SECTION II

Mathematics as a Tool
Describing Data with Graphs
The data gathered shall be presented, analyzed and interpreted that can be
easily understood by the reader. Data may be presented in textual, tabular,
graphical or a combination of these.

TEXTUAL It uses statements with numerals in order to describe the data

PRESENTATION for the concrete information and in expository form. It is to
discuss the data and the information and interpretation it
carries.

TABULAR It uses statistical table to directly display the quantities or

PRESENTATION values collected as data.

GRAPHICAL It illustrates data in a form of graphs aiding readers to

PRESENTATION understand the text easily.
 The graph or chart is a statistical device that
present quantitative and qualitative data.

✓ It simplifies and summarizes significant

details about important aspects and
implication.
✓ It facilitates better interpretation and
analysis by bringing out hidden facts and
relationship between and among variables
under study.
Guidelines for Describing Data Using
Graphs
1. It must be accurate. Graphs and charts should be accurately constructed from
valid and reliable data to construct correct interpretation.

2. It should be clear and unambiguous so that charts and graphs are easy to read
and understand.

3. It should be simple without any unnecessary or irrelevant data to gain efficient

and effective visual communication.

4. It is attractive, neat, appealing and with professional look. There should be

harmony and consistency in style and elements.
 GRAPHS FOR
QUANTITATIVE
DATA
 QUANTITATIVE DATA

(information about quantities)

Information that can be measured and written down with numbers.

• Focuses on numbers
• Can be displayed through graphs, charts, tables, and maps
• Data can be displayed over time (such as a line chart)
 BAR GRAPH Most Favorite Fruit
50
45
This device is 40

Number of People
35
constructed to compare 30
25
data sizes and 20
15
frequencies. It consists 10
5
of rectangular bars of
0
equal widths aligned
horizontally or vertically.
Fruits
 HISTOGRAM

A diagram whose area is

proportional to the
frequency of a variable
and whose width is an
equal to the class
interval. Used to check
whether the process 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59
changes from one period
to another.
 PIE CHART Favorite Type of Movie

20% 20%

This statistical device 5%

shows the part or

25%
division of the
30%
categories to the whole.
SciFi: 4 (20%) Drama: 1 (5%) Romance: 6 (30%)
Action: 5 (25%) Comedy: 4 (20%)
 LINE GRAPH
Temperature on February 22, 2024
40
This is a graphical device 35 36
32
that is effective in 30

Temperature in °C
29
25 24
showing a trend over a 20

period of time. It is also 15

10
a useful tool in showing
5
the relationship 0
8:00 10:00 12:00 2:00
between two or more Time

sets of data. Time

 PICTOGRAPH

This graphical
presentation of data uses
symbols or pictures
that represent a standard
value.
 STEM AND LEAF
PLOT

This kind of graph

presents the data using
the actual numerical
values of each data
point.
 SCATTER PLOT Temperature and Number of Ice
Cream Customers
500
A graph in which the 450
400
values of two variables

No. of Customers
350
are plotted along two 300
250
axes, the pattern of the 200
150
resulting points revealing 100
50
any correlation present. 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature in °F
 QUALITATIVE DATA

(information about quality)

Information that can't actually be measured.

• Represented through pictures that explore the data in a visual way.

• Visual representations focus on the themes found in the data.
• Can tell a story.
• The pie charts or bar graphs are the most functional and appropriate graphical
devices to be used in displaying the information generated from these data.
 The teacher identified the religious affiliation of the four hundred students.

Religion Frequency Relative Frequency Percent Angle (°)

260
Roman Catholic 260 = 0.65 65% 0.65 x 360 = 234.0
400
93
7th Day Adventist 93 = 0.23 23% 0.23 x 360 = 82.8
400
12
Iglesia ni Cristo 12 = 0.03 3% 0.03 x 360 = 10.8
400
35
Born Again Christian 35 = 0.09 9% 0.09 x 360 = 32.4
400
Total 400 1 100% 360
 PIE GRAPH FOR STUDENTS’ RELIGIOUS
AFFILIATION

Born Again
Iglesia ni
Christian
Cristo
9%
3%

7th Day
Adventist
23% Roman
Catholic
65%
 PROTRACTOR

A protractor is a handy tool used to measure and draw angles.

There are different types, but the most popular ones are
the semicircle and circular ones.

They often have two sets of numbers going into opposite

directions: o° to 180°.
SEMI-CIRCLE = 180° CIRCLE = 360°
Roman Catholic = 234°

180 + (234 – 180)

180 + 54

7th Day Adventist = 83°

Iglesia ni Cristo = 11°

Born Again Christian =

33°
BAR GRAPH FOR STUDENTS’ RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION
300

250
NO. OF STUDENTS

200

150

100

50

0
Roman Catholic 7th Day Adventist Iglesia ni Cristo Born Again Christian
RELIGIONS
 TIMELINE

A timeline is a type of
chart which visually
shows a series of
events in chronological
order over a linear
timescale. The power
of a timeline is that it is
graphical, which
makes it easy to
understand critical
milestones, such as
the progress of a
project schedule.