Excel Year 12MathsSTD2 PassCards Web

EXCEL Year 12 MATHS STANDARD 2 PASS CARDS CO NTE NTS (2) T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS
This set of cards is designed for Graphing straight lines 1

you to use as the final step in your Your path to success! 38 Building plans 50 Declining-balance 60 Finding the contribution y
revision program. The author has 39 Estimating area depreciation required that is equivalent If x and y are related by the equation y = mx + c
ÎÎ 5
carefully selected the most important facts of the course for you to focus on 40 The trapezoidal rule 51 Flat-rate loans to a given present value then they are in a linear relationship. 4
3
61 Converting between future
just before your exam or test. You can use your Excel Year 12 Pass Cards: 41 Volume of rainfall 52 Reducing-balance loans
value and present value A linear function is a straight line when
ÎÎ 2
y=5–x
53 Credit cards
TOPIC 3: FINANCIAL 62 Formulas and equations graphed. 1
ON THE GO. If you are by yourself, read over each card again and again 54 Calculations with credit
3 MATHEMATICS cards 63 Loan repayments In many practical situations one quantity will
ÎÎ –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
until you completely master its content. If you’re with a friend, revise 64 Working with loans vary directly with another. This variation can –2
INVESTMENTS AND LOANS ANNUITIES
as a team by turning the bullet points into questions and quizzing be shown by the graph of a straight line.
42 Simple interest 55 The future value of an TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL
each other on key points. Your answers will be there on the cards.
43 Compound interest annuity ANALYSIS A table of values can be drawn up and points plotted to show the
ÎÎ
44 Compounding periods 56 Tables of future value position of a line.
BIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS
3 AT HOME. Read each card thoroughly and make sure you understand 45 Finding the present value factors
all the points. You should also know more detailed information on of a single investment 57 Finding the contribution
65 Scatterplots Graphing software can also be used to draw lines.
ÎÎ
required to produce a 66 Analysing scatterplots
each topic—if you are not completely sure of a topic, revise it in your 46 Compounded values and
Excel Year 12 study guide. comparisons given future value 67 Correlation Example: Draw up a table of Solution: x 0 1 2
58 The present value of an 68 Correlation coefficient values and graph
47 Appreciation and inflation y 5 4 3
annuity 69 A line of best fit
ON YOUR DIGITAL DEVICE. Download a FREE digital copy of these
48 Shares the line y = 5 – x.
3 49 Straight-line depreciation
59 Finding the present value 70 Further lines of fit
cards at www.pascalpress.com.au/free of an annuity 71 The equation of a line of fit
TOPIC 1: ALGEBRA See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 4–5
T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

Finding the equation of a line 3 Interpretations of the point of intersection of two lines 5 Break-even points 7
y y
In the equation y = mx + c, m is the gradient

ÎÎ 5 The simultaneous solution is the only solution that
ÎÎ 5
4
When graphs are used to illustrate the
ÎÎ
income
cost of producing goods and the return
4
and c the y-intercept. 3 works for both equations at the same time. 3 1000
cost
from selling those goods, then the point
2
ÎÎThe meaning of the gradient and of the 2

The point of intersection gives the solution for
ÎÎ 1
800
y-intercept can be explained in the context of the

1
which the two equations are equal.
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1
y= x+1 –1
1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 5
5 x
of intersection gives us the ‘break-even’
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
point.
1 2 3 4 5 x 2 –2
relationship between the quantities. When two equations that represent models of
Dollars
–1
ÎÎ –3 600
ÎÎIf we are given information about the relationship

–2
–3 physical phenomena are solved simultaneously,
–4
–5
When the cost is greater than the return,
ÎÎ
between variables, then a graph can be easily –4
that solution has a practical significance. there will be a loss. When the return 400
drawn. Using the gradient and y-intercept the

–5
is greater than the cost, there will be a
profit. But when the cost and return are
200
equation of the graph can be found. EXAMPLE: The graph shows the lines y = 2x – 5 and
1 equal there is no profit or loss and the
y = x + 1. What is the solution of the Take care to answer the question that
enterprise is said to break even.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Example: What is the equation of the line in the graph? 2 has been asked. Read the question Number sold
1
3 3 equation 2x – 5 = x + 1? carefully so that you know whether
Solution: m = ; c = –2; Equation: y = x – 2 2 the whole simultaneous solution is
required or only, say, the x-value.
example: This graph shows the break-even point is when 30 items
4 4 Solution: x = 4 are sold.
TOPIC 1: ALGEBRA See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 5–8 TOPIC 1: ALGEBRA See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 11–13 TOPIC 1: ALGEBRA See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 13–15

Exponential growth 9 Quadratic functions 11 Parabolas 13
y
A quadratic function is any relationship of the form The value of a in the

y
For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
y = 2(3x)
ÎÎ ÎÎ y = 4x2 8
y y = 2x2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y
0
1 2 3 4 x
y = ax (a > 1) the 5 5
y = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0). equation y = ax2 determines 6 2
y-values become very the width of the parabola.

y = x2
The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
4 4
y = 5(3 ) y=3 x x
ÎÎ 4 4
large very quickly.

3 3
y=3 +2
A parabola is a symmetrical curve with a turning point that lies on the If a is negative the curve is
x
2 ÎÎ ÎÎ 2 6
y = –x2
This is an example of
2
‘upside down’.
y = –4x2
1 1 axis of symmetry. −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
8
y = –2x2
exponential growth. y=3 x

y=3 –1
The addition of a constant
x
The value c is the y-intercept. ÎÎ

y y
0
10 x x ÎÎ 9 3
The addition of a
−10 −5 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
ÎÎ to ax2 moves the parabola
y = –x2 + 3
−1 8
y = x2 + 3
2
y
constant, c, moves the example: Graphing software has been up (or down if the constant
7 1
6
6
used to graph y = x2 + 2x – 3.
0 x
curve up (or down if c

5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4 is negative). 5
4
–1
–2
is negative). The shape of the curve will not change. The asymptote will The axis of symmetry is x = –1.
3
2
3
y = x2
–3
also move up or down. The turning point is (–1, –4).

1
2
1
y = x2 – 2
–4
–5
Multiplying by a positive constant (y = kax) changes the shape of the

ÎÎ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x –6
The y-intercept is –3.

−1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y = x2 + 2x – 3 −1 −7 y = –x2 – 2
curve. The y-intercept changes to k. The asymptote does not change. −2
−3
−2 −8
y = –x2
−3 −9
−4
−5
T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS CO NTE NTS (3) CO NTE NTS (1)
Gradient and y-intercept of a line 2
72 Interpolation and 83 Using normal distribution CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS TOPIC 1: ALGEBRA 13 Parabolas 23 Finding a side with the
The gradient of a line is its slope. It is a measure
ÎÎ y
5 extrapolation tables 95 Activity charts 14 Maximum and minimum cosine rule
of the steepness of the line. 4 TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS
73 Analysing associations 84 Probabilities 96 Critical paths values 24 Finding an angle with the
3
1 Graphing straight lines
The gradient, m, of a line is given by
ÎÎ 2 74 Causality
TOPIC 5: NETWORKS 97 Forward scanning 2 Gradient and y-intercept
15 Inverse variation cosine rule
vertical change in position
1
16 Reciprocal functions 25 Compass bearings
THE NORMAL 98 Backward scanning of a line
m= . –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CONCEPTS 99 EST and LST, EFT and LFT
26 True bearings
horizontal change in position –1
3 Finding the equation of TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT 27 Compass radial surveys
–2
75 Normally distributed 85 Network definitions 100 Float times a line
The gradient is usually expressed in fractional
ÎÎ –3
–4
variables 86 Further definitions 101 Flows through networks 4 Simultaneous equations
NON-RIGHT-ANGLED 28 Solving problems
form, if necessary as an improper fraction. 76 z-scores 87 Directed networks
TRIGONOMETRY
–5
102 Capacities of edges and 5 Interpretations of the RATES AND RATIOS
77 z-score formula 17 Review of right-angled
The y-intercept, c, is where the line intersects the
ÎÎ 88 Weights vertices point of intersection of trigonometry 1 29 Rates
78 Comparing scores 89 Tables and networks 103 Cuts two lines
vertical axis. 79 Empirical rule
18 Review of right-angled 30 Best buys
90 Trees 104 Maximum flow— 6 Forming equations to trigonometry 2 31 Speed
80 Applications of the 91 Prim’s algorithm minimum cut solve problems
Example: Find the gradient and y-intercept of the line in the graph. 19 The area of a triangle 1 32 Fuel consumption
empirical rule 92 Kruskal’s algorithm 7 Break-even points
20 The area of a triangle 2 33 Units of power and energy
vertical change in position 3 81 Quality control and 93 8 Exponential curves
Solution: m = = ; c = –2 guarantees
Shortest paths
9 Exponential growth
—Heron’s rule 34 Electricity costs
horizontal change in position 2 82 Normal distribution tables
94 Applications 21 Finding a side with the 35 Ratios
10 Exponential decay sine rule
and proportions 36 Solving problems with
11 Quadratic functions 22 Finding an angle with the ratios
TOPIC 1: ALGEBRA See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 5–8 12 Direct variation sine rule 37 Scale drawings

Exponential curves 8 Forming equations to solve problems 6 Simultaneous equations 4
y = ax and y = a–x (a > 0, a ≠ 1) are To find the solution to practical problems it might be necessary to Two distinct straight lines will meet at no more
y
ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ 5
(for a > 1) y y = ax 4
exponential functions and their graphs form equations. than one point. If parallel the lines will not intersect, 3
are exponential curves. but otherwise there will be one point of intersection.
2
a When information is given in words it often needs to be translated

ÎÎ 1
y = 3x – 4
The x-axis is an asymptote of both curves. into an equation or algebraic representation. Simultaneous equations are two or more equations
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ 1 ÎÎ –1
It is a line that the curves approach but do that have the same solution at the same time.
–2
The variables need to be determined and pronumerals chosen to

y=2–x
ÎÎ –3
not intersect.
–4
0 1 x represent the variables. This representation should be explained, for A pair of simultaneous equations can be solved
ÎÎ –5
The y-intercept of each curve is 1

ÎÎ example, by a statement like ‘Let x be the cost in dollars’. graphically by finding the point of intersection of the
(because a0 = 1). y = a–x y
two lines.
example: Suppose a is the price of an apple and b is the price of a
a banana (both in dollars). If 9 apples and 5 bananas cost $6.70 Example: Solution:
Download a FREE digital copy then 9a + 5b = 6.7. Graph the lines y = 3x – 4 and The simultaneous solution is
1
of these cards at y = 2 – x and hence find the x = 1.5 and y = 0.5.
www.pascalpress.com.au/free –1 0 x
simultaneous solution. Check the solution in both equations. If it is
correct the answer must be right.

Maximum and minimum values 14 Direct variation 12 Exponential decay 10
y = ax2
y
y = 2(3–x) y
If, in the equation
ÎÎ + bx + c, a is greater than zero the y
In many practical situations, one variable will vary in proportion to
ÎÎ For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
parabola opens upwards ( ) and there is a minimum value another. For example, the distance that is travelled at a fixed speed is y = a–x (a > 1) the y=3 +3
5
y = 5(3 )
–x
5
–x
of y. directly proportional to the time taken to travel that distance. y-values become
4 4
very small very

3
ÎÎIf, in the equation y = ax2 + bx + c, a is less than zero the parabola If one quantity, y, directly varies with the square of another, x, then
ÎÎ 2 2
opens downwards ( ) and there is a maximum value of y.

y = 14x – x2
y = ax2 where a is a constant. quickly. This is y=3 –x

y=3 –x
1 1
ÎÎA parabola is always symmetrical so we can often use 0 14

x
To solve problems involving this sort of variation we use any given
ÎÎ an example of –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x x
exponential decay.
−4 −3 0 1 2 3 4
symmetry to find the value of x for which there is a maximum or information to find the value of the constant. Then we use that value in
y=3 –2 −1
–x
y = ax (0 < a < 1) is
−2
minimum. Substituting the value of x into the equation gives the the equation when answering other parts of the question. ÎÎ
maximum or minimum value. also an example of exponential decay.
example: Suppose the distance, d m, an object falls varies directly The addition of a constant, c, moves the curve up (or down if c is
ÎÎ
Example: The diagram shows the graph of y = 14x – x2. The with the square of the time, t seconds, it is falling so that d = kt2 where negative). The shape of the curve will not change. The asymptote will
curve cuts the x-axis at 0 and 14. So the axis of symmetry is x = 7. k is a constant. If the object falls 80 metres in 4 seconds then, when also move up or down.
Substituting into the equation, when x = 7, y = 14 × 7 – 72 = 49. So the t = 4, d = 80. So 80 = k × 42 and hence k = 5. The equation is therefore Multiplying by a positive constant (y = ka–x) changes the shape of the
ÎÎ
maximum value is 49. d = 5t2. curve. The y-intercept changes to k. The asymptote does not change.
ÎÎ 5
3
ÎÎ 2
y=5–x
53 Credit cards
ÎÎ –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

y y

ÎÎ 5
4
ÎÎ
income
4
cost
2

ÎÎ 1
800

1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1
y= x+1 –1
1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 5
5 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
point.
1 2 3 4 5 x 2 –2
Dollars
–1
ÎÎ –3 600

–2
–4
–5
ÎÎ

–5
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1

y

y
For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
y = 2(3x)
ÎÎ ÎÎ y = 4x2 8
y y = 2x2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y
0
1 2 3 4 x
y = ax (a > 1) the 5 5

y = x2
4 4
y = 5(3 ) y=3 x x
ÎÎ 4 4
large very quickly.

3 3
y=3 +2
x
2 ÎÎ ÎÎ 2 6
y = –x2
2
‘upside down’.
y = –4x2
8
y = –2x2

y=3 –1
x

y y
0
10 x x ÎÎ 9 3
The addition of a
−10 −5 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y = –x2 + 3
−1 8
y = x2 + 3
2
y
7 1
6
6
0 x

5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4 is negative). 5
4
–1
–2
3
2
3
y = x2
–3

1
2
1
y = x2 – 2
–4
–5

ÎÎ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x –6

−1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y = x2 + 2x – 3 −1 −7 y = –x2 – 2
−3
−2 −8
y = –x2
−3 −9
−4
−5
ÎÎ y
3
ÎÎ 2 74 Causality
1
m= . –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
26 True bearings
–2
ÎÎ –3
–4
TRIGONOMETRY
–5
Shortest paths

y
ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ 5
(for a > 1) y y = ax 4
2

ÎÎ 1
y = 3x – 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ 1 ÎÎ –1
–2

y=2–x
ÎÎ –3
not intersect.
–4
ÎÎ –5

two lines.
1

y = ax2
y
y = 2(3–x) y
If, in the equation
ÎÎ For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
5
y = 5(3 )
–x
5
–x
4 4
very small very

3
ÎÎ 2 2

y = 14x – x2

y=3 –x
1 1

x
exponential decay.
−4 −3 0 1 2 3 4
y=3 –2 −1
–x
y = ax (0 < a < 1) is
−2
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 5
3
ÎÎ 2
y=5–x
53 Credit cards
ÎÎ –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

y y

ÎÎ 5
4
ÎÎ
income
4
cost
2

ÎÎ 1
800

1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1
y= x+1 –1
1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 5
5 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
point.
1 2 3 4 5 x 2 –2
Dollars
–1
ÎÎ –3 600

–2
–4
–5
ÎÎ

–5
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1

y

y
For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
y = 2(3x)
ÎÎ ÎÎ y = 4x2 8
y y = 2x2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y
0
1 2 3 4 x
y = ax (a > 1) the 5 5

y = x2
4 4
y = 5(3 ) y=3 x x
ÎÎ 4 4
large very quickly.

3 3
y=3 +2
x
2 ÎÎ ÎÎ 2 6
y = –x2
2
‘upside down’.
y = –4x2
8
y = –2x2

y=3 –1
x

y y
0
10 x x ÎÎ 9 3
The addition of a
−10 −5 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y = –x2 + 3
−1 8
y = x2 + 3
2
y
7 1
6
6
0 x

5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4 is negative). 5
4
–1
–2
3
2
3
y = x2
–3

1
2
1
y = x2 – 2
–4
–5

ÎÎ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x –6

−1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y = x2 + 2x – 3 −1 −7 y = –x2 – 2
−3
−2 −8
y = –x2
−3 −9
−4
−5
ÎÎ y
3
ÎÎ 2 74 Causality
1
m= . –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
26 True bearings
–2
ÎÎ –3
–4
TRIGONOMETRY
–5
Shortest paths

y
ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ 5
(for a > 1) y y = ax 4
2

ÎÎ 1
y = 3x – 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ 1 ÎÎ –1
–2

y=2–x
ÎÎ –3
not intersect.
–4
ÎÎ –5

two lines.
1

y = ax2
y
y = 2(3–x) y
If, in the equation
ÎÎ For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
5
y = 5(3 )
–x
5
–x
4 4
very small very

3
ÎÎ 2 2

y = 14x – x2

y=3 –x
1 1

x
exponential decay.
−4 −3 0 1 2 3 4
y=3 –2 −1
–x
y = ax (0 < a < 1) is
−2
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 5
3
ÎÎ 2
y=5–x
53 Credit cards
ÎÎ –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

y y

ÎÎ 5
4
ÎÎ
income
4
cost
2

ÎÎ 1
800

1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1
y= x+1 –1
1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 5
5 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
point.
1 2 3 4 5 x 2 –2
Dollars
–1
ÎÎ –3 600

–2
–4
–5
ÎÎ

–5
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1

y

y
For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
y = 2(3x)
ÎÎ ÎÎ y = 4x2 8
y y = 2x2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y
0
1 2 3 4 x
y = ax (a > 1) the 5 5

y = x2
4 4
y = 5(3 ) y=3 x x
ÎÎ 4 4
large very quickly.

3 3
y=3 +2
x
2 ÎÎ ÎÎ 2 6
y = –x2
2
‘upside down’.
y = –4x2
8
y = –2x2

y=3 –1
x

y y
0
10 x x ÎÎ 9 3
The addition of a
−10 −5 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y = –x2 + 3
−1 8
y = x2 + 3
2
y
7 1
6
6
0 x

5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4 is negative). 5
4
–1
–2
3
2
3
y = x2
–3

1
2
1
y = x2 – 2
–4
–5

ÎÎ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x –6

−1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y = x2 + 2x – 3 −1 −7 y = –x2 – 2
−3
−2 −8
y = –x2
−3 −9
−4
−5
ÎÎ y
3
ÎÎ 2 74 Causality
1
m= . –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
26 True bearings
–2
ÎÎ –3
–4
TRIGONOMETRY
–5
Shortest paths

y
ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ 5
(for a > 1) y y = ax 4
2

ÎÎ 1
y = 3x – 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ 1 ÎÎ –1
–2

y=2–x
ÎÎ –3
not intersect.
–4
ÎÎ –5

two lines.
1

y = ax2
y
y = 2(3–x) y
If, in the equation
ÎÎ For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
5
y = 5(3 )
–x
5
–x
4 4
very small very

3
ÎÎ 2 2

y = 14x – x2

y=3 –x
1 1

x
exponential decay.
−4 −3 0 1 2 3 4
y=3 –2 −1
–x
y = ax (0 < a < 1) is
−2
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 5
3
ÎÎ 2
y=5–x
53 Credit cards
ÎÎ –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

y y

ÎÎ 5
4
ÎÎ
income
4
cost
2

ÎÎ 1
800

1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1
y= x+1 –1
1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 5
5 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
point.
1 2 3 4 5 x 2 –2
Dollars
–1
ÎÎ –3 600

–2
–4
–5
ÎÎ

–5
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1

y

y
For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
y = 2(3x)
ÎÎ ÎÎ y = 4x2 8
y y = 2x2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y
0
1 2 3 4 x
y = ax (a > 1) the 5 5

y = x2
4 4
y = 5(3 ) y=3 x x
ÎÎ 4 4
large very quickly.

3 3
y=3 +2
x
2 ÎÎ ÎÎ 2 6
y = –x2
2
‘upside down’.
y = –4x2
8
y = –2x2

y=3 –1
x

y y
0
10 x x ÎÎ 9 3
The addition of a
−10 −5 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y = –x2 + 3
−1 8
y = x2 + 3
2
y
7 1
6
6
0 x

5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4 is negative). 5
4
–1
–2
3
2
3
y = x2
–3

1
2
1
y = x2 – 2
–4
–5

ÎÎ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x –6

−1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y = x2 + 2x – 3 −1 −7 y = –x2 – 2
−3
−2 −8
y = –x2
−3 −9
−4
−5
ÎÎ y
3
ÎÎ 2 74 Causality
1
m= . –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
26 True bearings
–2
ÎÎ –3
–4
TRIGONOMETRY
–5
Shortest paths

y
ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ 5
(for a > 1) y y = ax 4
2

ÎÎ 1
y = 3x – 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ 1 ÎÎ –1
–2

y=2–x
ÎÎ –3
not intersect.
–4
ÎÎ –5

two lines.
1

y = ax2
y
y = 2(3–x) y
If, in the equation
ÎÎ For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
5
y = 5(3 )
–x
5
–x
4 4
very small very

3
ÎÎ 2 2

y = 14x – x2

y=3 –x
1 1

x
exponential decay.
−4 −3 0 1 2 3 4
y=3 –2 −1
–x
y = ax (0 < a < 1) is
−2
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 5
3
ÎÎ 2
y=5–x
53 Credit cards
ÎÎ –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

y y

ÎÎ 5
4
ÎÎ
income
4
cost
2

ÎÎ 1
800

1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1
y= x+1 –1
1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 5
5 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
point.
1 2 3 4 5 x 2 –2
Dollars
–1
ÎÎ –3 600

–2
–4
–5
ÎÎ

–5
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1

y

y
For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
y = 2(3x)
ÎÎ ÎÎ y = 4x2 8
y y = 2x2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y
0
1 2 3 4 x
y = ax (a > 1) the 5 5

y = x2
4 4
y = 5(3 ) y=3 x x
ÎÎ 4 4
large very quickly.

3 3
y=3 +2
x
2 ÎÎ ÎÎ 2 6
y = –x2
2
‘upside down’.
y = –4x2
8
y = –2x2

y=3 –1
x

y y
0
10 x x ÎÎ 9 3
The addition of a
−10 −5 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y = –x2 + 3
−1 8
y = x2 + 3
2
y
7 1
6
6
0 x

5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4 is negative). 5
4
–1
–2
3
2
3
y = x2
–3

1
2
1
y = x2 – 2
–4
–5

ÎÎ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x –6

−1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y = x2 + 2x – 3 −1 −7 y = –x2 – 2
−3
−2 −8
y = –x2
−3 −9
−4
−5
ÎÎ y
3
ÎÎ 2 74 Causality
1
m= . –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
26 True bearings
–2
ÎÎ –3
–4
TRIGONOMETRY
–5
Shortest paths

y
ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ 5
(for a > 1) y y = ax 4
2

ÎÎ 1
y = 3x – 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ 1 ÎÎ –1
–2

y=2–x
ÎÎ –3
not intersect.
–4
ÎÎ –5

two lines.
1

y = ax2
y
y = 2(3–x) y
If, in the equation
ÎÎ For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
5
y = 5(3 )
–x
5
–x
4 4
very small very

3
ÎÎ 2 2

y = 14x – x2

y=3 –x
1 1

x
exponential decay.
−4 −3 0 1 2 3 4
y=3 –2 −1
–x
y = ax (0 < a < 1) is
−2
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 5
3
ÎÎ 2
y=5–x
53 Credit cards
ÎÎ –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

y y

ÎÎ 5
4
ÎÎ
income
4
cost
2

ÎÎ 1
800

1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1
y= x+1 –1
1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 5
5 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
point.
1 2 3 4 5 x 2 –2
Dollars
–1
ÎÎ –3 600

–2
–4
–5
ÎÎ

–5
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1

y

y
For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
y = 2(3x)
ÎÎ ÎÎ y = 4x2 8
y y = 2x2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y
0
1 2 3 4 x
y = ax (a > 1) the 5 5

y = x2
4 4
y = 5(3 ) y=3 x x
ÎÎ 4 4
large very quickly.

3 3
y=3 +2
x
2 ÎÎ ÎÎ 2 6
y = –x2
2
‘upside down’.
y = –4x2
8
y = –2x2

y=3 –1
x

y y
0
10 x x ÎÎ 9 3
The addition of a
−10 −5 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y = –x2 + 3
−1 8
y = x2 + 3
2
y
7 1
6
6
0 x

5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4 is negative). 5
4
–1
–2
3
2
3
y = x2
–3

1
2
1
y = x2 – 2
–4
–5

ÎÎ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x –6

−1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y = x2 + 2x – 3 −1 −7 y = –x2 – 2
−3
−2 −8
y = –x2
−3 −9
−4
−5
ÎÎ y
3
ÎÎ 2 74 Causality
1
m= . –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
26 True bearings
–2
ÎÎ –3
–4
TRIGONOMETRY
–5
Shortest paths

y
ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ 5
(for a > 1) y y = ax 4
2

ÎÎ 1
y = 3x – 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ 1 ÎÎ –1
–2

y=2–x
ÎÎ –3
not intersect.
–4
ÎÎ –5

two lines.
1

y = ax2
y
y = 2(3–x) y
If, in the equation
ÎÎ For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
5
y = 5(3 )
–x
5
–x
4 4
very small very

3
ÎÎ 2 2

y = 14x – x2

y=3 –x
1 1

x
exponential decay.
−4 −3 0 1 2 3 4
y=3 –2 −1
–x
y = ax (0 < a < 1) is
−2
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 5
3
ÎÎ 2
y=5–x
53 Credit cards
ÎÎ –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

y y

ÎÎ 5
4
ÎÎ
income
4
cost
2

ÎÎ 1
800

1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1
y= x+1 –1
1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 5
5 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
point.
1 2 3 4 5 x 2 –2
Dollars
–1
ÎÎ –3 600

–2
–4
–5
ÎÎ

–5
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1

y

y
For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
y = 2(3x)
ÎÎ ÎÎ y = 4x2 8
y y = 2x2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y
0
1 2 3 4 x
y = ax (a > 1) the 5 5

y = x2
4 4
y = 5(3 ) y=3 x x
ÎÎ 4 4
large very quickly.

3 3
y=3 +2
x
2 ÎÎ ÎÎ 2 6
y = –x2
2
‘upside down’.
y = –4x2
8
y = –2x2

y=3 –1
x

y y
0
10 x x ÎÎ 9 3
The addition of a
−10 −5 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y = –x2 + 3
−1 8
y = x2 + 3
2
y
7 1
6
6
0 x

5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4 is negative). 5
4
–1
–2
3
2
3
y = x2
–3

1
2
1
y = x2 – 2
–4
–5

ÎÎ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x –6

−1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y = x2 + 2x – 3 −1 −7 y = –x2 – 2
−3
−2 −8
y = –x2
−3 −9
−4
−5
ÎÎ y
3
ÎÎ 2 74 Causality
1
m= . –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
26 True bearings
–2
ÎÎ –3
–4
TRIGONOMETRY
–5
Shortest paths

y
ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ 5
(for a > 1) y y = ax 4
2

ÎÎ 1
y = 3x – 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ 1 ÎÎ –1
–2

y=2–x
ÎÎ –3
not intersect.
–4
ÎÎ –5

two lines.
1

y = ax2
y
y = 2(3–x) y
If, in the equation
ÎÎ For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
5
y = 5(3 )
–x
5
–x
4 4
very small very

3
ÎÎ 2 2

y = 14x – x2

y=3 –x
1 1

x
exponential decay.
−4 −3 0 1 2 3 4
y=3 –2 −1
–x
y = ax (0 < a < 1) is
−2
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 5
3
ÎÎ 2
y=5–x
53 Credit cards
ÎÎ –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

y y

ÎÎ 5
4
ÎÎ
income
4
cost
2

ÎÎ 1
800

1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
1
y= x+1 –1
1 2 3 4
y = 2x – 5
5 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
point.
1 2 3 4 5 x 2 –2
Dollars
–1
ÎÎ –3 600

–2
–4
–5
ÎÎ

–5
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1

y

y
For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
y = 2(3x)
ÎÎ ÎÎ y = 4x2 8
y y = 2x2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y
0
1 2 3 4 x
y = ax (a > 1) the 5 5

y = x2
4 4
y = 5(3 ) y=3 x x
ÎÎ 4 4
large very quickly.

3 3
y=3 +2
x
2 ÎÎ ÎÎ 2 6
y = –x2
2
‘upside down’.
y = –4x2
8
y = –2x2

y=3 –1
x

y y
0
10 x x ÎÎ 9 3
The addition of a
−10 −5 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y = –x2 + 3
−1 8
y = x2 + 3
2
y
7 1
6
6
0 x

5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4 is negative). 5
4
–1
–2
3
2
3
y = x2
–3

1
2
1
y = x2 – 2
–4
–5

ÎÎ −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x –6

−1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y = x2 + 2x – 3 −1 −7 y = –x2 – 2
−3
−2 −8
y = –x2
−3 −9
−4
−5
ÎÎ y
3
ÎÎ 2 74 Causality
1
m= . –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
26 True bearings
–2
ÎÎ –3
–4
TRIGONOMETRY
–5
Shortest paths

y
ÎÎ ÎÎ ÎÎ 5
(for a > 1) y y = ax 4
2

ÎÎ 1
y = 3x – 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ÎÎ 1 ÎÎ –1
–2

y=2–x
ÎÎ –3
not intersect.
–4
ÎÎ –5

two lines.
1

y = ax2
y
y = 2(3–x) y
If, in the equation
ÎÎ For the curve
ÎÎ 6 6
5
y = 5(3 )
–x
5
–x
4 4
very small very

3
ÎÎ 2 2

y = 14x – x2

y=3 –x
1 1

x
exponential decay.
−4 −3 0 1 2 3 4
y=3 –2 −1
–x
y = ax (0 < a < 1) is
−2
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY
Inverse variation 15 Review of right-angled trigonometry 1 17 The area of a triangle 1 19
B
If two quantities vary inversely with one another, then one would
ÎÎ The hypotenuse is always
ÎÎ
hypotenuse
θ hypotenuse
The area of a triangle can be found by
ÎÎ
become larger as the other becomes smaller. the longest side of a opposite adjacent
multiplying half the base by the h c a
a right-angled triangle. It is 1
If two quantities x and y vary inversely with each other, then y =
ÎÎ θ
adjacent opposite perpendicular height: A = bh. A
where a is a constant. x the side opposite the right 2 b b C
1
angle. The opposite and adjacent sides depend upon the angle being The area of any triangle can be found using the formula A =
ÎÎ ab sin C
Example: The cost per person, $C, to go on a trip varies inversely considered. where C is the angle included between sides a and b. 2
with the number, n, of people travelling. If 30 people travel the cost per opposite adjacent opposite
person is $25. What is the cost per person for 40 people? sin θ =
ÎÎ cos θ = tan θ = EXAMPLE: Find the area of this Solution:
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent 1
triangle. A = ab sin C
a 750
Solution: C = ∴C= x 2
n n Example: Find the value of x. Solution:cos 34° =
When n = 30, C = 25 750 7 1
When n = 40, C = = 18.75 = × 16 × 12 × sin 67°
a 40
7m x = 7 cos 34° 12 m 2
25 = = 88 m2 (nearest m2)
30 The cost per person would be $18.75 34°
= 5.8 (1 d.p.) 67°
16 m
a = 750 xm
TOPIC 1: ALGEBRA See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 25–27 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 42–43 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 45–46
NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY

Finding a side with the sine rule 21 Finding a side with the cosine rule 23 Compass bearings 25
a b c
The sine rule states:
ÎÎ = = where a, b and C The cosine rule is used to find the third side of a
ÎÎ
C
The points of the compass should all be known.
ÎÎ
sin A sinB sinC triangle given two sides and the included angle.
N NN
Compass bearings are measured from either north or

W E
NN
b ÎÎ
c are the sides opposite, respectively, angles A, B and C. a
N
b
E
N
The cosine rule states: c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C a south in either an easterly or westerly direction,
W
ÎÎ
EN
WN
E
The sine rule is used to find the side of a triangle
ÎÎ
B where a, b and c are the sides opposite, respectively, e.g. N40°E N70°W S50°E S20°W W E
c A
when two angles and a side are known. B A
WSW
c
ESE
angles A, B and C. N N N N N N N N NN N N N N N N
SW
SE
When using the sine rule we only use two of the three equal
ÎÎ
SSE
SSW
S S S S 20°S 20° S 20°
S S 20° S
40° 40° 40° 40°70° 70° 70°
expressions at one time. That is, we work with pairs of opposite sides Example: Find the length of AB to the nearest metre.
70°50° 50° 50° 50°
and angles. Solution: A
B
a 16 2 2 2
c = a + b – 2ab cos C
19 m
Example: From a point X, a helicopter flew N
EXAMPLE: 84° = 58°

south-east to land at point Y. Leaving Y, it flew N60°E
X
Find the length sin71° sin84° = 312 + 192 – 2 × 31 × 19 × cos 58° C

31 m
B 45° N Z
to point Z. Show the information on a diagram and find 45° 60°

of side BC. A
71° C
16sin71° c = 312 +192 2 31 19 cos58° the size of ∠XYZ.
16 m
a= Many mistakes made with the cosine Y
a b sin84° rule are due to using the incorrect
Solution: = = 26 m (nearest metre) order of operations. Take care to do Solution: ∠XYZ = 45° + 60°
sin A sin B ∴ BC = 15.2 (1 d.p.) the operations in the correct order. = 105°
TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 46–47 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 49–50 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 50–52
NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY R ATES AND R ATIOS R ATES AND R ATIOS

Compass radial surveys 27 Rates 29 Speed 31
Surveys are a means of representing information as to
ÎÎ Rates compare quantities of different kinds.
ÎÎ Average speed, S, is the rate at which distance, D, is covered over
ÎÎ
the position of certain objects. 308°
D
A 050° A rate is usually expressed as the amount of one item for each unit of
ÎÎ time, T.
62 m
A radial survey is where the position of objects is
ÎÎ 75 m the other. D
S=
ÎÎ
given in relation to some central point. O
There are many applications of rates in various fields; for example,
ÎÎ T
In a compass radial survey the position of the
ÎÎ 81 m
104 m
agriculture, health and energy efficiency. Average speed differs from instantaneous speed which is the actual
ÎÎ
objects is given by a true bearing as well as the B speed at any given time.
135°
distance from the central point,
C 212°
Example: Lawn seed is Solution: Seed required
e.g. for the compass radial survey at right, point A is 75 m from O on a recommended to be sown at = 350 × 40 g Example: A car travels 384 km Example: A train travels at
bearing of 050°. B is 104 m from O on a bearing of 135°. the rate of 40 g/m2. How many = 14 000 g in 5 hours and 20 minutes. What 1
124 km/h for 2 h. How far will
So ∠AOB = 135° – 50° ∠DOA = (360 – 308)° + 50° kilograms of seed would be = 14 kg is its average speed? 4
= 85° = 102° needed for a 350 m2 lawn? Solution: it travel in that time?
The cosine rule can be used to find the distances between points.
ÎÎ 1 Solution:
Speed = (384 ÷ 5 ) km/h
The area of the individual triangles can be found and added to get the
ÎÎ Download a FREE digital copy of these cards at 3 Distance = 2.25 × 124 km
www.pascalpress.com.au/free = 72 km/h = 279 km
total area.
TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 55–56 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 p. 68 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 69–70
NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS
The area of a triangle 2—Heron’s rule 20 Review of right-angled trigonometry 2 18 Reciprocal functions 16
a
If the lengths of the three sides of a triangle are
ÎÎ 27 m Pythagoras’ theorem applies to any right-angled
ÎÎ y = , where a is a constant, is a
ÎÎ
known then the area can be found by using triangle: c2 = a2 + b2 a c x y
13 m reciprocal function.
Heron’s rule. This states that Angles of elevation and
ÎÎ
a
A = s(s a)(s b)(s c) where s =
a+b+c
.
19 m depression are always measured b The graph of y = is a hyperbola.
ÎÎ
x a a
2 from the horizontal. angle of depression
A hyperbola has two branches. The
y=
x
angle of elevation
EXAMPLE: Find the area of this triangle. x and y axes are asymptotes of the 1
curve. 1 a x
a+b+c Example: A person who is Solution:
Solution: s = Many models of physical phenomena
2 A = s(s a)(s b)(s c) 1.65 m tall casts a shadow, on 1.65 ÎÎ
level ground, 2.3 m in length. tan θ = only use the positive branch of the (a > 0)
13+19+ 27 2.3
= = 29.5 (29.5 13) (29.5 19) (29.5 27) Find the angle 1.65 hyperbola.
2 θ = tan–1
= 29.5 = 113 m2 (nearest m2) of elevation of 1.65 m 2.3
the sun. u
= 36° (nearest degree)
2.3 m
TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 45–46 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 43–44 TOPIC 1: ALGEBRA See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 27–29

True bearings 26 Finding an angle with the cosine rule 24 Finding an angle with the sine rule 22
True bearings are measured in a
ÎÎ N N N
P
N
The cosine rule is also used to find any angle given three sides of a
ÎÎ When finding an angle we usually use the sine rule in inverted form:
ÎÎ
clockwise direction from north. P
triangle. sin A sinB sinC
60°
= = .
They are always given using three
ÎÎ Q
Q 130° Q
210°
Q
315° When finding an angle, we use a rearrangement of the rule:
ÎÎ a b c
digits, e.g. the bearing of Q from P is P a 2 +b 2 c 2 The sine rule is used to find an angle when two sides and one angle
ÎÎ
P
cos C = . are known (the known angle being opposite one of the known sides).
060° 130° 210° 315° 2ab
sin sin37°15'
The bearing of P from Q and the bearing of Q from P are not the same.
Example: Find the size Solution: =
Read the question carefully to make sure you have the correct angle.
EXAMPLE: Find the size of θ to Solution: of θ to the nearest minute. 11 9
the nearest minute. 112 +14 2 17 2 11 sin37°15'
example: In the diagram B is due east of A, N
17 m
cos θ = sin θ =
N 2 11 14 9m 9
∠CAB = 30° and ∠CBA = 40°. So ∠YBA = 90° and X
∠YBC = 90° – 40° = 50°. ∠XCB and ∠YBC are 112 +14 2 17 2 11 m
–1 11 sin37°15'
Y 14 m θ
11 m
θ = cos–1 θ = sin
co-interior angles and add to 180° so ∠XCB = 130°. C
2 11 14 θ 9
37°15'
The bearing of B from C is 130°. 30° 40° = 84°47' (nearest minute) = 47°43' (nearest minute)
A B
R ATES AND R ATIOS R ATES AND R ATIOS NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY

Fuel consumption 32 Best buys 30 Solving problems 28
Fuel consumption is usually given in litres used per 100 km travelled.
ÎÎ The price of an item is often expressed as a rate.
ÎÎ Always draw a large clear diagram showing all the information.
ÎÎ
The lower the amount of fuel used, the better the fuel consumption.
ÎÎ Finding the best buy is an application of rates.
ÎÎ If a triangle is right-angled the sine rule and cosine rules still work,
ÎÎ
Fuel consumption is often quoted differently for highway travel and
ÎÎ Best buys are determined by comparing unit prices. The best buy has
ÎÎ but it is usually simpler to use the trig ratios sin, cos or tan.
city travel. the cheapest unit price. In a triangle if, including the information that you need to find, there
ÎÎ
are:
Example: A car uses 42 litres Example: A car has a fuel Example: Which is the best buy: 600 mL for $3.30, 1.5 L for $7.95 • two sides and two angles use the sine rule
of petrol to travel 560 km. What consumption of 7.2 L/100 km. or 2.5 L for $13.50?
is its fuel consumption? How far, to the nearest 10 km, • three sides and one angle use the cosine rule.
Solution: 600 mL for $3.30 = $5.50 per kg ($3.30 ÷ 0.6)
Solution: will it travel on a full tank of 1.5 L for $7.95 = $5.30 per kilogram ($7.95 ÷ 1.5) Make sure you know how to use your calculator
560 km = 5.6 × 100 km 68 litres? to recall an exact value found earlier. Always
2.5 L for $13.50 = $5.40 per kilogram ($13.50 ÷ 2.5)
Fuel consumption Solution: Distance travelled use exact values rather than rounded off values
= (68 ÷ 7.2) × 100 km The cheapest rate is $5.30 per kilogram. later in the calculation.
= (42 ÷ 5.6) L/100 km
= 7.5 L/100 km = 944.444 44… km The best buy is 1.5 L for $7.95.
= 940 km (nearest 10 km)
B
ÎÎ
hypotenuse
θ hypotenuse
ÎÎ
ÎÎ θ
1
ÎÎ ab sin C
a 750
When n = 30, C = 25 750 7 1
When n = 40, C = = 18.75 = × 16 × 12 × sin 67°
a 40
7m x = 7 cos 34° 12 m 2
25 = = 88 m2 (nearest m2)
= 5.8 (1 d.p.) 67°
16 m
a = 750 xm

a b c
ÎÎ
C
ÎÎ
N NN

W E
NN
b ÎÎ
N
b
E
N
W
ÎÎ
EN
WN
E
ÎÎ
c A
WSW
c
ESE
SW
SE
ÎÎ
SSE
SSW
S S S S 20°S 20° S 20°
S S 20° S
40° 40° 40° 40°70° 70° 70°
70°50° 50° 50° 50°
B
a 16 2 2 2
19 m
EXAMPLE: 84° = 58°

X

31 m
B 45° N Z

of side BC. A
71° C
16 m

ÎÎ
D
ÎÎ time, T.
62 m
S=
ÎÎ
ÎÎ T
ÎÎ 81 m
104 m
ÎÎ
135°
C 212°
ÎÎ 1 Solution:
Speed = (384 ÷ 5 ) km/h
total area.
a
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
a
a+b+c
.
ÎÎ
x a a
y=
x
angle of elevation
curve. 1 a x
13+19+ 27 2.3
2 θ = tan–1
the sun. u
2.3 m

ÎÎ N N N
P
N
ÎÎ
60°
= = .
ÎÎ Q
Q 130° Q
210°
Q
ÎÎ a b c
ÎÎ
P
060° 130° 210° 315° 2ab
sin sin37°15'
17 m
cos θ = sin θ =
N 2 11 14 9m 9
–1 11 sin37°15'
Y 14 m θ
11 m
2 11 14 θ 9
37°15'
A B

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
are:
= (42 ÷ 5.6) L/100 km
B
ÎÎ
hypotenuse
θ hypotenuse
ÎÎ
ÎÎ θ
1
ÎÎ ab sin C
a 750
When n = 30, C = 25 750 7 1
When n = 40, C = = 18.75 = × 16 × 12 × sin 67°
a 40
7m x = 7 cos 34° 12 m 2
25 = = 88 m2 (nearest m2)
= 5.8 (1 d.p.) 67°
16 m
a = 750 xm

a b c
ÎÎ
C
ÎÎ
N NN

W E
NN
b ÎÎ
N
b
E
N
W
ÎÎ
EN
WN
E
ÎÎ
c A
WSW
c
ESE
SW
SE
ÎÎ
SSE
SSW
S S S S 20°S 20° S 20°
S S 20° S
40° 40° 40° 40°70° 70° 70°
70°50° 50° 50° 50°
B
a 16 2 2 2
19 m
EXAMPLE: 84° = 58°

X

31 m
B 45° N Z

of side BC. A
71° C
16 m

ÎÎ
D
ÎÎ time, T.
62 m
S=
ÎÎ
ÎÎ T
ÎÎ 81 m
104 m
ÎÎ
135°
C 212°
ÎÎ 1 Solution:
Speed = (384 ÷ 5 ) km/h
total area.
a
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
a
a+b+c
.
ÎÎ
x a a
y=
x
angle of elevation
curve. 1 a x
13+19+ 27 2.3
2 θ = tan–1
the sun. u
2.3 m

ÎÎ N N N
P
N
ÎÎ
60°
= = .
ÎÎ Q
Q 130° Q
210°
Q
ÎÎ a b c
ÎÎ
P
060° 130° 210° 315° 2ab
sin sin37°15'
17 m
cos θ = sin θ =
N 2 11 14 9m 9
–1 11 sin37°15'
Y 14 m θ
11 m
2 11 14 θ 9
37°15'
A B

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
are:
= (42 ÷ 5.6) L/100 km
B
ÎÎ
hypotenuse
θ hypotenuse
ÎÎ
ÎÎ θ
1
ÎÎ ab sin C
a 750
When n = 30, C = 25 750 7 1
When n = 40, C = = 18.75 = × 16 × 12 × sin 67°
a 40
7m x = 7 cos 34° 12 m 2
25 = = 88 m2 (nearest m2)
= 5.8 (1 d.p.) 67°
16 m
a = 750 xm

a b c
ÎÎ
C
ÎÎ
N NN

W E
NN
b ÎÎ
N
b
E
N
W
ÎÎ
EN
WN
E
ÎÎ
c A
WSW
c
ESE
SW
SE
ÎÎ
SSE
SSW
S S S S 20°S 20° S 20°
S S 20° S
40° 40° 40° 40°70° 70° 70°
70°50° 50° 50° 50°
B
a 16 2 2 2
19 m
EXAMPLE: 84° = 58°

X

31 m
B 45° N Z

of side BC. A
71° C
16 m

ÎÎ
D
ÎÎ time, T.
62 m
S=
ÎÎ
ÎÎ T
ÎÎ 81 m
104 m
ÎÎ
135°
C 212°
ÎÎ 1 Solution:
Speed = (384 ÷ 5 ) km/h
total area.
a
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
a
a+b+c
.
ÎÎ
x a a
y=
x
angle of elevation
curve. 1 a x
13+19+ 27 2.3
2 θ = tan–1
the sun. u
2.3 m

ÎÎ N N N
P
N
ÎÎ
60°
= = .
ÎÎ Q
Q 130° Q
210°
Q
ÎÎ a b c
ÎÎ
P
060° 130° 210° 315° 2ab
sin sin37°15'
17 m
cos θ = sin θ =
N 2 11 14 9m 9
–1 11 sin37°15'
Y 14 m θ
11 m
2 11 14 θ 9
37°15'
A B

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
are:
= (42 ÷ 5.6) L/100 km
B
ÎÎ
hypotenuse
θ hypotenuse
ÎÎ
ÎÎ θ
1
ÎÎ ab sin C
a 750
When n = 30, C = 25 750 7 1
When n = 40, C = = 18.75 = × 16 × 12 × sin 67°
a 40
7m x = 7 cos 34° 12 m 2
25 = = 88 m2 (nearest m2)
= 5.8 (1 d.p.) 67°
16 m
a = 750 xm

a b c
ÎÎ
C
ÎÎ
N NN

W E
NN
b ÎÎ
N
b
E
N
W
ÎÎ
EN
WN
E
ÎÎ
c A
WSW
c
ESE
SW
SE
ÎÎ
SSE
SSW
S S S S 20°S 20° S 20°
S S 20° S
40° 40° 40° 40°70° 70° 70°
70°50° 50° 50° 50°
B
a 16 2 2 2
19 m
EXAMPLE: 84° = 58°

X

31 m
B 45° N Z

of side BC. A
71° C
16 m

ÎÎ
D
ÎÎ time, T.
62 m
S=
ÎÎ
ÎÎ T
ÎÎ 81 m
104 m
ÎÎ
135°
C 212°
ÎÎ 1 Solution:
Speed = (384 ÷ 5 ) km/h
total area.
a
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
a
a+b+c
.
ÎÎ
x a a
y=
x
angle of elevation
curve. 1 a x
13+19+ 27 2.3
2 θ = tan–1
the sun. u
2.3 m

ÎÎ N N N
P
N
ÎÎ
60°
= = .
ÎÎ Q
Q 130° Q
210°
Q
ÎÎ a b c
ÎÎ
P
060° 130° 210° 315° 2ab
sin sin37°15'
17 m
cos θ = sin θ =
N 2 11 14 9m 9
–1 11 sin37°15'
Y 14 m θ
11 m
2 11 14 θ 9
37°15'
A B

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
are:
= (42 ÷ 5.6) L/100 km
B
ÎÎ
hypotenuse
θ hypotenuse
ÎÎ
ÎÎ θ
1
ÎÎ ab sin C
a 750
When n = 30, C = 25 750 7 1
When n = 40, C = = 18.75 = × 16 × 12 × sin 67°
a 40
7m x = 7 cos 34° 12 m 2
25 = = 88 m2 (nearest m2)
= 5.8 (1 d.p.) 67°
16 m
a = 750 xm

a b c
ÎÎ
C
ÎÎ
N NN

W E
NN
b ÎÎ
N
b
E
N
W
ÎÎ
EN
WN
E
ÎÎ
c A
WSW
c
ESE
SW
SE
ÎÎ
SSE
SSW
S S S S 20°S 20° S 20°
S S 20° S
40° 40° 40° 40°70° 70° 70°
70°50° 50° 50° 50°
B
a 16 2 2 2
19 m
EXAMPLE: 84° = 58°

X

31 m
B 45° N Z

of side BC. A
71° C
16 m

ÎÎ
D
ÎÎ time, T.
62 m
S=
ÎÎ
ÎÎ T
ÎÎ 81 m
104 m
ÎÎ
135°
C 212°
ÎÎ 1 Solution:
Speed = (384 ÷ 5 ) km/h
total area.
a
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
a
a+b+c
.
ÎÎ
x a a
y=
x
angle of elevation
curve. 1 a x
13+19+ 27 2.3
2 θ = tan–1
the sun. u
2.3 m

ÎÎ N N N
P
N
ÎÎ
60°
= = .
ÎÎ Q
Q 130° Q
210°
Q
ÎÎ a b c
ÎÎ
P
060° 130° 210° 315° 2ab
sin sin37°15'
17 m
cos θ = sin θ =
N 2 11 14 9m 9
–1 11 sin37°15'
Y 14 m θ
11 m
2 11 14 θ 9
37°15'
A B

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
are:
= (42 ÷ 5.6) L/100 km
B
ÎÎ
hypotenuse
θ hypotenuse
ÎÎ
ÎÎ θ
1
ÎÎ ab sin C
a 750
When n = 30, C = 25 750 7 1
When n = 40, C = = 18.75 = × 16 × 12 × sin 67°
a 40
7m x = 7 cos 34° 12 m 2
25 = = 88 m2 (nearest m2)
= 5.8 (1 d.p.) 67°
16 m
a = 750 xm

a b c
ÎÎ
C
ÎÎ
N NN

W E
NN
b ÎÎ
N
b
E
N
W
ÎÎ
EN
WN
E
ÎÎ
c A
WSW
c
ESE
SW
SE
ÎÎ
SSE
SSW
S S S S 20°S 20° S 20°
S S 20° S
40° 40° 40° 40°70° 70° 70°
70°50° 50° 50° 50°
B
a 16 2 2 2
19 m
EXAMPLE: 84° = 58°

X

31 m
B 45° N Z

of side BC. A
71° C
16 m

ÎÎ
D
ÎÎ time, T.
62 m
S=
ÎÎ
ÎÎ T
ÎÎ 81 m
104 m
ÎÎ
135°
C 212°
ÎÎ 1 Solution:
Speed = (384 ÷ 5 ) km/h
total area.
a
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
a
a+b+c
.
ÎÎ
x a a
y=
x
angle of elevation
curve. 1 a x
13+19+ 27 2.3
2 θ = tan–1
the sun. u
2.3 m

ÎÎ N N N
P
N
ÎÎ
60°
= = .
ÎÎ Q
Q 130° Q
210°
Q
ÎÎ a b c
ÎÎ
P
060° 130° 210° 315° 2ab
sin sin37°15'
17 m
cos θ = sin θ =
N 2 11 14 9m 9
–1 11 sin37°15'
Y 14 m θ
11 m
2 11 14 θ 9
37°15'
A B

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
are:
= (42 ÷ 5.6) L/100 km
B
ÎÎ
hypotenuse
θ hypotenuse
ÎÎ
ÎÎ θ
1
ÎÎ ab sin C
a 750
When n = 30, C = 25 750 7 1
When n = 40, C = = 18.75 = × 16 × 12 × sin 67°
a 40
7m x = 7 cos 34° 12 m 2
25 = = 88 m2 (nearest m2)
= 5.8 (1 d.p.) 67°
16 m
a = 750 xm

a b c
ÎÎ
C
ÎÎ
N NN

W E
NN
b ÎÎ
N
b
E
N
W
ÎÎ
EN
WN
E
ÎÎ
c A
WSW
c
ESE
SW
SE
ÎÎ
SSE
SSW
S S S S 20°S 20° S 20°
S S 20° S
40° 40° 40° 40°70° 70° 70°
70°50° 50° 50° 50°
B
a 16 2 2 2
19 m
EXAMPLE: 84° = 58°

X

31 m
B 45° N Z

of side BC. A
71° C
16 m

ÎÎ
D
ÎÎ time, T.
62 m
S=
ÎÎ
ÎÎ T
ÎÎ 81 m
104 m
ÎÎ
135°
C 212°
ÎÎ 1 Solution:
Speed = (384 ÷ 5 ) km/h
total area.
a
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
a
a+b+c
.
ÎÎ
x a a
y=
x
angle of elevation
curve. 1 a x
13+19+ 27 2.3
2 θ = tan–1
the sun. u
2.3 m

ÎÎ N N N
P
N
ÎÎ
60°
= = .
ÎÎ Q
Q 130° Q
210°
Q
ÎÎ a b c
ÎÎ
P
060° 130° 210° 315° 2ab
sin sin37°15'
17 m
cos θ = sin θ =
N 2 11 14 9m 9
–1 11 sin37°15'
Y 14 m θ
11 m
2 11 14 θ 9
37°15'
A B

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
are:
= (42 ÷ 5.6) L/100 km
B
ÎÎ
hypotenuse
θ hypotenuse
ÎÎ
ÎÎ θ
1
ÎÎ ab sin C
a 750
When n = 30, C = 25 750 7 1
When n = 40, C = = 18.75 = × 16 × 12 × sin 67°
a 40
7m x = 7 cos 34° 12 m 2
25 = = 88 m2 (nearest m2)
= 5.8 (1 d.p.) 67°
16 m
a = 750 xm

a b c
ÎÎ
C
ÎÎ
N NN

W E
NN
b ÎÎ
N
b
E
N
W
ÎÎ
EN
WN
E
ÎÎ
c A
WSW
c
ESE
SW
SE
ÎÎ
SSE
SSW
S S S S 20°S 20° S 20°
S S 20° S
40° 40° 40° 40°70° 70° 70°
70°50° 50° 50° 50°
B
a 16 2 2 2
19 m
EXAMPLE: 84° = 58°

X

31 m
B 45° N Z

of side BC. A
71° C
16 m

ÎÎ
D
ÎÎ time, T.
62 m
S=
ÎÎ
ÎÎ T
ÎÎ 81 m
104 m
ÎÎ
135°
C 212°
ÎÎ 1 Solution:
Speed = (384 ÷ 5 ) km/h
total area.
a
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
a
a+b+c
.
ÎÎ
x a a
y=
x
angle of elevation
curve. 1 a x
13+19+ 27 2.3
2 θ = tan–1
the sun. u
2.3 m

ÎÎ N N N
P
N
ÎÎ
60°
= = .
ÎÎ Q
Q 130° Q
210°
Q
ÎÎ a b c
ÎÎ
P
060° 130° 210° 315° 2ab
sin sin37°15'
17 m
cos θ = sin θ =
N 2 11 14 9m 9
–1 11 sin37°15'
Y 14 m θ
11 m
2 11 14 θ 9
37°15'
A B

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
are:
= (42 ÷ 5.6) L/100 km
R ATES AND R ATIOS R ATES AND R ATIOS R ATES AND R ATIOS
Units of power and energy 33 Ratios 35 Scale drawings 37
The joule is a unit of energy (or work).
ÎÎ Name Symbol Meaning A ratio compares quantities of the same kind.
ÎÎ A plan is said to be drawn to scale if all measurements are in the same
ÎÎ
The watt is a unit of power. One watt is
ÎÎ milliwatt mW 1
or 10–3 Order is important in a ratio. A ratio of 3 : 5 is different to a ratio of
ÎÎ proportions as the original.
equal to one joule per second. 1000 5 : 3. If a diagram is drawn to scale, and the scale known, then by careful
ÎÎ
Power is the rate at which energy is
ÎÎ watt W 1 or 100
A ratio is expressed in simplest form if expressed using whole
ÎÎ measurement and calculation all actual measurements can be found.
changing. kilowatt kW 1000 or 103 numbers that have no common factors. Aerial photographs are an example of scale diagrams. It is possible to
ÎÎ
The symbol for the watt is W.
ÎÎ megawatt MW 1 000 000 or 106
The units used in a ratio must be the same. For example, the ratio of
ÎÎ find distances by calculating the scale from features of a photograph.
A watt is a standard unit in the
ÎÎ
gigawatt GW 1 000 000 000 or 109
20 g to 1 kg is not 20 : 1. It is 20 : 1000 or, when simplified, 1 : 50. Tools in computer programs or online resources can also provide
ÎÎ
International System of Units (SI). Like information about distances and directions.
other standard units, standard prefixes such as milli- (one-thousandth) Example: A box holds 15 red, 12 blue and 9 white balls. What is the
and kilo- (one thousand) apply. ratio of blue to red to white? Example: The distance Solution: Actual distance
Solution: Required ratio = 12 : 15 : 9 between two points on a = 500 000 × 3.5 cm
Example: 28.75 GW is how many kilowatts? = 4:5:3 map is 3.5 cm. If the scale is = 1 750 000 cm
Solution: 28.75 GW =
28 750 000 000 W 1 : 500 000, what is the actual = 17 500 m
= 28 750 000 kW distance between the points? = 17.5 km
R ATES AND R ATIOS R ATES AND R ATIOS INVESTMENTS AND LOANS

Estimating area 39 Volume of rainfall 41 Compound interest 43
From photos or maps, approximations for the
ÎÎ By multiplying the area over which rain falls by the amount of rain
ÎÎ In an investment earning compound interest, the interest is added to
ÎÎ
area of irregular shapes can be made. that has fallen we can find the volume of rainfall. the investment, so that the amount earning interest changes each time.
One way to measure land area is the polygon
ÎÎ Rainfall is usually measured in millimetres, so this unit must be
ÎÎ The final value of an investment is called the future value (FV). The
ÎÎ
method. This simply means dividing the converted to match the units used in the area. principal or initial amount is called the present value (PV).
area into standard polygonal shapes such as The area over which rainfall collects and drains into a dam, river or
ÎÎ The formula FV = PV(1 + r)n gives the future value of an amount
ÎÎ
triangles, rectangles and trapeziums, and adding their areas. something similar is called the catchment area. earning compound interest for n periods where r is the interest rate per
The grid-square method involves placing a grid over a plan of the
ÎÎ 1 m3 = 1000 L
ÎÎ compounding period expressed as a decimal.
required area and counting all full squares or squares that are more The amount of compound interest earned is the difference between
ÎÎ
than half. Then the scale is used to work out the area of each square on Example: 48 mm of rain falls on a rectangular roof that is 21 m long the future value and the present value. I = FV – PV
the grid. The number of squares counted is then multiplied by the area and 14 m wide. If all the rain is collected in a tank, how many litres will
of each square. that be? Example: If an amount of $15 000 is invested at 8% p.a. compound
Solution: Volume of rainfall = (21 × 14 × 0.048) m3 interest over 4 years then the future value is given by
example: If each square in the above grid represents an area 2 km = 14.112 m3 FV = $15 000(1 + 0.08)4 = $20 407 to the nearest dollar.
by 2 km then the area is approximately 42 × 4 km2 or 168 km2. = 14 112 L The interest is $20 407 – $15 000 or $5407.
TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 81–82 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 85–86 TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 97–98
MATH EMATICS
INVESTMENTS AND LOANS INVESTMENTS AND LOANS INVESTMENTS AND LOANS

Finding the present value of a single investment 45 Appreciation and inflation 47 Straight-line depreciation 49
The present value of an investment is the single amount of money that
ÎÎ If an asset increases in value over time it is said to appreciate. The
ÎÎ Many assets decrease in value over time. This decrease in value is
ÎÎ
could be invested now to give the known future value. future value formula can be used to find the appreciated value. called depreciation and is a cost to businesses and individuals.
FV The rate of inflation can also be determined by considering the
ÎÎ The straight-line method is one way of determining the depreciation
ÎÎ
The formula PV =
ÎÎ n gives the present value when the future
(1+r ) present and future values. of an asset over time. Using this method we assume that the asset
value, compound interest rate and period are known. This formula is decreases in value by a fixed amount each period.
just a rearrangement of the future value formula. Example: Find the annual rate of appreciation of a painting that was The formula for straight-line depreciation is S = V0 – Dn where S is
ÎÎ
valued at $1700 eight years ago and that has now doubled in value. the salvage value of the asset after n periods, V0 is the original value of
Example: What amount should be invested now, at 6% p.a. interest Solution: $3400 = $1700(1 + r)8 the asset, D is the amount of depreciation allowed per period.
compounded quarterly, to have $20 000 at the end of 2 years? (1 + r)8 = 2
Solution: FV = $20 000, r = 0.06 ÷ 4 = 0.015, n = 2 × 4 = 8 1+r= 82 example: Suppose a machine was purchased for $35 000 and has
$20 000 = 1.090 507 73… been depreciated using the straight-line method with the amount of
PV = 8 r = 0.09 (2 d.p.) depreciation allowed each year being $2750. The value of the machine
(1+0.015)
The approximate rate of appreciation is 9% p.a. after 9 years will be $35 000 – $2750 × 9 = $10 250.
= $17 754 (nearest dollar)
TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 98–99 TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 p. 102 TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 103–104
MATH EMATICS MATH EMATICS MATH EMATICS
Building plans 38 Solving problems with ratios 36 Electricity costs 34
Floor plans for buildings show the layout of rooms
ÎÎ Ratios can be expressed as fractions and problems solved using
ÎÎ A watt hour (Wh or W-h) is a measurement of energy used. Most
ÎÎ
and measurements. All measurements are in Pty
F properties of fractions. often used to measure electricity, it is the energy used by an appliance
millimetres. When dividing in a given ratio, an amount is divided by the total
ÎÎ drawing one watt for one hour.
Common symbols and abbreviations need to be
ÎÎ number of parts in the ratio and then the required share of the amount A more common measurement is the kilowatt-hour (kWh or kW-h)
ÎÎ
3400
understood. Kitchen
is found for each component of the ratio. For example, if $80 is divided which is 1000 watt-hours. 1 kWh = 1000 Wh
An elevation view shows how the building will look.
ÎÎ in the ratio 3 : 5 each part is $80 ÷ (3 + 5) = $10. So the first share is Amounts of some types of energy are given in joules or megajoules,
ÎÎ
Elevations might be numbered or named for the 3 × $10 = $30 and the second share is 5 × $10 = $50. but these units are rarely used to measure electricity.
direction in which they face.
A site plan shows the position of any buildings and
ÎÎ
2800
Example: The ratio of cars to trucks owned by a company is 8 to 3. Example: Find the cost, to the Solution: Electricity used
other features of the land. If there are 209 cars and trucks altogether, how many trucks are there? nearest dollar, of using a 120- = 0.12 kW × 6 h × 90
3 watt electric blanket for 6 hours = 64.8 kWh
Solution: Number of trucks = × 209
Example: The diagram shows the plan of a kitchen that is 11 a night for 90 nights if electricity Cost = 64.8 × $0.326
2.8 m by 3.4 m. The cooktop is found about halfway along the left side = 57 costs 32.6 c/kWh. = $21 (nearest dollar)
of the kitchen and the refrigerator is at the top right.
INVESTMENTS AND LOANS INVESTMENTS AND LOANS R ATES AND R ATIOS

Compounding periods 44 Simple interest 42 The trapezoidal rule 40
p.a. means per annum or per year.
ÎÎ Interest is the amount paid for the use of money. It is the amount
ÎÎ The trapezoidal rule approximates an area with trapeziums.
ÎÎ
Often interest is compounded over a period other than a year.
ÎÎ earned on an investment or paid for a loan. If two lengths df and dl are perpendicular to a straight line of length h
ÎÎ
The compounding period and the interest rate over the
ÎÎ Simple interest is where the amount paid at regular intervals is the
ÎÎ h
then the trapezoidal rule gives: Area ≈ (df + dl).
compounding period must be used in any calculations. same over the whole period of the investment or loan. 2
Simple interest is calculated using the formula I = Prn where P is the
ÎÎ The rule might need to be applied more than once.
ÎÎ
example: If an amount is invested for 5 years with interest at principal or initial amount of money, r is the interest rate per period of
78 m
6% p.a. compounded quarterly, then interest is added to the amount time expressed as a decimal and n is the number of time periods. Example: Use three applications of the Trapezoidal rule
four times every year. The compounding period is 5 × 4 quarters or to estimate the area of this paddock.
145 m
20 quarters and the interest rate is (6 ÷ 4)% per quarter or 1.5% per EXAMPLE: Find the amount Solution: Solution: 3 applications; h = 399 ÷ 3 = 133
quarter. of simple interest paid on an P = $12 000, r = 0.07, n = 6
399 m
133 133 133
147 m
Although r is expressed as a decimal it
investment of $12 000 for 6 years I = Prn Area ≈
(101 + 147) + (147 + 145) + (145 + 78)
0.06 at 7% p.a. simple interest. = $12 000 × 0.07 × 6 2 2 2
can be left in a form such as r = .
4
= $5040 = 50 739.5 m2
101 m
TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 100–102 TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 p. 97 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 81–85
MATH EMATICS MATH EMATICS

Declining-balance depreciation 50 Shares 48 Compounded values and comparisons 46
In the declining-balance method of depreciation, the depreciation per
ÎÎ Shares are part ownership of a company. People who own shares in a
ÎÎ Often tables are available that can be used to find the amounts to
ÎÎ
period is a fixed percentage of the value of the asset at the end of the company are shareholders. which an investment grows.
previous period. A dividend is a payment made to shareholders by the company. This is
ÎÎ If a table gives compounded values of $1, multiplying the given factor
ÎÎ
The future value formula, with a negative value for r, allows us to find
ÎÎ usually a share of the profits. for the appropriate interest rate and period by the amount involved
the salvage value of an asset that is being depreciated using the declining- The dividend yield is a way of measuring the return to shareholders.
ÎÎ gives the future value.
balance method. S = V0(1 – r)n where S is the salvage value of the asset at dividend When considering investment opportunities things to consider
ÎÎ
the end of n periods, V0 is the original value of the asset, r is the interest dividend yield = × 100%
current price per share include the type of interest paid, the interest rate and the period and
rate per period expressed as a decimal and n is the number of periods. compounding period.
The depreciation after n years is the difference between the salvage
ÎÎ
Example: Find the dividend yield if a total dividend of $329 was
value and the original value. example: To find the future value of an investment of $5000 for 1 year
paid on 2350 shares when the market price was $5.60 per share.
at 6% p.a. interest compounded quarterly, the interest rate per quarter
Solution: Dividend per share = $329 ÷ 2350
Example: A machine purchased for $16 000 depreciated using the is 1.5% and the number of quarters is 4. From a table of future values
= $0.14
declining-balance method at 12.5% per year will be worth $0.14 of $1 the factor 1.0614 is found. So the future value is $5000 × 1.0614
$16 000(1 – 0.125)4 or $9379 to the nearest dollar after 4 years. Dividend yield = × 100% = 2.5% or $5307.
$5.60
TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 104–105 TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 102–103 TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 99–100
ÎÎ
ÎÎ milliwatt mW 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
gigawatt GW 1 000 000 000 or 109
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 1 m3 = 1000 L
ÎÎ
MATH EMATICS

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
The formula PV =
ÎÎ
(1+0.015)
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
3400
understood. Kitchen
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
2800

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ h
ÎÎ
78 m
145 m
399 m
133 133 133
147 m
(101 + 147) + (147 + 145) + (145 + 78)
4
= $5040 = 50 739.5 m2
101 m

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
= $0.14
$5.60
ÎÎ
ÎÎ milliwatt mW 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
gigawatt GW 1 000 000 000 or 109
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 1 m3 = 1000 L
ÎÎ
MATH EMATICS

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
The formula PV =
ÎÎ
(1+0.015)
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
3400
understood. Kitchen
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
2800

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ h
ÎÎ
78 m
145 m
399 m
133 133 133
147 m
(101 + 147) + (147 + 145) + (145 + 78)
4
= $5040 = 50 739.5 m2
101 m

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
= $0.14
$5.60
ÎÎ
ÎÎ milliwatt mW 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
gigawatt GW 1 000 000 000 or 109
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 1 m3 = 1000 L
ÎÎ
MATH EMATICS

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
The formula PV =
ÎÎ
(1+0.015)
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
3400
understood. Kitchen
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
2800

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ h
ÎÎ
78 m
145 m
399 m
133 133 133
147 m
(101 + 147) + (147 + 145) + (145 + 78)
4
= $5040 = 50 739.5 m2
101 m

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
= $0.14
$5.60
ÎÎ
ÎÎ milliwatt mW 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
gigawatt GW 1 000 000 000 or 109
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 1 m3 = 1000 L
ÎÎ
MATH EMATICS

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
The formula PV =
ÎÎ
(1+0.015)
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
3400
understood. Kitchen
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
2800

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ h
ÎÎ
78 m
145 m
399 m
133 133 133
147 m
(101 + 147) + (147 + 145) + (145 + 78)
4
= $5040 = 50 739.5 m2
101 m

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
= $0.14
$5.60
ÎÎ
ÎÎ milliwatt mW 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
gigawatt GW 1 000 000 000 or 109
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 1 m3 = 1000 L
ÎÎ
MATH EMATICS

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
The formula PV =
ÎÎ
(1+0.015)
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
3400
understood. Kitchen
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
2800

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ h
ÎÎ
78 m
145 m
399 m
133 133 133
147 m
(101 + 147) + (147 + 145) + (145 + 78)
4
= $5040 = 50 739.5 m2
101 m

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
= $0.14
$5.60
ÎÎ
ÎÎ milliwatt mW 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
gigawatt GW 1 000 000 000 or 109
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 1 m3 = 1000 L
ÎÎ
MATH EMATICS

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
The formula PV =
ÎÎ
(1+0.015)
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
3400
understood. Kitchen
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
2800

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ h
ÎÎ
78 m
145 m
399 m
133 133 133
147 m
(101 + 147) + (147 + 145) + (145 + 78)
4
= $5040 = 50 739.5 m2
101 m

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
= $0.14
$5.60
ÎÎ
ÎÎ milliwatt mW 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
gigawatt GW 1 000 000 000 or 109
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 1 m3 = 1000 L
ÎÎ
MATH EMATICS

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
The formula PV =
ÎÎ
(1+0.015)
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
3400
understood. Kitchen
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
2800

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ h
ÎÎ
78 m
145 m
399 m
133 133 133
147 m
(101 + 147) + (147 + 145) + (145 + 78)
4
= $5040 = 50 739.5 m2
101 m

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
= $0.14
$5.60
ÎÎ
ÎÎ milliwatt mW 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
gigawatt GW 1 000 000 000 or 109
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 1 m3 = 1000 L
ÎÎ
MATH EMATICS

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
The formula PV =
ÎÎ
(1+0.015)
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
3400
understood. Kitchen
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
2800

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ h
ÎÎ
78 m
145 m
399 m
133 133 133
147 m
(101 + 147) + (147 + 145) + (145 + 78)
4
= $5040 = 50 739.5 m2
101 m

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
= $0.14
$5.60
INVESTMENTS AND LOANS INVESTMENTS AND LOANS ANNUITIES
Flat-rate loans 51 Credit cards 53 The future value of an annuity 55
A flat-rate loan is one where the interest charged is simple interest. The
ÎÎ A credit card is a means of borrowing money to pay for goods and
ÎÎ An annuity is an investment where equal amounts are contributed to
ÎÎ
amount of interest charged is the same over the whole period of the loan. services. an account at regular intervals.
The principal is the amount borrowed. The total to be repaid is the
ÎÎ Different credit cards have different fees and charges and ways of
ÎÎ The future value of an annuity is the total value of the investment at
ÎÎ
sum of the interest and principal. charging interest. the end of the last period.
The amount of each regular repayment is the total to be repaid
ÎÎ Some credit cards have an interest-free period which means that,
ÎÎ The contribution per period is the amount of money that is being
ÎÎ
divided by the number of instalments. provided there is no previous outstanding amount, if the amount owing invested at regular intervals. The contribution is usually denoted by a.
is paid by the due date no interest will be charged.
example: Suppose a deposit of 15% is paid when a car is bought An outstanding amount is an amount that should have been paid but
ÎÎ example: If a contribution of $500 is made to a superannuation
for $42 000 and simple interest at 7% p.a. is charged on the balance has not been paid. fund every month for 30 years then a total of $180 000
which is repaid over 5 years with equal monthly instalments. Then ($500 × 30 × 12) will be contributed. The future value of the
the deposit is 0.15 × $42 000 or $6300 and the balance owing is EXAMPLE: Jo has a credit card that has a 55-day interest-free period and investment could be over $500 000, depending on the interest rate and
$42 000 – $6300 = $35 700. So the interest is $35 700 × 0.07 × 5 = $12 495 an interest rate of 14.6% charged daily on outstanding balances. Jo has no compounding period.
and the total to repay is $35 700 + $12 495 = $48 195. The monthly outstanding balance when she uses her credit card to buy clothes costing
repayments are $48 195 ÷ 60 = $803.25. $425. If she pays the bill in full by the due date no interest will be paid.
ANNUITIES ANNUITIES ANNUITIES

Finding the contribution required to produce a 57 Finding the present value of an annuity 59 Converting between future value and present value 61
given future value
Future values of an annuity of $1
There are tables that allow us to
ÎÎ Present values of an annuity of $1
The future value formula
ÎÎ FV = PV(1 + r)n
applies both when a single
Period Interest rate
Tables of future values of an
ÎÎ Period Interest rate find the present value of an annuity 1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
investment earns compound interest and when an investment involves
annuity are also used to find 1% 2% 4% 6% 8% or the contribution per period. 1 0.9901 0.9709 0.9434 0.9174 0.8929 annuities.
FV
the contribution required to 4 4.0604 4.1216 4.2465 4.3746 4.5061
The tables give the present value
ÎÎ 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 The formula PV =
ÎÎ n can be used to find the present value of
produce a given future value. 8 8.2857 8.5830 9.2142 9.8975 10.637
of an annuity of $1 so we 6 5.7955 5.4172 4.9173 4.4859 4.1114 (1+r )
12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
multiply that factor by the amount
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282 an annuity when the future value is known. This formula is just a
The contribution is the result
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
contributed in order to get the
12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
rearrangement of the future value formula.
when the future value is divided 20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497
by the given factor. required present value. 36 30.108 21.832 14.621 10.612 8.1924
24 26.973 30.422 39.083 50.816 66.765
Example: The future value of Solution:
example: Suppose $2000 is to be invested every 6 months for an annuity of $250 a month for $13200
Example: Find the amount that would need to be invested every PV =
9 years at 6% p.a. interest compounded half-yearly. The required factor 4 years earning 0.4% per month (1+0.004)
48
month for 2 years into an account earning 12% p.a. compounded
from the table is found in the 3% column and the period is 18 so the compound interest is $13 200. = $10 898 (nearest dollar)
monthly to produce $40 000.
factor is 13.754. The amount that could be invested now to give the What is the present value?
Solution: 12% p.a. = 1% per month, 2 years = 24 months; Required factor
= 26.973; Contribution = $40 000 ÷ 26.973 = $1482.96 (nearest cent) same result is $2000 × 13.754 or $27 508.
ANNUITIES BIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS BIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS

Loan repayments 63 Scatterplots 65 Correlation 67
y
Using the present value to find a gives the amount that needs to be paid
ÎÎ Bivariate data is data involving two sets
ÎÎ 40 000
Value of vehicles at different ages
Correlation refers to the relationship between two variables.
ÎÎ
at regular intervals to be equivalent to the original amount. This is the of variables. 35 000
On a scatterplot, the closer the points are to forming a straight line,
ÎÎ
same as finding the regular instalment necessary to pay off a loan. A scatterplot can be used to show the
ÎÎ 30 000
the stronger the correlation.
The total amount paid is found by multiplying the amount of each relationship between two separate sets of 20 000
25 000
ÎÎ If there is a positive correlation between A and B say, then in general
ÎÎ
repayment by the number of repayments. numerical data. One set of data is shown 15 000 when A is small B is small and when A is large B is large. The top left
The total interest paid is the difference between the total amount paid
ÎÎ on the horizontal axis and the other on 10 000
diagram shows strong positive correlation, the top right diagram shows
and the original amount that was borrowed. the vertical axis. 5000
weak positive correlation. B B
Statistical software or spreadsheet

ÎÎ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
If there is a negative correlation
ÎÎ
Example: Find the amount of each monthly repayment and the total programs can be used to produce scatterplots. between X and Y say, then in general
amount of interest paid on a loan of $250 000 taken over 25 years at when X is small Y is large and when X is
0.6% per month compound interest, given that the required factor is example: This scatterplot was drawn to show the value of some cars large Y is small. The bottom left diagram Y
A
Y
A
138.97. at certain ages. The 6-year-old car is valued at $10 000 and the age of shows strong negative correlation, the
Solution: Repayment = $250 000 ÷ 138.97 = $1798.95 (nearest cent) the car that is valued at $25 000 is 4 years. bottome right diagram shows very weak
Interest paid = 25 × 12 × $1798.95 – $250 000 = $289 685 negative correlation. X X
TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 141–142 TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 156–158 TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 159–161
MATH EMATICS ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ANNUITIES INVESTMENTS AND LOANS INVESTMENTS AND LOANS
Tables of future value factors 56 Calculations with credit cards 54 Reducing-balance loans 52
There are tables that can be
ÎÎ
A cash advance is an amount of money borrowed as cash using a credit
ÎÎ In a reducing-balance loan the rate of interest charged remains
ÎÎ
used to help us find the future Period Interest rate card. the same, but interest is only paid on the amount owing at a particular
value of an annuity or the 1% 2% 4% 6% 8% Interest calculated on credit cards will be compound interest and is
ÎÎ time. Because the amount owing decreases as amounts are paid off the
contribution required to 4 4.0604 4.1216 4.2465 4.3746 4.5061 usually charged daily. loan, the amount of interest also decreases over time.
produce a particular future 8 8.2857 8.5830 9.2142 9.8975 10.637
Because different amounts are added to the account at different
ÎÎ Financial institutions publish tables that give the repayments required
ÎÎ
value. 12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
times, calculations must be made separately for each. to repay reducing-balance loans.
The required factor is
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
Tables of loan repayments can be drawn up to show the amount
ÎÎ
20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762
found in the table using the Example: Gisele has a credit card that has no interest-free period owing at particular time periods. The principal is the amount owing at
appropriate interest rate and time period. and a compound interest rate of 0.0495% charged daily from (and the beginning of the time period and the interest is calculated on that
To find the future value multiply the factor by the contribution.
ÎÎ including) the date of purchase until (and including) the date of principal. The interest is added to the principal and then the repayment
repayment. She uses her credit card to buy jewellery costing $2375 subtracted to give the amount owing at the end of the period of time.
example: If $600 is invested every quarter for 5 years into an on 18 March. If she pays the credit card bill on 6 April the total she The amount owing at the end of one period is the principal at the
account earning 8% p.a. interest compounded quarterly then the would need to repay will be $2375(1 + 0.000 495)20 or $2398.62 to the beginning of the next period.
future value is $600 × 24.297 or $14 578.20. nearest cent.

Formulas and equations 62 Finding the contribution required that is equivalent 60 The present value of an annuity 58
n n to a given present value
(1+r ) 1 (1+r ) 1 The present value of an annuity is the amount of money that
ÎÎ
The formulas FV = a
ÎÎ and PV = a give the Present values of an annuity of $1
r r (1+r )
n
ÎÎTables of present value factors are Period Interest rate could be invested now (at the same rate of interest for the same
1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
future value and present value, respectively, of an annuity where a is the also used to find the contribution 1 0.9901 0.9709 0.9434 0.9174 0.8929
length of time) to give the same result as an annuity with regular
contribution per period, r is the interest rate per period, (expressed as a equivalent to a particular present value. 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 contributions, a.
decimal), and n is the number of periods. Dividing the present value by the
ÎÎ 6 5.7955 5.4172 4.9173 4.4859 4.1114 The present value can also be considered as the amount of money that
ÎÎ
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282
The values in the tables are calculated from the above formulas.
ÎÎ factor from the table gives us the 12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
could be invested and from which regular withdrawals are made.
Other equations can be developed for specific questions and used
ÎÎ contribution. 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497
example: If an amount of $25 863 is invested now at 6% p.a.
with digital technology to compare and contrast possible investment compounded monthly, then an amount of $500 could be withdrawn
strategies. Example: What amount needs Solution:
to be invested each year, at the Required factor = 2.6730 every month for 5 years. The present value of the annuity is $25 863.
There is no need to learn or remember these
formulas. You just need to know that such same interest rate over the same Contribution
Read questions carefully to see whether the
formulas and strategies exist and follow any period of time, to be equivalent = $8000 ÷ 2.6730 future or present value is required and always
instructions in questions that might use them.
to a lump sum of $8000 invested = $2993 (nearest dollar) check that you are using the correct table.
for 3 years at 6% p.a.?
BIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS BIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS ANNUITIES

Correlation coefficient 68 Analysing scatterplots 66 Working with loans 64
The symbol r is used for
ÎÎ negative positive From a scatterplot we can easily see whether there appears to be
ÎÎ The conditions applying to many loans vary over time.
ÎÎ
very very
Pearson’s correlation strong strong any sort of pattern. This allows us to draw conclusions about any Interest rates for loans may be fixed or variable.
ÎÎ
strong strong
coefficient. moderate very very moderate relationship between the two data sets. Many lending institutions charge fees to establish loans and to service
ÎÎ
weak weak weak weak
The correlation coefficient
ÎÎ A pattern is said to be linear if it forms a straight line (that is, if we can
ÎÎ loans.
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
is a number that gives us an roughly see a line formed by the points). There may be stamp duty to pay on the loan.
ÎÎ
idea of the strength of the association between two data sets. If there If a pattern is linear, the direction might be positive (leaning to the
ÎÎ
There could be penalties to be paid, for example, for early payout of
ÎÎ
is perfect positive correlation the coefficient will be 1, and if there is right, /) or negative (leaning to the left, \). the loan.
perfect negative correlation the coefficient will be –1. Otherwise the In many cases, the stamp duty and fees are added to the
correlation coefficient will always be between –1 and 1. If the correlation amount borrowed before the interest and repayments
are calculated. Read the question carefully so that your
coefficient is zero, there is no relationship between the two data sets. calculations are based on the correct figures.
The diagram shows the strength of the association for different
ÎÎ
correlation coefficients.
Download a FREE digital copy of these cards at
Correlation coefficients can be calculated by using a correlation
ÎÎ no pattern linear pattern (positive) linear pattern (negative) pattern (not linear)
coefficient calculator with the help of digital technology. www.pascalpress.com.au/free
TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 161–162 TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 158–159 TOPIC 3: FI NANCIAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 142–145
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS MATH EMATICS
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

given future value
FV
ÎÎ 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 The formula PV =
12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
24 26.973 30.422 39.083 50.816 66.765
48

y
ÎÎ 40 000
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 30 000
25 000
ÎÎ

ÎÎ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
ÎÎ
A
Y
A
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
value. 12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
ÎÎ
20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762

ÎÎ
The formulas FV = a
r r (1+r )
n
1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
ÎÎ
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282
ÎÎ contribution. 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497

ÎÎ
very very
ÎÎ
strong strong
ÎÎ
weak weak weak weak
ÎÎ loans.
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

given future value
FV
ÎÎ 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 The formula PV =
12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
24 26.973 30.422 39.083 50.816 66.765
48

y
ÎÎ 40 000
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 30 000
25 000
ÎÎ

ÎÎ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
ÎÎ
A
Y
A
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
value. 12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
ÎÎ
20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762

ÎÎ
The formulas FV = a
r r (1+r )
n
1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
ÎÎ
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282
ÎÎ contribution. 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497

ÎÎ
very very
ÎÎ
strong strong
ÎÎ
weak weak weak weak
ÎÎ loans.
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

given future value
FV
ÎÎ 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 The formula PV =
12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
24 26.973 30.422 39.083 50.816 66.765
48

y
ÎÎ 40 000
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 30 000
25 000
ÎÎ

ÎÎ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
ÎÎ
A
Y
A
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
value. 12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
ÎÎ
20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762

ÎÎ
The formulas FV = a
r r (1+r )
n
1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
ÎÎ
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282
ÎÎ contribution. 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497

ÎÎ
very very
ÎÎ
strong strong
ÎÎ
weak weak weak weak
ÎÎ loans.
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

given future value
FV
ÎÎ 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 The formula PV =
12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
24 26.973 30.422 39.083 50.816 66.765
48

y
ÎÎ 40 000
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 30 000
25 000
ÎÎ

ÎÎ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
ÎÎ
A
Y
A
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
value. 12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
ÎÎ
20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762

ÎÎ
The formulas FV = a
r r (1+r )
n
1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
ÎÎ
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282
ÎÎ contribution. 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497

ÎÎ
very very
ÎÎ
strong strong
ÎÎ
weak weak weak weak
ÎÎ loans.
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

given future value
FV
ÎÎ 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 The formula PV =
12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
24 26.973 30.422 39.083 50.816 66.765
48

y
ÎÎ 40 000
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 30 000
25 000
ÎÎ

ÎÎ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
ÎÎ
A
Y
A
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
value. 12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
ÎÎ
20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762

ÎÎ
The formulas FV = a
r r (1+r )
n
1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
ÎÎ
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282
ÎÎ contribution. 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497

ÎÎ
very very
ÎÎ
strong strong
ÎÎ
weak weak weak weak
ÎÎ loans.
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

given future value
FV
ÎÎ 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 The formula PV =
12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
24 26.973 30.422 39.083 50.816 66.765
48

y
ÎÎ 40 000
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 30 000
25 000
ÎÎ

ÎÎ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
ÎÎ
A
Y
A
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
value. 12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
ÎÎ
20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762

ÎÎ
The formulas FV = a
r r (1+r )
n
1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
ÎÎ
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282
ÎÎ contribution. 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497

ÎÎ
very very
ÎÎ
strong strong
ÎÎ
weak weak weak weak
ÎÎ loans.
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

given future value
FV
ÎÎ 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 The formula PV =
12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
24 26.973 30.422 39.083 50.816 66.765
48

y
ÎÎ 40 000
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 30 000
25 000
ÎÎ

ÎÎ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
ÎÎ
A
Y
A
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
value. 12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
ÎÎ
20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762

ÎÎ
The formulas FV = a
r r (1+r )
n
1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
ÎÎ
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282
ÎÎ contribution. 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497

ÎÎ
very very
ÎÎ
strong strong
ÎÎ
weak weak weak weak
ÎÎ loans.
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

given future value
FV
ÎÎ 3 2.9410 2.8286 2.6730 2.5313 2.4018 The formula PV =
12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
12 11.255 9.9540 8.3838 7.1607 6.1944
24 26.973 30.422 39.083 50.816 66.765
48

y
ÎÎ 40 000
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ 30 000
25 000
ÎÎ

ÎÎ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
ÎÎ
A
Y
A
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
value. 12 12.683 13.412 15.026 16.870 18.977
ÎÎ 16 17.258 18.639 21.825 25.673 30.324
ÎÎ
20 22.019 24.297 29.778 36.786 45.762

ÎÎ
The formulas FV = a
r r (1+r )
n
1% 3% 6% 9% 12%
ÎÎ
9 8.5660 7.7861 6.8017 5.9952 5.3282
ÎÎ contribution. 18 16.398 13.754 10.828 8.7556 7.2497

ÎÎ
very very
ÎÎ
strong strong
ÎÎ
weak weak weak weak
ÎÎ loans.
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
BIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS BIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS BIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS
A line of best fit 69 The equation of a line of fit 71 Analysing associations 73
A line of best fit is a straight line that can be drawn to approximately
ÎÎ The equation of a line of fit is of the form y = mx + c, where m is the
ÎÎ Any of the processes of statistical investigation can be applied to
ÎÎ
show where most points lie. gradient and c the vertical intercept. analyse bivariate data.
A line of fit can be drawn by eye. That means simply looking at the
ÎÎ The gradient and vertical intercept can be interpreted in terms of the
ÎÎ It is important to consider issues such as the reliability of the data;
ÎÎ
scatterplot and trying to draw the line so that it goes roughly through data. for example, consider how large the sample is and whether it is from a
the middle of the set of points. There is no exact answer for such a line reputable source.
of fit. Example: Suppose the equation w = 7m + 50 was found to be a line Look out for any signs of bias.
ÎÎ
of fit for a scatterplot showing the weight w, in kilograms, of certain Ethical considerations such as privacy and cultural sensitivity should
ÎÎ
example: Both young animals at m months of age. The vertical intercept, 50, would also be taken into account.
of these lines are lines 10
9
10
9 represent the age at 0 months or the birth weight. The gradient, 7,
of fit for the same
8 8
7 7 would represent the weight gained each month.
Score
Score
6 6
set of data. 5 5
4
3
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
www.pascalpress.com.au/free
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of study Hours of study
TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 162–164 TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 164–166 TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 168–170
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Normally distributed variables 75 z-score formula 77 Empirical rule 79
x x
Data is said to be normally distributed if it
ÎÎ The formula z =
ÎÎ can be used to calculate the z-score for a For normally distributed data:
ÎÎ
displays a uniform spread and is symmetrical s
particular score x where x is the mean and s is the standard deviation • approximately 68% of scores lie within 1 standard deviation of the
about the mean. mean
The mean, mode and median of normally distributed data are all
ÎÎ (s = σn for a population and s = σn–1 for a sample). • approximately 95% of scores lie within 2 standard deviations of the
(approximately) equal. The formula can also be used to find the mean, standard deviation or
ÎÎ mean
The frequency histogram of data that is normally distributed is ‘bell-
ÎÎ a particular raw score when the z-score is known. • approximately 99.7% of scores lie within 3 standard deviations of
shaped’. the mean.
Example:
Example: Which set of data could be normally distributed? Stephen achieved a mark of Solution: x = 78, x = 72, s = 5
A B C D 78% in a test. The mean for the x x
z =
test was 72% and the standard s 68% 95% 99.7%
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
deviation was 5%. What was 78 72

= x – 3s x – 2s x – s x x+s x + 2s x + 3s x – 3s x – 2s x – s x x+s x + 2s x + 3s x – 3s x – 2s x – s x x+s x + 2s x + 3s
Scores Scores Scores Scores

Stephen’s z-score? 5 z = –3 z = –2 z = –1 z = 0 z = 1 z = 2 z = 3 z = –3 z = –2 z = –1 z = 0 z = 1 z = 2 z = 3 z = –3 z = –2 z = –1 z = 0 z = 1 z=2 z=3
Solution: D (Only D is a bell-shaped curve.) = 1.2 These results are known as the empirical rule.
ÎÎ
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION NET WORK CONCEPTS

Quality control and guarantees 81 Using normal distribution tables 83 Network definitions 85
Quality control is one practical application of finding numbers or
ÎÎ The first part of the z-score (the
ÎÎ z .00 .01 .02 .03
A network is a group of
ÎÎ
percentages of scores in normal distributions. tenths value) is found in the left 0.0
0.1
.5000
.5398
.5040
.5438
.5080
.5478
.5120
.5517
objects that have some edges
The empirical rule can also be used in the determination of how long
ÎÎ column and the second part 0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 sort of connection. vertices
an item should be guaranteed. (hundredths) at the top. For a z-score 0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293
A network is made up of
ÎÎ
of 0.32 the table gives a value of 0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664
vertices, representing the
Example: Charlie sells shrubs. He guarantees to refund the price if 0.6255 so 62.55% of scores are less than a z-score of 0.32. objects, and connections
a plant does not grow to 2 m in a year. The heights of the shrubs after The approximate number of scores less than a particular z-score can
ÎÎ which are called edges. Edges do not have to be straight. For example,
12 months are normally distributed with mean 2.21 m and s.d. 0.07 m. be found by determining the corresponding proportion of the total. this network has 5 vertices and 7 edges.
2 2.21 To shade a region on a bell curve, look in the table for the required A network diagram is a representation of a network. Diagrams drawn
So for a height of 2 m, z = = –3. Now, 99.7% have z-scores ÎÎ ÎÎ
0.07 proportion and find the corresponding for the same network might differ in appearance, but still represent the
between –3 and 3. So 0.3% have z-scores greater than 3 or less than –3 z-score. For example, to shade the region same connections.
and half of these, 0.15%, are less than –3. If Charlie sells 6000 plants, where the bottom 66% of scores lie the closest Vertices is the plural of vertex. A vertex might be called a node. Edges
ÎÎ
he should only need to refund the price on 0.15% of 6000 or 9 plants. proportion is 0.6591 which corresponds to a
66%
are sometimes called arcs and graph might be used instead of network.
z-score of 0.41.
z = 0.41
TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 185–186 TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 187–189 TOPIC 5: N ETWORKS See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 199–200
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
Causality 74 Interpolation and extrapolation 72 Further lines of fit 70
If there is correlation between two variables, it does not mean that one
ÎÎ The equation of a line of fit can be used to make predictions about
ÎÎ The least-squares regression line is a special line of fit. The sum of all
ÎÎ
causes the other. the data. This is done by substituting values into the equation. the squared distances from the line to the actual data points is
Interpolation is when predictions are made concerning values that lie
ÎÎ minimised which means that it is the closest possible line to the data
Example: As a result of a study there was found to be a high degree within the range of the original data. points. (You are not required to determine the least-squares regression
of correlation between expenditure on advertising by hardware stores Extrapolation is when predictions are made concerning values outside
ÎÎ line; just be aware that it exists.)
and the size of their annual profit. Having read the report on the study the range of the original data. Extreme care must be taken when The trendline
ÎÎ Athlete’s stride length
the owner of a hardware store decided to spend a lot of money on extrapolating because predictions made for values outside the data feature in a 250
240
advertising. Explain why this might be a bad idea. range may not be accurate or even sensible. spreadsheet 230
Stride length (cm)

220
Solution: There is no proof that the money spent on advertising The more data points that are used the more accurate the predictions
ÎÎ program is an 210
200
caused the high annual profit. It might be the case that only those will be and they will be most accurate when the correlation is example of a line of 190
180
stores with a high profit could afford to spend money on advertising. strongest. best fit. 170
If this store makes only a small profit or none at all, it might be 160
150
bankrupted by the added expense of advertising. 160 165 170 175
Height (cm)
180 185 190

Applications of the empirical rule 80 Comparing scores 78 z-scores 76
The empirical rule can be used to find the percentages lying between
ÎÎ Raw scores from different data sets are not particularly helpful in
ÎÎ Another name for a z-score is a standardised score.
ÎÎ
particular z-scores. comparing the data. The z-score gives information about the position of a score in relation
ÎÎ
The symmetry of the distribution is used to simplify calculations.
ÎÎ z-scores can be used to compare scores from different data sets.
ÎÎ to the mean of the set of scores.
When the number of scores in a particular normal distribution is
ÎÎ The higher the z-score, the better the result.
ÎÎ A z-score of 1, for example, means that the score is 1 standard
ÎÎ
known, then it is possible to find the approximate number within deviation above the mean.
certain limits. Example: Meg sat for two tests and scored 75% in both. In the first A z-score of 2 means the score is 2 standard deviations above the mean
ÎÎ
test the mean was 70% and the standard deviation 4%. In the second A z-score of –1 means the score is 1 standard deviation below the mean.
ÎÎ
Example: In a normal distribution the mean number is 240 and test the mean was 72% and standard deviation 3.5%. Which was Meg’s
standard deviation 18. What percentage of numbers lies between better performance? Example: In an exam Ali achieved a mark with a z-score of 2.5. If
258 and 276? Solution: In Test 1 Meg’s mark was more than 1 standard deviation the mean was 80% and the standard deviation 6%, what was Ali's raw
Solution: 258 is 1 standard deviation above the mean. 276 is above the mean. mark?
2 standard deviations above the mean. Now the percentage between In Test 2 Meg’s mark was less than 1 standard deviation above the mean. Solution: Ali's mark was 2.5 standard deviations above the mean.
1 and 2 standard deviations of the mean is 95% – 68% or 27%. Half of So Meg’s better performance was in Test 1.
these are above the mean. Required percentage = (27 ÷ 2)% = 13.5%. Raw mark = (80 + 2.5 × 6)% = 95%
NET WORK CONCEPTS THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Further definitions 86 Probabilities 84 Normal distribution tables and proportions 82
A path is a way through a network, or part of a network, passing
ÎÎ The probability of a result greater or less than a given z-score can be
ÎÎ The total area under a bell curve is 1
ÎÎ
through vertices and travelling along edges at most once. found by referring to the normal distribution table. square unit.
A connected network is one where there is a path between any two
ÎÎ The probability is usually given as a decimal or percentage.
ÎÎ The area under the curve, within a
ÎÎ
vertices. Because the table gives the proportion of scores less than a particular
ÎÎ certain interval, represents the proportion
A walk is a set of edges in succession. The end vertex of one edge must
ÎÎ z-score, the probability of getting a z-score less than that z-score is the of scores in that interval.
z
be the start vertex of the following edge. value in the table. A normal distribution table gives the area
ÎÎ
A cycle is a closed walk. The first and last vertices must be the same,
ÎÎ Because the sum of all probabilities is 1, the probability of a score
ÎÎ under the distribution curve. For example, a table can give the area to
and no other vertices are repeated. greater than the particular z-score will be the given value subtracted the left of each (positive) z-score.
The degree of a vertex is the number of edges that connect to that
ÎÎ from 1. The symmetry of the curve is also used in determining particular
ÎÎ
vertex. areas.
example: The table gives a value of 0.7939 for a z-score of 0.82. There are different versions of the table; some
give the area between the mean and the z-score,
So P(z < 0.82) ≈ 0.7939 and P(z > 0.82) ≈ 1 – 0.7939 = 0.2061. for example. The required proportions will be
the same whichever version of the table is used.
TOPIC 5: N ETWORKS See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 200–203 TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 189–190 TOPIC 4: STATISTICAL See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 187–189
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
9
10
of fit for the same
8 8
Score
Score
6 6
set of data. 5 5
4
3
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

x x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ mean
Example:
z =
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency


ÎÎ

ÎÎ z .00 .01 .02 .03
ÎÎ
0.1
.5000
.5398
.5040
.5438
.5080
.5478
.5120
.5517
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
66%
z-score of 0.41.
z = 0.41
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
240
Stride length (cm)

220
200
180
150
Height (cm)
180 185 190

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
z
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
vertex. areas.
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
9
10
of fit for the same
8 8
Score
Score
6 6
set of data. 5 5
4
3
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

x x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ mean
Example:
z =
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency


ÎÎ

ÎÎ z .00 .01 .02 .03
ÎÎ
0.1
.5000
.5398
.5040
.5438
.5080
.5478
.5120
.5517
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
66%
z-score of 0.41.
z = 0.41
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
240
Stride length (cm)

220
200
180
150
Height (cm)
180 185 190

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
z
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
vertex. areas.
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
9
10
of fit for the same
8 8
Score
Score
6 6
set of data. 5 5
4
3
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

x x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ mean
Example:
z =
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency


ÎÎ

ÎÎ z .00 .01 .02 .03
ÎÎ
0.1
.5000
.5398
.5040
.5438
.5080
.5478
.5120
.5517
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
66%
z-score of 0.41.
z = 0.41
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
240
Stride length (cm)

220
200
180
150
Height (cm)
180 185 190

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
z
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
vertex. areas.
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
9
10
of fit for the same
8 8
Score
Score
6 6
set of data. 5 5
4
3
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

x x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ mean
Example:
z =
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency


ÎÎ

ÎÎ z .00 .01 .02 .03
ÎÎ
0.1
.5000
.5398
.5040
.5438
.5080
.5478
.5120
.5517
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
66%
z-score of 0.41.
z = 0.41
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
240
Stride length (cm)

220
200
180
150
Height (cm)
180 185 190

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
z
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
vertex. areas.
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
9
10
of fit for the same
8 8
Score
Score
6 6
set of data. 5 5
4
3
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

x x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ mean
Example:
z =
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency


ÎÎ

ÎÎ z .00 .01 .02 .03
ÎÎ
0.1
.5000
.5398
.5040
.5438
.5080
.5478
.5120
.5517
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
66%
z-score of 0.41.
z = 0.41
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
240
Stride length (cm)

220
200
180
150
Height (cm)
180 185 190

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
z
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
vertex. areas.
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
9
10
of fit for the same
8 8
Score
Score
6 6
set of data. 5 5
4
3
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

x x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ mean
Example:
z =
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency


ÎÎ

ÎÎ z .00 .01 .02 .03
ÎÎ
0.1
.5000
.5398
.5040
.5438
.5080
.5478
.5120
.5517
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
66%
z-score of 0.41.
z = 0.41
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
240
Stride length (cm)

220
200
180
150
Height (cm)
180 185 190

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
z
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
vertex. areas.
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
9
10
of fit for the same
8 8
Score
Score
6 6
set of data. 5 5
4
3
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

x x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ mean
Example:
z =
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency


ÎÎ

ÎÎ z .00 .01 .02 .03
ÎÎ
0.1
.5000
.5398
.5040
.5438
.5080
.5478
.5120
.5517
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
66%
z-score of 0.41.
z = 0.41
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
240
Stride length (cm)

220
200
180
150
Height (cm)
180 185 190

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
z
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
vertex. areas.
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
9
10
of fit for the same
8 8
Score
Score
6 6
set of data. 5 5
4
3
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

x x
ÎÎ
ÎÎ mean
Example:
z =
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency


ÎÎ

ÎÎ z .00 .01 .02 .03
ÎÎ
0.1
.5000
.5398
.5040
.5438
.5080
.5478
.5120
.5517
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
66%
z-score of 0.41.
z = 0.41
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ÎÎ
240
Stride length (cm)

220
200
180
150
Height (cm)
180 185 190

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
z
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
vertex. areas.
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
NET WORK CONCEPTS NET WORK CONCEPTS NET WORK CONCEPTS
Directed networks 87 Tables and networks 89 Prim’s algorithm 91
9
A directed network is a network where the edges must be travelled in a
ÎÎ A table can show information about the
ÎÎ Prim’s algorithm is one method of finding a
ÎÎ R
B 10
certain direction as indicated by arrows. connections and weights in a network. 3 minimum spanning tree. 12
11
6
Using a table allows computers to process the
ÎÎ A
4 Any vertex can be chosen first.
ÎÎ P 9 Q
5
EXAMPLE: How many different paths information in a network. 8 5
C
Connected vertices are added in turn, depending
ÎÎ 8
S
are there from A to D in this network, B Constructing a network diagram from a table
ÎÎ D on the weight of their connecting edges.
6
T
7
without completing any cycles? might give diagrams that differ in appearance, 7
Describe them. but they are still basically the same. example: Suppose we need to find the minimal R
A 10
Solution: Two; from A to C to D or C spanning tree for this network using Prim’s algorithm
from A to B to C and then D example: This table has been drawn From\To A B C D
beginning with vertex P. The vertex that is connected to P Q
5
D up for the directed network P with edge of least weight is T, so T is the vertex chosen S
A 0 4 7 –
shown above. next. The vertex that is connected to either P or T with 6
T
7
B 3 0 6 – edge of least weight is S, so S is chosen next. The vertex

C 9 – 0 5 that is connected to either P, T or S with edge of least weight is Q, so Q is
D 8 – – 0 chosen next and finally R. The minimum spanning tree has weight 28.
TOPIC 5: N ETWORKS See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 201–203 TOPIC 5: N ETWORKS See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 204–205 TOPIC 5: N ETWORKS See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 206–209
NET WORK CONCEPTS CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS

Shortest paths 93 Activity charts 95 Forward scanning 97
The shortest path between any two vertices in a network is the path of
ÎÎ Critical path analysis is a tool used in logistics and planning projects.
ÎÎ Forward scanning is a method used to find the longest path in a
ÎÎ
minimum weight. It can be found by finding the least cumulative total An activity chart lists all the activities that must be completed in a
ÎÎ network diagram.
at each step. project, the amount of time required The required steps in completing a forward scan are to:
ÎÎ
The shortest path differs from the minimum spanning tree, because
ÎÎ for each, and the prerequisites, if any. Activity Time (Min) Prerequisite
• draw, the network diagram, leaving empty circles at each vertex
not all vertices must be included. A prerequisite is an activity that
ÎÎ A 20 –
• work along the paths to the finish, beginning at the start and writing
Dijkstra’s algorithm is a way of finding the shortest path from one
ÎÎ must be completed at some time B 15 A the total time necessary at each vertex, selecting the highest total
vertex to another. before another can start. wherever there is more than one possible value.
C 35 A
An immediate predecessor is an
ÎÎ
example: Dijkstra’s algorithm 5 4 9
activity that must be completed
D 10 B, C
example: This network has been forward scanned.
B C
has been used to find the shortest 5
8
immediately before another can start. E 25 D
5 D 4
10 15 16 A 5 H 3 16 L 10
path from A to G in this diagram E
3
G E 13
A B 7 O 3
showing distances in metres. The 7 example: Activity E takes 25 min and its immediate predecessor is Start 7 6 I 2 15 27 30 Finish
6 9 F 2 J 4 M 12
shortest path is ADEG of length 6
D
8
F D but A, B, C and D must all be completed before E can begin. C
3 9 N 8
3 5
16 m. 2 G K 6 15
CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS

EST and LST, EFT and LFT 99 Flows through networks 101 Cuts 103
The Earliest Start Time (EST) is the earliest time after the start that an
ÎÎ A flow network diagram can illustrate movement across a network.
ÎÎ A cut is a continuous
ÎÎ A 18
activity can begin. The weights on the edges are rates of flow or capacities. curve or line that doesn’t C
16 13
The Latest Start Time (LST) is the last possible time that an activity
ÎÎ The start of the network is called the source. The end of the network
ÎÎ pass through any vertices E
17
can be started without affecting the critical time. is called the sink. (Often in diagrams s is used for the source and t for and separates the start of a 19
the sink.) network from the end. s 15
Activities on the critical path have the same EST and LST.
ÎÎ 11 9
t
The Earliest Finish Time (EFT) of an activity is the earliest time that
ÎÎ The capacity of both edges and vertices control the flow in a network.
ÎÎ The value of a cut is the total
ÎÎ
21 F
flow of the cut edges. B 24 D
it can be completed after all the prerequisite activities have also been The flow capacity of a network is the total flow possible.
ÎÎ
completed. The EFT is the EST + duration of the activity. The minimum cut is the cut
ÎÎ
The Latest Finish Time (LFT) of an activity is the latest possible time
ÎÎ example: This diagram shows A 30 C of minimum value.
to complete the activity without affecting the critical time. the flow in litres from a source to a 20 60
sink. The flow capacity is 75 L. 10 Example: The value of the cut shown here is 56 (17 + 15 + 24).
To find the earliest and latest start and finish times both a forward
ÎÎ s t
scan and backward scan can be performed, showing the results on the 60 45 It is not a minimum cut. A cut through edges sA and sB is just one case
same diagram. B 50 D of a cut of less value (16 + 11 = 27).
Kruskal’s algorithm 92 Trees 90 Weights 88
Kruskal’s algorithm is another method of finding
ÎÎ A tree is an undirected network, or part of
ÎÎ Some networks have weighted edges.
ÎÎ
R
a minimum spanning tree. (Prim’s algorithm and 10 a network, that does not contain a cycle. In The weight of an edge might be a distance, a cost, a time or some other
ÎÎ
12
Kruskal’s algorithm will always give the same result.) 11
a tree, any two vertices are connected by measurement appropriate to the network.
P 5
The edge with the least weight is chosen first.
ÎÎ
9 Q
8
exactly one path.
S
Other edges are added in order of weight, provided
ÎÎ A spanning tree is a tree of an undirected
ÎÎ example: This network shows the $618 B
A
6 7
T
they do not form a cycle. network that contains every vertex. A cost of connecting points to a computer $395
network might have many different spanning system. The cost to connect A to B is
$525 $550 E $645
example: Suppose we need to find the minimal 10
R
trees. $618. The cost to connect B to C is $645 if
$580
spanning tree for this network using Kruskal’s In a spanning tree, the number of edges will always be one less than
ÎÎ connected directly or $975 if B is $412
algorithm. P Q
5
the number of vertices. connected first to E and then to C. D C
S
$735
The first edge chosen is QS, followed by PT and 6
T
7 The minimum spanning tree (or minimal spanning tree) of a network
ÎÎ
then TS. Neither QT nor PQ can be chosen because that has weighted edges is the spanning tree for which the total of all
a cycle would be formed. The final edge chosen is PR. the edges is least.
TOPIC 5: N ETWORKS See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 206–209 TOPIC 5: N ETWORKS See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 p. 206 TOPIC 5: N ETWORKS See Ü Excel Year 12 Mathematics Standard 2 pp. 204–205
CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS NET WORK CONCEPTS

Backward scanning 98 Critical paths 96 Applications 94
Backward scanning is a method used to find the latest time that
ÎÎ The critical path through a network is the longest path from the start
ÎÎ Networks can be used to solve problems; for example, to minimise the
ÎÎ
activities can be started. to the finish. cost of connections of cables or pipes or to plan efficient routes.
The required steps in a backward scan are to:
ÎÎ The network is a series of activities, each of which is a critical step for
ÎÎ A network is said to be traversable if it is possible to move from one
ÎÎ
• draw the network diagram leaving empty circles at each vertex the project. vertex to every other vertex moving along each edge once, and only
The critical time is the time along the longest path.
ÎÎ once.
• place the critical time at the finish
• work back along each path from the finish to the start, selecting the example: This network diagram shows the steps required to Example: Find the minimum cost of connecting A $618 B
lowest possible total at each vertex. complete a project and the time in hours to complete each activity. The all the points in this network. $525 $550 E
$395
$645
critical path is ACEIL and the critical time is 33 hours. $412

$580
example: This network has been backward scanned. D $735 C

D 4 B 3 H 7
9 D 5
A 5 H 3 17
L 10 Start
A E 6
I 8 L 6 Finish
Solution: The minimum spanning tree is shown. A
$395
B
B 7 E 6 13 O 3 4 4 J
Start 7 I 2 15 27 30 Finish C 9
F 2 Minimum cost = $(525 + 412 + 395 + 580) $525 E
F 2 J M 12 5 $580
C
3 11
4
8
G 8 K = $1912 $412
6 N D C
G 5 K 6 19

Maximum flow—minimum cut 104 Capacities of edges and vertices 102 Float times 100
The ‘maximum-flow minimum-cut theorem’ states that the flow
ÎÎ The capacity of an edge is the possible flow if not connected to any
ÎÎ The float time of an activity is the maximum time that the start of the
ÎÎ
through a network cannot be greater than the value of any cut. other edges. activity can be delayed without affecting the critical time for the project.
The maximum flow is equal to the value of the minimum cut.
ÎÎ The excess flow capacity of an edge is the capacity of the edge less the
ÎÎ The float time, also sometimes called slack time, is the difference
ÎÎ
flow into the edge. between the latest start time and the earliest start time.
EXAMPLE: This diagram shows flow in litres across a network. The inflow of a vertex is the total capacity of all edges leading into the
ÎÎ Any activities that are on the critical path have a float time of zero. If
ÎÎ
The maximum flow is (16 + 56 + 31) L = 103 L vertex. the activity is on the critical path it cannot be delayed without affecting
The outflow of a vertex is the least amount of the inflow or the total
ÎÎ the total time.
16
29 13 capacity of all edges leading from the vertex. The float times can also help us to see the effect of any delay in any
ÎÎ
26 finish activity.
start 56 example: The capacity of edge AC is 30. A 30 C
19 The excess flow capacity of edge AC is 10. 20 60
example: Suppose the float time of an activity is 4 minutes. If the
48
53 10
The inflow of vertex A is 20. The outflow of s
60 45
t
activity is delayed by 3 minutes it will not affect the critical time, but
31
vertex A is also 20. B 50 D if it is delayed by 5 minutes the critical time will increase by 1 minute
and the critical path will change to include that activity.
9
ÎÎ R
B 10
11
6
ÎÎ A
ÎÎ P 9 Q
5
C
ÎÎ 8
S
6
T
7
A 10
5
A 0 4 7 –
T
7


ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ A 20 –
C 35 A
ÎÎ
D 10 B, C
B C
8
5 D 4
10 15 16 A 5 H 3 16 L 10
3
G E 13
A B 7 O 3
6 9 F 2 J 4 M 12
D
8
3 9 N 8
3 5
16 m. 2 G K 6 15

ÎÎ A 18
16 13
17
ÎÎ 11 9
t
ÎÎ
21 F
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ s t
ÎÎ
R
ÎÎ
12
P 5
ÎÎ
9 Q
8
exactly one path.
S
A
6 7
T
$525 $550 E $645
R
$580
algorithm. P Q
5
S
$735
T
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ once.
$395
$645

$580

D 4 B 3 H 7
9 D 5
A 5 H 3 17
L 10 Start
A E 6
I 8 L 6 Finish
$395
B
B 7 E 6 13 O 3 4 4 J
F 2 Minimum cost = $(525 + 412 + 395 + 580) $525 E
F 2 J M 12 5 $580
C
3 11
4
8
G 8 K = $1912 $412
6 N D C
G 5 K 6 19

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
16
ÎÎ
26 finish activity.
48
53 10
60 45
t
31
9
ÎÎ R
B 10
11
6
ÎÎ A
ÎÎ P 9 Q
5
C
ÎÎ 8
S
6
T
7
A 10
5
A 0 4 7 –
T
7


ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ A 20 –
C 35 A
ÎÎ
D 10 B, C
B C
8
5 D 4
10 15 16 A 5 H 3 16 L 10
3
G E 13
A B 7 O 3
6 9 F 2 J 4 M 12
D
8
3 9 N 8
3 5
16 m. 2 G K 6 15

ÎÎ A 18
16 13
17
ÎÎ 11 9
t
ÎÎ
21 F
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ s t
ÎÎ
R
ÎÎ
12
P 5
ÎÎ
9 Q
8
exactly one path.
S
A
6 7
T
$525 $550 E $645
R
$580
algorithm. P Q
5
S
$735
T
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ once.
$395
$645

$580

D 4 B 3 H 7
9 D 5
A 5 H 3 17
L 10 Start
A E 6
I 8 L 6 Finish
$395
B
B 7 E 6 13 O 3 4 4 J
F 2 Minimum cost = $(525 + 412 + 395 + 580) $525 E
F 2 J M 12 5 $580
C
3 11
4
8
G 8 K = $1912 $412
6 N D C
G 5 K 6 19

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
16
ÎÎ
26 finish activity.
48
53 10
60 45
t
31
9
ÎÎ R
B 10
11
6
ÎÎ A
ÎÎ P 9 Q
5
C
ÎÎ 8
S
6
T
7
A 10
5
A 0 4 7 –
T
7


ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ A 20 –
C 35 A
ÎÎ
D 10 B, C
B C
8
5 D 4
10 15 16 A 5 H 3 16 L 10
3
G E 13
A B 7 O 3
6 9 F 2 J 4 M 12
D
8
3 9 N 8
3 5
16 m. 2 G K 6 15

ÎÎ A 18
16 13
17
ÎÎ 11 9
t
ÎÎ
21 F
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ s t
ÎÎ
R
ÎÎ
12
P 5
ÎÎ
9 Q
8
exactly one path.
S
A
6 7
T
$525 $550 E $645
R
$580
algorithm. P Q
5
S
$735
T
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ once.
$395
$645

$580

D 4 B 3 H 7
9 D 5
A 5 H 3 17
L 10 Start
A E 6
I 8 L 6 Finish
$395
B
B 7 E 6 13 O 3 4 4 J
F 2 Minimum cost = $(525 + 412 + 395 + 580) $525 E
F 2 J M 12 5 $580
C
3 11
4
8
G 8 K = $1912 $412
6 N D C
G 5 K 6 19

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
16
ÎÎ
26 finish activity.
48
53 10
60 45
t
31
9
ÎÎ R
B 10
11
6
ÎÎ A
ÎÎ P 9 Q
5
C
ÎÎ 8
S
6
T
7
A 10
5
A 0 4 7 –
T
7


ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ A 20 –
C 35 A
ÎÎ
D 10 B, C
B C
8
5 D 4
10 15 16 A 5 H 3 16 L 10
3
G E 13
A B 7 O 3
6 9 F 2 J 4 M 12
D
8
3 9 N 8
3 5
16 m. 2 G K 6 15

ÎÎ A 18
16 13
17
ÎÎ 11 9
t
ÎÎ
21 F
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ s t
ÎÎ
R
ÎÎ
12
P 5
ÎÎ
9 Q
8
exactly one path.
S
A
6 7
T
$525 $550 E $645
R
$580
algorithm. P Q
5
S
$735
T
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ once.
$395
$645

$580

D 4 B 3 H 7
9 D 5
A 5 H 3 17
L 10 Start
A E 6
I 8 L 6 Finish
$395
B
B 7 E 6 13 O 3 4 4 J
F 2 Minimum cost = $(525 + 412 + 395 + 580) $525 E
F 2 J M 12 5 $580
C
3 11
4
8
G 8 K = $1912 $412
6 N D C
G 5 K 6 19

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
16
ÎÎ
26 finish activity.
48
53 10
60 45
t
31
9
ÎÎ R
B 10
11
6
ÎÎ A
ÎÎ P 9 Q
5
C
ÎÎ 8
S
6
T
7
A 10
5
A 0 4 7 –
T
7


ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ A 20 –
C 35 A
ÎÎ
D 10 B, C
B C
8
5 D 4
10 15 16 A 5 H 3 16 L 10
3
G E 13
A B 7 O 3
6 9 F 2 J 4 M 12
D
8
3 9 N 8
3 5
16 m. 2 G K 6 15

ÎÎ A 18
16 13
17
ÎÎ 11 9
t
ÎÎ
21 F
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ s t
ÎÎ
R
ÎÎ
12
P 5
ÎÎ
9 Q
8
exactly one path.
S
A
6 7
T
$525 $550 E $645
R
$580
algorithm. P Q
5
S
$735
T
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ once.
$395
$645

$580

D 4 B 3 H 7
9 D 5
A 5 H 3 17
L 10 Start
A E 6
I 8 L 6 Finish
$395
B
B 7 E 6 13 O 3 4 4 J
F 2 Minimum cost = $(525 + 412 + 395 + 580) $525 E
F 2 J M 12 5 $580
C
3 11
4
8
G 8 K = $1912 $412
6 N D C
G 5 K 6 19

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
16
ÎÎ
26 finish activity.
48
53 10
60 45
t
31
9
ÎÎ R
B 10
11
6
ÎÎ A
ÎÎ P 9 Q
5
C
ÎÎ 8
S
6
T
7
A 10
5
A 0 4 7 –
T
7


ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ A 20 –
C 35 A
ÎÎ
D 10 B, C
B C
8
5 D 4
10 15 16 A 5 H 3 16 L 10
3
G E 13
A B 7 O 3
6 9 F 2 J 4 M 12
D
8
3 9 N 8
3 5
16 m. 2 G K 6 15

ÎÎ A 18
16 13
17
ÎÎ 11 9
t
ÎÎ
21 F
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ s t
ÎÎ
R
ÎÎ
12
P 5
ÎÎ
9 Q
8
exactly one path.
S
A
6 7
T
$525 $550 E $645
R
$580
algorithm. P Q
5
S
$735
T
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ once.
$395
$645

$580

D 4 B 3 H 7
9 D 5
A 5 H 3 17
L 10 Start
A E 6
I 8 L 6 Finish
$395
B
B 7 E 6 13 O 3 4 4 J
F 2 Minimum cost = $(525 + 412 + 395 + 580) $525 E
F 2 J M 12 5 $580
C
3 11
4
8
G 8 K = $1912 $412
6 N D C
G 5 K 6 19

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
16
ÎÎ
26 finish activity.
48
53 10
60 45
t
31
9
ÎÎ R
B 10
11
6
ÎÎ A
ÎÎ P 9 Q
5
C
ÎÎ 8
S
6
T
7
A 10
5
A 0 4 7 –
T
7


ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ A 20 –
C 35 A
ÎÎ
D 10 B, C
B C
8
5 D 4
10 15 16 A 5 H 3 16 L 10
3
G E 13
A B 7 O 3
6 9 F 2 J 4 M 12
D
8
3 9 N 8
3 5
16 m. 2 G K 6 15

ÎÎ A 18
16 13
17
ÎÎ 11 9
t
ÎÎ
21 F
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ s t
ÎÎ
R
ÎÎ
12
P 5
ÎÎ
9 Q
8
exactly one path.
S
A
6 7
T
$525 $550 E $645
R
$580
algorithm. P Q
5
S
$735
T
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ once.
$395
$645

$580

D 4 B 3 H 7
9 D 5
A 5 H 3 17
L 10 Start
A E 6
I 8 L 6 Finish
$395
B
B 7 E 6 13 O 3 4 4 J
F 2 Minimum cost = $(525 + 412 + 395 + 580) $525 E
F 2 J M 12 5 $580
C
3 11
4
8
G 8 K = $1912 $412
6 N D C
G 5 K 6 19

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
16
ÎÎ
26 finish activity.
48
53 10
60 45
t
31
9
ÎÎ R
B 10
11
6
ÎÎ A
ÎÎ P 9 Q
5
C
ÎÎ 8
S
6
T
7
A 10
5
A 0 4 7 –
T
7


ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ A 20 –
C 35 A
ÎÎ
D 10 B, C
B C
8
5 D 4
10 15 16 A 5 H 3 16 L 10
3
G E 13
A B 7 O 3
6 9 F 2 J 4 M 12
D
8
3 9 N 8
3 5
16 m. 2 G K 6 15

ÎÎ A 18
16 13
17
ÎÎ 11 9
t
ÎÎ
21 F
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ s t
ÎÎ
R
ÎÎ
12
P 5
ÎÎ
9 Q
8
exactly one path.
S
A
6 7
T
$525 $550 E $645
R
$580
algorithm. P Q
5
S
$735
T
ÎÎ

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ once.
$395
$645

$580

D 4 B 3 H 7
9 D 5
A 5 H 3 17
L 10 Start
A E 6
I 8 L 6 Finish
$395
B
B 7 E 6 13 O 3 4 4 J
F 2 Minimum cost = $(525 + 412 + 395 + 580) $525 E
F 2 J M 12 5 $580
C
3 11
4
8
G 8 K = $1912 $412
6 N D C
G 5 K 6 19

ÎÎ
ÎÎ
ÎÎ
16
ÎÎ
26 finish activity.
48
53 10
60 45
t
31

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EXCEL Year 12 MATHS STANDARD 2 PASS CARDS CO NTE NTS (2) T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

This set of cards is designed for Graphing straight lines 1

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

In the equation y = mx + c, m is the gradient

ÎÎThe meaning of the gradient and of the 2

y-intercept can be explained in the context of the

ÎÎIf we are given information about the relationship

drawn. Using the gradient and y-intercept the

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

A quadratic function is any relationship of the form The value of a in the

y-values become very the width of the parabola.

large very quickly.

exponential growth. y=3 x

The value c is the y-intercept. ÎÎ

curve up (or down if c

also move up or down. The turning point is (–1, –4).

Multiplying by a positive constant (y = kax) changes the shape of the

The y-intercept is –3.

curve. The y-intercept changes to k. The asymptote does not change. −2

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

a When information is given in words it often needs to be translated

The variables need to be determined and pronumerals chosen to

The y-intercept of each curve is 1

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

very small very

opens downwards ( ) and there is a maximum value of y.

y = ax2 where a is a constant. quickly. This is y=3 –x

ÎÎA parabola is always symmetrical so we can often use 0 14

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

In the equation y = mx + c, m is the gradient

ÎÎThe meaning of the gradient and of the 2

y-intercept can be explained in the context of the

ÎÎIf we are given information about the relationship

drawn. Using the gradient and y-intercept the

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

A quadratic function is any relationship of the form The value of a in the

y-values become very the width of the parabola.

large very quickly.

exponential growth. y=3 x

The value c is the y-intercept. ÎÎ

curve up (or down if c

also move up or down. The turning point is (–1, –4).

Multiplying by a positive constant (y = kax) changes the shape of the

The y-intercept is –3.

curve. The y-intercept changes to k. The asymptote does not change. −2

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

a When information is given in words it often needs to be translated

The variables need to be determined and pronumerals chosen to

The y-intercept of each curve is 1

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

very small very

opens downwards ( ) and there is a maximum value of y.

y = ax2 where a is a constant. quickly. This is y=3 –x

ÎÎA parabola is always symmetrical so we can often use 0 14

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

In the equation y = mx + c, m is the gradient

ÎÎThe meaning of the gradient and of the 2

y-intercept can be explained in the context of the

ÎÎIf we are given information about the relationship

drawn. Using the gradient and y-intercept the

T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS T YPES OF REL ATIONSHIPS

A quadratic function is any relationship of the form The value of a in the

y-values become very the width of the parabola.