancements applications at
17.81–20.67 GHz operating frequency. In [29], an interconnected cir­
cular ring resonator-based SNG metamaterial is introduced for 5G an­
tenna gain enhancement. The transmission-blocking frequency covers
only the 28 GHz frequency band. The transmission-blocking at 38 GHz
frequency is achieved by modified peace-logo planar metamaterial for
gain and isolation enhancement. MTM, as well as applicable in antenna
beam tilting and reflect array applications, is presented in [30,31] and
[32], respectively. In [30], the antenna beam is tilted by a dual-layer
square split ring resonator at the 10 GHz resonant frequency. A beam-
tiling approach by a uniplanar resonator is presented for the 5G an­
tenna in [31], which operates at 29 GHz resonant frequency.
Aforementioned literature shows that the MTMs are investigated for
sensing and EMI shielding at the microwave frequency range, and most
of the research works do not cover the 5G mm-wave frequency band. On
the other hand, MTM is also utilized with the antenna from microwave
to mm-wave frequency, but the existing MTMs at mm-wave frequency
cover only for a single 5G frequency band. Therefore, a transmission-
blocking MTM for the 5G mm-wave (N258, N257, N260, and N259)
band multifunctional application is highly desirable. This paper presents
the design and performance investigations of an interconnected square
split ring resonator (ISSRR) based transmission-blocking metamaterial
for 5G mm-wave applications to address the aforementioned limitations.
The transmission-blocking features of the MTM are investigated by
equivalent circuit model (ECM), metamaterial property, electric field
magnetic field, and surface current analysis. These features significantly
improve the mm-wave range device performance at the targeted fre­
quency. The application of the MTM is also investigated for sensing, EMI
shielding, and MIMO antenna performance enhancements.
M. Lutful Hakim et al. Alexandria Engineering Journal 81 (2023) 419–436

Fig. 3. (a) design evolution of the proposed MTM, and (b) the transmission coefficient (S21) of the different design steps.

Table 1
also appeared from 30.96 to 32.13 GHz frequency. The blocked fre­
Transmission coefficient (S21) of the different design steps.
quency is reflected toward the positive z-axis with a reflection phase
Design evolution Resonance frequency S21 < -10 dB
value of 90˚to − 90˚. The concept of the designed ISSRR unit cells towards
Step 1 – – the final design and corresponding transmission coefficient are shown in
Step 2 27.05 25.27–28.5 Fig. 3. In the first design step, a concentric square ring resonator (CSRR)
Step 3 26.0830.16 25.17–26.18
is designed, which shows zero transmission block at the desired oper­
27.01–33.33
Step 4 29.5339.21 25.27–33.15 ating frequency. In the second step, two splits are made of two arms of
38.97–39.65 the resonator to induce capacitance in the splits, which form a square
Final Design 27.09 24.60–28.47, split ring resonator (SSRR). This technique shows a transmission block
38.71 36.50–39.65
frequency from 24.7 to 28 GHz frequency. After that, another inner
41.81 40.77–44
CSRR is inserted, which showed a dual stop band frequency from 24 to
25.2 GHz and 26.96––32.76 GHz, but the resonance appeared at the 28
1.1. Unit cell design and evolution GHz 5G frequency band. The inner CSRR is connected with the outer
SSRR in step 4, which attained stopband at both 28 GHz and 38 GHz
Fig. 1(a) presents the proposed ISSRR unit cell and the geometrical frequency, but the 38 GHz stopband is narrow compared to the 28 GHz
parameters. The unit cell is designed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate band. The − 10 dB S21 at step 4 is 26.96–32.76 GHz and 38.94–39.6 GHz.
material whose thickness, dielectric constant, and loss tangent are 0.79 Finally, by incorporating another inner SSRR and connecting with the
mm, 2.2, and 0.009, respectively. The low dielectric constant is chosen middle ring, the resonant frequency of the upper band slightly shifts
for its reduction capability of electrical power loss at the higher fre­ toward desired lower frequency, and the stopbands are achieved from
quency application [27]. The copper patch of the unit cell is placed on 24.60 to 28.47 GHz, 36.50–39.65 GHz and 40.77–44 GHz frequency.
top of the substrate material, and the back side remains vacant. The The S21 at different design steps are listed in Table 1.
thickness and electrical conductivity of the copper are 0.035 mm and The sensitivity of the physical parameters on S21 is shown by a
5.96e + 07 [S/m], respectively. In unit cell design, a concentric square parametric analysis, presented in Fig. 4. The lower peak, middle peak
ring resonator forms the middle ring, and the inner and outer rings form transmission zero frequencies and upper transmission pole can be
by square split ring resonators. The transverse magnetic (TM) wave is tunable by varying the width (W1) of the outer square ring resonator.
applied toward the negative z-axis, where unit cell boundary conditions The increment of the W1 shifts transmission zero frequency towards the
are applied along the x and y-axes. Fig. 1(b) shows the simulation setup upper-frequency region. The split gap G1 also shows similar responses.
of the proposed ISSRR unit cell. The retrieved reflection coefficient (S11) Moreover, in both parameters, the upper transmission zero and lower
reflected wave phase value and transmission coefficient (S21) are pre­ transmission pole frequency show stable positions. The width of the
sented in Fig. 2, which shows − 10 dB S21 is achieved from 24.60 to middle square ring resonator and interconnecting arm (W2) has a strong
28.47 GHz, 36.50–39.65 GHz and 40.77–44 GHz frequency. The ISSRR influence at the lower transmission zero frequency and transmission
unit cell achieves maximum transmission-blocking resonance at 27.09 pole towards the upper-frequency region. Besides, the increment of
GHz, 38.71 GHz, and 41.81 GHz frequencies. The pass band of − 10 dB value shows a constant position of the upper transmission zero and

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Fig. 4. Parametric variation of (a) width of outer square ring resonator (W1), (b) split gap (G1), (c) width of interconnecting arm and middle square ring resonator
(W2), and (d) width of interconnecting arm and inner square ring resonator (W3).

Fig. 5. (a) ECM model of the proposed ISSRR metamaterial, (b) retrieved Transmission coefficient (S21) from the ECM and CST.

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Fig. 6. Retrieved metamaterial property of the designed ISSRR metamaterial, (a) relative permittivity, (d) relative permeability, (c) effective refractive index, and (d)
relative impedance.

Fig. 7. (a) S21 at TM and TE polarized wave, and S21 at different oblique incident angles at TM polarized wave.

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Fig. 8. Surface current distribution of the proposed ISSRR metamaterial.

transmission pole. Finally, the upper transmission zero frequency can be

1
tuned by varying the width of the inner ring resonator (W3); when the Ln = μ◦ [lln(2l/X1 ) + l/2 + 0.2235X1 ] + 2K12 M12 , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
2π
value of W3 increases, the upper transmission zero frequency shifts to­
(1)
wards higher frequencies.
Where l is the length microstrip line, X1 = w + t, w is the width of the
2. Results analysis microstrip line, and t is the thickness K12 = 1 when the current flows in
the same direction, and K12 = -1 when the current flows in the reverse
2.1. Equivalent circuit model (ECM) order. For these two possible cases, I and II, the mutual inductance (M12)
can be calculated by equations (2) and (3). Y1 = l-m, Y1 = l-s, Y1 = m-s,
The ECM model of the proposed MTM is developed based on the m is the length associated with parallel microstrip line length, s is the
[23,33–35], shown in Fig. 5(a). The three interconnected ring resonators overlapping length of two parallel microstrip lines, and g is the gap
achieved three TZ frequencies, represented by three parallelly con­ between the line.
nected LC series circuits and two inductance (L). The inductance can be [ ( ) { } ]
1 l 4mY1
found by equation (1) for a specific width and length [23]. M12,caseI = μ◦ lln + mln − 2m + g (2)
4π Y1 g2

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Fig. 9. The E-field intensity of the proposed ISSRR transmission block metamaterial.

Fig. 10. The H-field intensity of the proposed ISSRR transmission block metamaterial.

Fig. 11. (a) fabricated 6 × 5-unit cell array, (b) measurement setup of the proposed metamaterial for transmission block property.

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Fig. 14. Simulation setup of the proposed sensor model.

inductance and capacitance are L1= 1.47 nH, L2 = 1.37 nH, L3 = 1.14 nH,
L4 = 0.5 nH, L5 = 0.2 nH C1 = 0.023 pF, C2 = 0.012 pF, and C3 = 0.011
pF.. The input impedance of ’port 1′ and ’port 2′ is the free space
impedance Zo = 377 Ω, and the substrate material is modelled by a
transmission line (ZTL = Zo/√εo). Fig. 5(b) represents the simulated
transmission coefficient (S21) for the CST and ECM models, where both
CST and ECM simulations agree well.
Fig. 12. Simulated and measured transmission coefficient (S21) of the proposed
ISSRR transmission block metamaterial.
2.2. Metamaterial property analysis

The metamaterial property of the proposed ISSRR unit cell is

retrieved from the reflection (S11) and transmission (S21) coefficient by
using equations (5–7) [36]. The calculated metamaterial property is
presented in Fig. 6. Where εr is the relative permittivity, µr is the relative
permeability, Ko is the wave number, d is the propagation distance, and η
is the effective refractive index. The real part of the εr and µr are negative
from 24 to 36 GHz and 27.85–44 GHz frequency.
2 1 − A1
εr = × (5)
jk0 d 1 + A1

2 1 − A2
μr = × (6)
jk0 d 1 + A2
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
η= ε r μr (7)

Where, K◦ = 2πf/c , C = velocity of light, A1 = |S11 | + |S21 |, and A2 =

|S21 | − |S11 |. The relative importance of Z is calculated by equation (8).
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Zr = μr /εr (8)
The transmission-blocking features can be understood from the
retrieved alternatively negative property of permittivity and perme­
Fig. 13. Simulated and measured SE of the proposed ISSRR transmission block
metamaterial. ability at the operating frequency of 24.60–28.47 GHz, 36.50–39.65
GHz, and 40.77–44 GHz. The negative refractive index is also attained at
[ ( ) { } { } ] the operating frequency of the proposed metamaterial shown in Fig. 6
1 Y2 + m Y2 + m Y3
M12,caseII = μ◦ Y2 ln + mln + sln 4s 2 − 2s (3) (c).
4π Y2 Y2 g

At the peak transmission zero frequency, the capacitance (Cn,MTM) is 2.3. Polarization and incident angle analysis
calculated by using equation (4). Where the transmission-blocking fre­
quency is fTZ) and Ln,MTM is the inductance calculated by the metallic The S21 of the proposed MTM for both TM and TE polarized waves is
area of the MTM. presented in Fig. 7(a). The MTM structure shows polarization-sensitive
1 behavior due to its asymmetric configuration. At TE polarized wave,
Cn,MTM = 2
, n = 1, 2, 3 (4) the lower band and middle stopband converted to transmission fre­
4π2 Ln,MTM fTZ
quencies, and at similar stopband shows in upper frequency. The effect
The computed ECM model is simulated by Advance design systems of the oblique incident angle at TM polarized waves is presented in Fig. 7
(ADS) software and is well-tuned to match the simulated results from (b). In comparison, S21 shows a similar stopband up to 35◦ .
CST. L1, L2, and L3, respectively, represent the outer, middle, and inner
square ring resonator. Where C1, C2, and C3 are the capacitance at three
2.4. Electric field magnetic field and surface current analysis
peak transmission zero frequencies. So, three peak transmission zero
frequencies at the lower, middle, and upper bands are achieved by three
The incident of a plane wave on the MTM surface creates the scat­
LC series circuits like L1C1, L2C2, and L3C3, respectively. The inter­
tering fields due to the current flow in the metallic part. The current flow
connecting arms are represented by L4 and L5, which significantly
through conducting element of MTM produces the magnetic field, and
corresponds to two TP between the TZ frequency. The final value of the
the magnetic field variation generates the electromotive force. The

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Fig. 15. (a) simulated transmission coefficient (S21) of the sensor model, (b) zoomed view of the lower resonance frequency.

and lower side of the outer and inner rings shows clockwise and anti-
clockwise directions. The inner and outer edges of the left and right arm.
The middle ring shows anti-clockwise and clockwise flow at the
upper and lower arm. The interconnecting arm acted as a current source,
and anti-parallel current flow appeared between the outer-middle and
middle-inner rings. The overall current flow generates a magnetic dipole
resonance at 38.71 GHz frequency. At 41.81 GHz frequency, the inter­
connecting arm between the outer and middle ring act as a current
source, and anti-parallel current flow appears between The E-field dis­
tribution of the proposed MTM at 27.09 GHz, 38.71 GHz and 41.81 GHz
frequency is presented in Fig. 9. At 27.09 GHz frequency, the maximum
E-field intensity appeared at the splits of the outer ring and associated
edges of the left and right sides of the inner and middle ring. On the
other hand, at 38.71 GHz frequency, the maximum field intensity
appeared at the left–right side of the resonator’s arm and spits of the
outer ring. The high intensity of the E-field appears at the right-left and
splits of the resonator. The H-field of the designed MTM is proportion­
ally interrelated with the surface current. The maximum H-field appears
Fig. 16. Simulated resonance frequency at the lower band and solid line for at the four corners of the outer ring and the upper and lower area be­
polynomial fitting. tween the middle and inner ring. The H-filed intensified at the inter­
connecting arm between the outer and middle ring. The lower intensity
of the H-field at 38.71 GHz than 27.09 GHz is due to the higher
Table 2 permittivity value at 38.71 GHz than 27.09 GHz frequencies. At 41.81
Simulated and calculated resonant frequency for different MUT. GHz frequency, the high H-field intensity appeared at the upper right
Sample material εr. Simulated Resonant Calculated from
and lower right corner of the inner and outer resonators. Figs. 9 and 10
(SM) MUT frequency (GHz) equation (19) show that the H-field is annulled at the area where the E-field intensity is
high.
Air 1 27.173 27.173
Rogers RT5880 2.2 26.93 26.94
Rogers RO4350B 3.66 26.71 26.71 3. Measurement
FR-4 4.3 26.60 26.61
A prototype of a 6 × 5-unit cell array is fabricated, shown in Fig. 11
(a). Fig. 11(b) demonstrates the measurement setup, where MTM is
placed between the two-horn antennas. The horn antennas are con­
relationship between the electric, magnetic field, and surface current of
nected with the vector network analyzer (VNA). The transmission-
MTM can be described by Maxwell’s equation [37]. The surface current
blocking can be realized from the transmission coefficient (S21), and
distribution of the proposed MTM is presented in Fig. 8. At 27.09 GHz
the measured results of S21 agree well with the simulated one shown in
frequency, the upper and lower sides of the middle and outer ring show
Fig. 12. The measured peak transmission block frequency slightly shifts
current flow in anti-clockwise and clockwise directions, respectively.
towards a lower frequency compared to simulated results, and this
The interconnecting arm between the middle and outer ring act as a
shifting increases to the upper-frequency band. This incompatibility
current source. The inner ring shows anti-parallel current flow with the
may arise because of fabrication inadequacy, measurement error, and
associated middle ring, and maximum current intensity appeared at the
finite unit cell number, which causes edge diffraction.
upper and lower side of the associated edge of the inner and middle ring.
The overall current flow created a magnetic dipole resonance at 27.09
GHz frequency. At 38.71 GHz frequency, the current flow at the upper

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Fig. 17. (a) measurement setup of the proposed metamaterial sensor, and (b) testing dielectric substrate materials.

Fig. 18. (a) measured transmission coefficient (S21) of the sensor model, (b) zoomed view of the lower resonance frequency.

4. Application investigation
4.1. EMI shielding application
EMI shielding is important in the mm-wave application to protect
sophisticated electronic devices from unwanted EMI [10,23,24,33]. The
designed transmission block ISSRR-based MTM also has potential
application in EMI shielding, which covers 24.6–28.45 GHz,
36.50–39.65 GHz, and 40.77–44 GHz. The shielding amount is
determined by the Figure of merit (FoM) called shielding effectiveness
(SE). The SE is calculated from the ratio of the transmitted (Et) to inci­
dent (Ei) wave presented in equation (9) [11,23].
⃒ ⃒
⃒ Et ⃒
SE(dB) = − 20log⃒⃒ ⃒⃒ = − S21 (dB) (9)
Ei
The simulated and measured SE of the proposed ISSRR transmission
block metamaterial is presented in Fig. 13. The measured results agree
well with the simulated results though a little frequency shift is due to

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Fig. 19. Measured resonant frequency of the lower band and solid line for
polynomial fitting.
the fabrication tolerance or measurement tolerance. The maximum SE of
43, 40, and 40.29 appeared at 27.17 GHz, 38.71 GHz, and 41.81 GHz
frequencies.
4.2. Sensor applications
Recently, MTM has attracted significant attention in GHz to THz
range sensing like liquid sensing, material dielectric sensing, and grain
sensing etc, [22,36,38–40]. The main advantage of the MTM sensor is
low cost, robust design, ease of fabrication etc. The characterization of
material generally evolved for unknown material. However, most of the
Fig. 21. Simulated reflection coefficient (S11), Isolation (S21), and gain of
designed dual-band defected ground MIMO configuration of A.1/A.2.
sensors are tested using known materials or samples to validate and
demonstrate the reliability of developed metamaterial sensors (dielec­
tric substrate and film). Generally, material characterization is
completed by MTM based on the resonant frequency variation after
loading the sample material. The EM wave interaction with the sample
material varies the relative metamaterial property like permittivity and
permeability of the MTM, which corresponds to resonant frequency
shifting. The sensing mechanism and performance also vary with the
operating frequency. In the GHz frequency range, the permittivity of the
sample material changes the capacitance of the MTM, which leads to the

Table 3
Measured and calculated resonant frequency for different MUT.
MUT εr. MUT Measured Resonant frequency (GHz) Calculated from equation (20)

Air 1 26.94 26.94

Rogers RT5880 2.2 26.67 26.67
Rogers RO350B 3.66 26.42 26.38
FR-4 4.3 26.26 26.26

Table 4
Calculated permittivity from simulated or measured resonant frequency for different MUT.
MUT Measured Resonant frequency (GHz) Calculated from equation (21)
εr. MUT
Air 26.94 1.1
Rogers RT5880 26.67 2.2
Rogers RO350B 26.42 3.45
FR-4 26.26 4.34

Fig. 20. Designed two-element defected ground MIMO antenna (a) front view, (b) backside view (l1 = 1.29 mm, w1 = 1.23 mm, w2 = 0.54, l2 = 0.69 mm, w3 =
1.07, w4 = 0.32 mm, aw = 5.03 mm, w = 0.46 mm, al = 3.48 mm, gs = 1.15 mm, wg = 3.59 mm, gl = 15 mm).

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Fig. 22. E-plane radiation pattern at (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz frequency, H-
plane radiation pattern at (c) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.
LC resonant frequency shifting. On the other hand, in the THz or optical
range, the sensing principle is based on the refractive index of the
sample material and the oscillation of free electrons on the MTM
Fig. 23. (a) MTM array-backed MIMO antenna, (b) constructive wave interference mechanism by MTM.
Fig. 24. (c) deflected beam pattern diversity MIMO antenna, (b) effective refractive index for EM wave propagation towards the x-axis, and (d) deflec­
tion mechanism.
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 81 (2023) 419–436
structure because this change experienced surface plasom resonance. As
discussed earlier, the characterization of sample material (SM) depends
on the resonant frequency shift of MTM. The resonant frequency of the
MTM is presented by equation (10)[41].
1
fs = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (10)
2π LMTM CMTM
Where LMTM is the inductance of MTM and CMTM is the capacitance of
the MTM, which depends on the gematrical design and dimension of the
MTM structure. After loading the SM on the MTM sensor, the induced
capacitance CSM is combined with the CMTM. The overall increment of
the capacitance corresponds to resonance frequency shifting toward the
lower frequency range, which is presented by equation (11) [41].
1
fs(MUT) = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (11)
2π LMTM (CMTM + CMUT )
The induced capacitate of CSM by SM depends on its thickness and
permittivity of it, which is presented by equation (12)[41]. Where εo is
the free space permittivity, A and d are the area of the SM and capacitive
gap of the MTM, respectively. The A and d are predefined, εo is a con­
stant value, so CSM entirely depends on the SM permittivity (εr(SM)).
AMUT
CMUT = ε◦ εr(MUT) (12)
dMTM
Three different substrate material (Rogers RT5880, Rogers
RO4350B, and FR-4) and the air is investigated to validate the sensing
performance of the proposed structure. A sensor model is presented in
Fig. 14 to validate the sensing application of the proposed MTM. Where
the sensor layer (sample material) with a thickness of hs = 1.6 mm is
M. Lutful Hakim et al.
Fig. 25. Fabricated prototype (a) MTM decupled antenna, (b) MTM array, and (c) MTM backed antenna.
Fig. 26. Simulated and measured (a) reflection coefficient (S11) of A.1 and A2 and (b) isolation (S21) between A.1 and A2 of the different configurations of
MIMO antenna.
placed in the backside of the MTM, the unit cell boundary condition is
applied along the × and y-axes and EM wave along the negative z-axis.
The S21 of the corresponding SM is shown in Fig. 15 (a). A clear sensing
behaviour is achieved at the lower frequency band, and more clear
simulated results at the peak frequency are presented in Fig. 15(b).
The resonance frequency change can be related to effective permit­
tivity by equation (13) [42]. Where fs(MUT) is the resonant frequency
during material under test and fo (Air) is the normal resonant frequency of
the MTM. εr. Air and εr. MUT is the effective permittivity of the air and
testing material, respectively,
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
εr,Air
fs(MUT) = f◦ (Air) (13)
εr,MUT
The resonant frequency is extracted for different testing materials
through simulations presented in Fig. 16. The symbol represents the
simulated data, and the solid line denotes the fit data with estimated
polynomial equations. The estimation is done by a parabolic equation
(14) with respect to the testing material’s permittivity (εr. MUT) value.
fs(MUT) = X1 − X2 εr,MUT + X3 ε2r,MUT (14)
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 81 (2023) 419–436
Where X1, X2, and X3 are the polynomial constants and above third-
order terms of the polynomial are ignored because of the very small
value, which permits a parabolic estimation. As presented in Fig. 16, the
solid line started from fs(Air) and decreased with the permittivity value
increment. So, fs(Air) is the starting point when εr. MUT = 1, the fs(MUT)
must be fs(Air), and the equation will be expended with respect to (εr. MUT
− 1). In this case, the fs(Air) is presented by X1.
( ) ( )2
fs(MUT) = X1 − X2 εr,MUT − 1 + X3 εr,MUT − 1 (15)
By simulating the known dielectric materials, like Rogers RT5880,
Rogers RO4350B, FR-4, and curve fitting presented in Fig. 16 from
which, the polynomial constants of equation (16) are obtained.
( ) ( )2
Simulation, fs(MUT) = 27.173 − 0.20416 εr,MUT − 1 + 0.01095 εr,MUT − 1
(16)
The resonant frequency of the well-known MUT can be estimated by
equation (16) based on the permittivity. Table 2 presents the MUT
dielectric property and corresponding resonance frequency at the lower
frequency band.
The validation of curve fitting is completed by measuring the known
M. Lutful Hakim et al.
Fig. 27. Simulated and measured radiation pattern of deflected beam antenna
A.1 and A.2, E-plane at (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz, H-plane at (c) 28 GHz and
(d) 38 GHz.
Fig. 28. Simulated gain of the normal antenna, FSS-backed antenna, and
simulated and measured gain of the deflected beam antenna.
MUT. The experimental validation setup of the proposed MTM sensor is
presented in Fig. 17(a). Two hon antenna is utilized for transmitting and
receiving the EM wave, and MTM with SM is placed between them. The
resultant S21 is collected by VNA, which is connected to the horn an­
tenna via a coaxial cable. The sample materials are shown in Fig. 17(b).
The measures S21 for the known MUT and a more zoomed view of the
upper-frequency band are presented in Fig. 18 (a and b). The resonant
frequency shifting during the measurement is around 0.223 GHz due to
the fabrication tolerance, measurement tolerance, cable loss, etc. The
sensitivity plot for the measured resonant frequency and curve fitting is
presented in Fig. 19, from which the polynomial constants of equation
(17) are obtained; for the measurement case, the fs(Air) is presented by
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 81 (2023) 419–436
X1 = 26.96, so it becomes
( ) ( )2
Measurment, fs(MUT) = 26.94 − 0.23705 εr,MUT − 1 + 0.01010 εr,MUT − 1
(17)
Table 3 presents the MUT dielectric property and corresponding
measured and calculated resonance frequency at the lower frequency
band. Therefore, it is clear that the sensor resonant frequency estimation
depends on the MUT permittivity. The permittivity calculation of the
unknown material can be done by the modified form of equation (17)
expressed in equation (18), respectively.
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
0.23705 − 0.056192 − 0.04040[26.94 − Measurment, fs(MUT) ]
εr,MUT = +1
0.02020
(18)
The measured resonance frequency can be used to check the validity
of equation (18) to calculate the permittivity value. The calculated
permittivity is tabulated in Table 4, where the calculated value is very
close to the original value.
4.3. Application in Antenna
In the last few years, due to the tremendous increases in data traffic,
wireless networks require a thousand times more capacity than present
systems. These exponentially increasing demands can be met by the
multi gigabits per second (Gb/s) throughput, which can be achieved by
the mm-wave fifth generation (5G) wireless communications systems
[26] because the 5G sub-6 GHz frequency has inadequate bandwidth
and limited channel capacity than mm-wave frequency. Different tele­
communication industries have allocated the 26 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38
GHz mm-wave frequencies for upcoming 5G applications [28]. How­
ever, this frequency suffers higher path loss and atmospheric absorption
compared with lower frequencies band [27]. The antenna with high gain
is important to overcome this issue and sustain the link budget at this
frequency [27,43]. Moreover, deflected beams and beam-switching
antennae received massive attention to reduce interference in the
communication system and improve the system coverage [13,44,45].
The antenna gain enhancement and radiation pattern deflection can be
done in various ways like Phase array[44], Rotman lens[46], Butler
matrix[47], and Blass matrix[48] etc. But this technique has unavoid­
able losses in the power divider, phase shifter, crossover, coupler, etc.
Metamaterial has recently become attractive for antenna beam forming
and beam deflection applications. The unusual electromagnetic char­
acteristics like negative refractive index, negative permittivity, and
negative permeability of metamaterial make it a promising solution for
improving the antenna gain and radiation pattern deflection by con­
trolling the radiated electromagnetic (EM) wave[30]. This work inves­
tigated the proposed ISSRR metamaterial for antenna applications. For
this purpose, a dual-band defected ground antenna is designed, and
metamaterial is implemented with the designed antenna.
4.3.1. mm-Wave Antenna design
The conventional patch antenna has the limitation of a narrow
operation band. The defected ground technology can increase the
operation bandwidth and multiple frequency bands [49]. A defected
ground antenna is designed for dual-band mm-wave, and its two ele­
ments of MIMO configurations are presented in Fig. 20. Two antennas
are placed in the opposite direction to cover both side areas. The an­
tenna is designed by Rogers RT5880 substrate with dielectric constant
2.2 and loss tangent 0.009. The reflection coefficient and isolation be­
tween the MIMO elements are shown in Fig. 21, where the operational
bandwidth (-10 dB) of the designed antenna is achieved from 24 to
29.46 GHz and 36.2–40 GHz frequency. The isolation value also ob­
tained < -15 dB. The gain value varies from 3 to 6 dBi for the total
operational frequency presented in Fig. 21. Fig. 22 shows the designed
antenna’s E and H-plane radiation patterns at 28 GHz and 38 GHz
M. Lutful Hakim et al.
Fig. 29. (a) Electric and (b) magnetic field distributions at 28 GHz frequency.
Fig. 30. (a) ECC and (b) DG of the def. Beam MIMO antenna.
frequencies. It can be observed that the radiation pattern of antenna one
(A.1) and antenna two (A.2) covers two opposite sides of the antenna
end-fire directions. The H plane shows a large amount of backside ra­
diation due to the defected ground structure.
4.3.2. Application of MTM for gain enhancement and deflected beam
The gain of the defected ground antenna can be increased by placing
transmission-blocking MTM on the back side of the antenna. The MTM
act as an artificial magnetic conductor, which deflects the EM wave with
− 90˚to 90˚phase variation and makes a constructive EM wave interface
toward the z-axis of the antenna [50]. This approach can increase the
antenna gain significantly. Fig. 23 (a) shows the MTM array placed on
the back side of the antenna, and Fig. 23 (b) illustrates the constructive
wave interface by MTM towards the z-axis. Traditionally, the antenna
radiation pattern is deflected by placing the dielectric lenses, but this
approach makes the antenna bulky and increases its complexity. The
MTM is attractive because of its unusual electromagnetic property,
which can control the propagation direction of the EM wave [30]. Based
on Snell’s law, the EM wave traversing through different refractive index
areas will be refracted at a predefined angle [30,45]. Based on this
principle, the designed MTMs are placed as a series between the MIMO
antenna elements to generate the deflected beam antenna shown in
Fig. 24(a), which creates different refractive index mediums in the end-
fire direction of the antenna. The refractive index variation is under­
stood by simulating the unit cell using the boundary perfect electric
(PEC) and perfect magnetic (PMC) condition along the y and z-axis and
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Alexandria Engineering Journal 81 (2023) 419–436
applying the EM wave along the × direction in Fig. 1. The retrieved
refractive index of the unit cell is presented in Fig. 24(b), where the
refractive index is smaller than the substrate refractive index at opera­
tional frequency bands. The deflection mechanism is illustrated in
Fig. 24 (c). The higher and lower refractive index medium is indicated
by n1 (substrate area) and n2 (MTMs area), respectively. The fabricated
prototype of the deflected beam antenna is presented in Fig. 25.
The EM wave deflected towards a low refractive index to a high
refractive index medium. The reflection coefficient of the designed
normal, MTM array-backed, and deflected beam antenna achieved a
stable operational bandwidth and also simulated and measured S11 of
the deflected beam antenna well agreed. The − 10 dB impedance
bandwidth obtained from 24 to 29.5 GHz and 36.7–40 GHz is presented
in Fig. 26 (a). The isolation (S21) between the antenna elements also
increases by − 5 to − 10 dB by placing the MMs between them due to the
radiation pattern deflection mechanism shown in Fig. 26(b).
The resultant radiation pattern of the designed deflected beams A.1
and A.2 are presented in Fig. 27. The deflection mechanism is applied
along the E-plane (xy-axis) of the antenna, and the radiation is signifi­
cantly deflected in the E-plane by 45˚at both 28 and 38 GHz frequency
bands shown in Fig. 27(a) and (b), respectively. Based on the deflection
mechanism explained in Fig. 24(c), the deflection angle (θ) can be
calculated by equation (19)[45,51].
( )
(w1 × n1) − (w1 × n2)
θ = sin− 1 (19)
(w1 + w2)
M. Lutful Hakim et al. Alexandria Engineering Journal 81 (2023) 419–436

Table 5
Comparison with the existing MTM.
Ref MTM design Unit cell Substrate Resonance ¡10 dB (S21) MTM Applications
Size thickness and/ε frequency Bandwidth property
L£W GHz
(mm2)

[20] Omega shape resonator 22.86 × 1.6 mm/4.3 9.8 8–11 N/A Sensor
10.16
[21] Tri circle Splits ring 22.86 × 1.6 mm/4.3 8.34 N/A SNG Sensor
resonator 10.16 11.59
[22] G-shape resonator 10.16 × 1.6 mm/4.3 9.4 N/A SNG Sensor
22.86
[10] Polygon-shape resonator 8×8 0.127 mm/2.2 10 8–12 N/A EMI shielding
[23] Twisted spiral triangle 6.85 × 0.254 mm/2.2 4, 3.79–4.45 N/A EMI shielding
cross dipole 6.85 6.96, 6.3–8.06
11.3 10.89–11.84
[24] Jerusalem cross resonator 9.25 × 0.81 mm/3.38 10 7–11.8 N/A EMI shielding
9.25
[19] Slotted patch meta 10.3 × 0.254 mm/2.2 20 17.81–20.67 SNG Antenna gain enhancement
surface 10.3
[29] Interconnected circular 5×5 0.5 mm/2.2 28 26–30 SNG Antenna gain enhancement
ring resonator
[52] Modified peace-logo 6×5 0.254 mm/2.2 40 35–45 DNG Antenna gain and isolation enhancement
planar metamaterial
[30] Dual layer square splits 3×3 1.1 mm/5.5 10 N/A N/A Antenna beam tilting
ring resonator
[31] Uniplanar resonator 3.4 × 0.5 mm/3.38 29 28.2–30 N/A Antenna beam tilting
5.56
[32] Multiple layer intercell 4.4 × 4.4 1.1 mm/2.2 27.2, 33.1 24.79–28 N/A Reflect array for directivity enhancement
connected MTM 29.91–34.13
Proposed Interconnected square 5×5 0.79 mm/2.2 27.09 38.71 24.60–28.47 SNG EMI shielding, sensing, antenna gain
split ring resonators 41.81 36.50–39.65 improvement, isolation enhancement and
40.77–44 beam tilting

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 2
w1 = (a1/2) +b2 , w2 = (a2/2) +l2 , b = 10 mm, a1 = 10 mm,
a2 = 5 mm, n1 = 1.47, and n2 is the refractive index of the substrate and
MTMs medium. So, we can expect a deflection angle of around 45˚. The
back side FSS increases the radiation intensity toward the z-axis and
reduces the back loop radiation. This can be understood from the H-
plane (yz-axis) radiation pattern presented in Fig. 27(c) and (d). The
pattern diversity application of the designed antenna can be achieved by
switching the antenna port. Both the FSS back side array and deflection
mechanism improve the radiation beam and significantly enhance the
gain of 1–3 dBi. The gain of the different antenna configurations is
illustrated in Fig. 28.
The isolation enhancement and radiation pattern deflection can be
→ →
understood from the electric field ( E ) and magnetic field ( H ) distri­
→ →
bution. Fig. 29(a) shows the E and H -field of the MTM array back
antenna and deflected beam antenna, where it can be seen that the
MTMs series significantly deflect both fields towards the substrate area
due to the negative refractive index property of MTMs presented in
Fig. 29(b).
The MIMO antenna diversity performance is analyzed by envelope
correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity of gain (DG), which is
retrieved from scattering parameters presented in Fig. 26. The ECC and
DG value of the designed deflected beam MIMO antenna presented in
Fig. 30. The ECC value indicated the correlation between the two ports,
which is less than 0.02. However, the acceptable value is 0.5. The DG
value is higher than 9.9 for both operating bands, thus indicating decent
diversity performance of the designed antenna. Finally, the proposed
MTM significantly improved the performance of the designed dual-band
antenna. Operating frequencies range from 24 to 29.5 GHz and 36.7–40
GHz. The gain of the designed antenna increases by placing the trans­
mission block MTM at the backside. The deflection angle of 45˚is ob­
tained by incorporating MTMs in the EM wave propagation directions by
creating different refractive index regions. The antenna gains increase
by 1–3 dBi at the operating frequency by the MTM back side array and
deflection mechanism. Also, the beam deflection technique increases the
isolation between the antenna element by 5 to 10 dB at the operating
frequency.
5. Comparison
A detailed comparison of the proposed ISSRR metamaterial is pre­
sented in Table 5 with the existing transmission block metamaterial. The
MTM unit cell design configurations, size, employed substrate materials,
thickness, dielectric constant, resonant frequency, − 10 dB transmission
blocking bandwidth., retrieved MTM property, and investigated appli­
cations are compared. In Table 5, most of the research works were
conducted in the microwave frequency range except [29,31,32,52]. The
work [29,31,52] and [32] shows single and dual operating frequencies,
respectively, at mm-wave frequency. On the other hand, the proposed
MTM achieved three operational frequency bands ranging from 24.60 to
28.47 GHz, 36.50–39.65 GHz, and 40.77–44 GHz at mm-wave range.
which covers 5G frequency band of N258 N257, N260 and N259
respectively. Also, the designed unit cell size is more compact than
[10,19–24,52]. The MTM property of [10,20,23,24,30–32] is not
acknowledged, whereas [19,21,22,29,52] shows SNG, and [52] is DNG.
Most high-frequency MTM used substrate materials with lower dielectric
constant [29,32,52], and lower-frequency MTM used materials with
high dielectric constant [20–22,24,30]. In the previous works, MTM is
investigated for either sensor [20–22], EMI shielding [10,23,24], or
antenna performance enhancements [19,29–32,52]. However, MTM
presented in this article is investigated for EMI shielding, sensor, and
antenna performance enhancements to demonstrate its usability in
different applications. By utilizing different materials, the sensitivity is
investigated for the permittivity range of 1 to 5. The equation is derived
from the extracted data to calculate the permittivity of the unknown
materials, which is not done in the previous transmission bock MTM
sensor [20–22]. The application with an antenna is investigated by
designing a dual-band antenna. The gain of the designed antenna in­
creases by placing the transmission block MTM at the backside, and the
deflection angle is obtained by incorporating MTMs in the EM wave
propagation directions by creating different refractive index regions.
The beam deflection technique increases the isolation between the

434
M. Lutful Hakim et al.
MIMO antenna elements. Finally, the key features of the proposed MTM
are its multiple transmission block frequencies at the 5G mm-Wave band
and its multiple applications, which makes it a potential candidate for
the 5G mm-Wave band.
6. Conclusion
A multiband transmission block ISSRR resonator-based MTM is
presented in this article for 5G mm-wave band applications. The − 10 dB
transmission coefficient (S21) is achieved from 24.60 to 28.47 GHz,
36.50–39.65 GHz, and 40.77–44 GHz frequency, and resonant fre­
quency appeared at 27.09 GHz, 38.71 GHz, and 41.81 GHz frequency.
The designed MTM is validated by fabricating a 6 × 5-unit cell array,
and measurement results agree well with the simulated one. The ap­
plications of the proposed MTM were investigated for EMI shielding,
sensor, and antenna performance enhancement. The sensor performance
is studied using different materials, which permittivity ranging from 1 to
5 and shows excellent sensing performance. Afterthat, the antenna
performance enhancement is investigated by designing a defected
ground dual-band antenna. The proposed MTM array is placed on the
back side of the antenna to increase the gain ranging from 1 to 3 dBi. The
deflection angle of 45˚is obtained by incorporating MTMs in the EM
wave propagation directions by creating different refractive index re­
gions. Also, this technique increases the isolation between the MIMO
antenna element by 5 to 10 dB at the operating frequency.
Funding
This research has been funded by Scientific Research Deanship at the
University of Ha’il - Saudi Arabia, through project number RG-23163.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Mohammad Lutful Hakim: Conceptualization, Formal analysis,
Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Validation, Visualization,
Writing – original draft. Touhidul Alam: Supervision, Formal analysis,
Methodology, Project administration, Conceptualization. Mohammad
Tariqul Islam: Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisi­
tion. Norbahiah Misran: Project administration, Writing – review &
editing. Saleh Albadran: Project administration, Validation, Writing –
review & editing. Ayed M. Alrashdi: Project administration, Writing –
review & editing. Haitham Alsaif: Project administration, Investiga­
tion, Writing – review & editing. Ahmed S. Alshammari: Project
administration, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. Ahmed
Alzamil: Project administration, Writing – review & editing. Mohamed
S. Soliman: Project administration, Investigation.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
This research has been funded by Scientific Research Deanship at
University of Ha’il - Saudi Arabia through project number RG-23163
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