CONTEMPORARY WORLD
REVIEWER
BSP 1-4
GLOBALIZATION
- connection between different countries
- Encompasses multitude of process that involves the
economy, political systems, and culture
- Represents the global integration of international
trade, investment, information technology and
cultures.
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
SOLIDITY
- Barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement
of things.
LIQUIDITY
- Refers to the increasing ease of movement of
people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world.
- Changes quickly and their aspects, spatial and
temporal, are in continuous fluctuation.
- Their movement is difficult to stop
FLOWS
- Movement of people, things, places, and information
brought by the growing “porosity” of global limitation.
GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
HOMOGENEITY
- Refers to the increasing sameness in the world as
cultural inputs, economic factors, and political
orientations of societies expand to create common
practices, same economies, and similar forms of
government.
- cultural imperialism
- Neoliberalism, capitalism, and market economy in
the world.
- political realm
= MC WORLD - Only one political orientation is
growing in today’s society.
HETEROGENEITY
- Pertains to the creation of various cultural practices,
new economies, and political groups because of the
interaction of elements from different societies in the
world.
= JIHAD - It refers to political groups that are
engaged in an intensification of nationalism and that
leads to greater political heterogeneity throughout
the world.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
- Increasing interdependence of world economies as a
result of the growing scale of cross- border trade.
- the continuing expansion of the market frontier is an
irreversible trend.
- Historical process representing the result of human
innovation and technological process.
- the increasing integration of economies around the
world through the movement of goods, services, and
capital across borders.
2 MAJOR DRIVING FORCES FOR ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
1. Rapid growing of significance of information in all
types of productive activities
2. Marketization
GLOBAL TRADE EMERGE WHEN:
- heavily populated continents began to exchange
products continuously- both with each other directly
and indirectly via other continents.
- Did so in values sufficient to generate lasting impacts
on all trading partners.
2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECONOMIES ASSOCIATED
WITH ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
1. PROTECTIONISM
- a policy of systematic government intervention in
foreign trade with the objective of encouraging
domestic production.
2. TRADE LIBELARIZATION
- “free trade” occurs when goods and services can be
bought and sold between countries or sub-national
regions without tariffs, quotas or other restrictions
being applied.
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
- Agreement between two or more countries where
the countries agree on certain obligations that affect
trade in goods and services, and protections for
investors and intellectual property rights, among
other topics.
TARRIFICATION
- required fees for imports or exports
FAIR TRADE
- Concern for the social, economic, and environmental
well- being of marginalized small producers.
- Aims for a more moral and equitable global
economic system.
RCEP
- Regional Comprehensive Economic Program
THEORIES OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION
MODERNIZATION THEORY
- Frames globalization as a function of technological
and cultural differences between nations.
- Two history
>Columbian Exchange
>Industrial Revolution
- The tension between tradition and technological
change is the biggest barrier to growth.
WALT ROSTOW’S STAGES OF MODERNIZATION
1. Traditional stage
2. Take- off stage
3. Drive to technological maturity
4. High mass consumption
DEPENDENCY THEORY
- core and peripheral
= PERIPHERAL NATIONS - less developed countries
and receive unequal distribution of world’s wealth.
= CORE NATIONS - more industrialized nations who
received the majority of world’s wealth.
- Even after de-colonization, there are still important
ties between the developed and less developed
countries.
MODERN WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
- Wallerstein Model- Capitalist World Economy
= CORE - high income nations/ manufacturing base
= PERIPHERY - Low-income nations/ resources and
labor support wealthier nations
= SEMI-PERIPHERY - closer ties to the global
economic core
CAUSE OF FORMATION:
- Great Depression in 1930s
- Fear of lack of cooperation among nation- states,
political instability, and economic turmoil.
- Reduction of economic barriers to trade and free
flow of money among nations for restructuring of
world economy and ensuring global stability.
FIVE ELEMENTS:
1. Expression of currency in terms of gold or gold
value to establish a par value
2. Official monetary authority in each country
3. Establishment of overseer for exchange rates (IMF)
4. Eliminating restrictions on the currencies of
member states in the international trade
5. US dollar became the global currency
WORLD BANK AND INTERNATIONAL MONETARY BANK
- Founded after World War II
- Established because of peace advocacy after war
- Basically, banks started by countries
WORK:
- MF’s main goal- to help countries which were in
trouble at that time and who could not obtain money
by any means.
- WB’s goal- long- term approach that revolved
around the eradication of poverty and funded projects
to help poor countries reach their goal.
CRITICISM:
- Reputations of these institutions has been dwindling
practices of corruption on government or even
dictators and imposing ineffective austerity measure
to get their money back.
MARKET INTEGRATION
- The fusing of many markets into one
- Price differences between countries are eliminated
as all markets become one.
IMPACTS OF MARKET INTEGRATION:
- Elimination of other kinds of barrier to trade caused
by institutional differences between countries.
= Trading costs
= Markets are embedded in institutions such as
property rights, legal systems, and regulatory regimes
= Borders still matter because of institutional
Incompatibilities.
- Some economists argue that this process is
underway and inevitable, and that global markets
drive the harmonization of institutions across
countries.
- This economic interest also became part of a political
strategy that transformed people into individual
political economic subjects.
CHALLENGES OF MARKET INTEGRATION:
- To make the system more just
- International policymakers should strive to think of
ways to make trading deals fair.
- Governments must continue to devise ways of
cushioning the most damaging effects of economic
globalization while ensuring that its benefit accrue for
everyone.
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
WHAT IS NATION-STATE?
NATION
- A group of people who see themselves as a cohesive
and coherent unit based on shared cultural or
historical criteria.
- Socially constructed units, not given by nature
STATE
- An independent, sovereign government exercising
control over a certain spatially defined and bounded
area, whose borders are usually clearly defined and
internationally recognized by other states.
DOES A NATION A STATE? (VICE VERSA)
NATION
- “Imagined community.”
- It does not go beyond a given official boundary
- Rights and responsibilities are mainly privilege and
concern of the citizens.
STATE
- Country and its government
- Attributes: Citizens, Government, Sovereignty and
Territory.
SYSTEM
- A set or assemblage of things connected, associated,
or interdependent, to form a complex unity.
- A whole composed of parts in orderly arrangement
according to some scheme or plan.
INTERSTATE SYSTEM
- A system of competing and allying states.
- The whole system of human interactions.
THE THREATY OF WESTPHALIA 1648
- To end 30 years’ war between major continental
powers of Europe
- To avert wars in the future by recognizing that the
treaty signers exercise complete control over their
domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each
other’s affairs.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
- Challenged the powers of the monarchy, nobility,
and religion.
- Principles of French Revolution:
> Liberty
> Equality
> Fraternity
NAPOLEONIC CODE
- Forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or
religion, and promoted meritocracy in government
service.
- Shocked the monarchies and hereditary elites and
mustered armies to push back.
THE CONCERT OF EUROPE
- After Napoleon’s defeat in the Battle of Waterloo by
Anglo and Prussian.
- Restore sovereignty of states
- Restored Westphalian system
= Restoration of monarchial, religious, and
hereditary privileges.
- Metternich System
= KLEMENS VON METTERNICH - Austrian diplomat
and system’s main architect
- Congress system
- Series of meetings called among the great powers of
Europe to discuss problems and attempt to resolve
issues without violence.
IMPORTANCE OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM:
SECURITY
- States are Anarchic
= ANARCHIC - magulo, walang system.
- Relations between states take place in “Hobbesian
'state of nature.”
= HOBBESIAN STATE OF NATURE - walang distinct
emotion or action ang tao.
- States constantly face actual or potential threats
PRINCIPLES OF GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
NATIONALISM
- Doctrine and/or a political movement that seeks to
make the nation the basis of a political structure,
especially a state.
- Sense of national consciousness
INTERNATIONALISM
- The idea of embracing cooperation among states
that includes political, economic, and even cultural
cooperation.
FEATURES:
- An emphasis on humanitarianism
- Maintenance of peace and security
- Economic stability
LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
- An approach based on the belief that nations can
achieve their common goals through
IMMANUEL KANT
- Importance of forms of government
- Citizens must give up on some freedoms and
establish a continuously growing state.
- Form of global government
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI
- Republican government
- System of free nations that cooperate with each
other to create an international system.
JEREMY BANTHAM
- Creation of international law for inter-state relations
- Global legislators to propose legislation that would
create “the greatest happiness.”
WOODROW WILSON
- Nationalism as prerequisite for internationalism
- Principle of “self- determination”- right to a free and
sovereign government.
SOCIAL INTERNATIONALISM
- Based upon class as the unifying or divisive factor.
KARL MARX
- Believe in internationalism but not nationalism
- Economic equality
- Division of world into classes rather than countries
FRIEDRICH ENGELS
- The state and alter the economy, the proletariat had
“no nation.”
- Opposed nationalism because they believed it
prevented the unification of the world’s workers.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF WORLD POLITICS
- Independent countries or states that have rule
- Diplomacy process > Non-governmental/Nonprofit
- International institutions for interactions and takes - Members are held together by a formal
on lives of their own in addition to enabling meetings
between government. agreement.
- Powers:

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE > Power of classification

- Multiple intersecting processes that generates order > Ability to change names.
in the world > Power to diffuse norms.
= States are under an international order to adhere
some global rules
UNITED NATIONS
= Semblance of world order
- Formerly “League of Nations” (WWI)
- Understood as “the way in which global affairs are
managed.” - October 24, 1945

- Typically involves a range of actors including states, - US President Franklin Roosevelt

as well as regional and international organizations. - Four Areas of Function:
- Come from variety of sources: 1. Military Issues
= Nations establish treaties and form organizations 2. Economic Issues
enacting public international law.
3. Environmental Issues
= International non- governmental organizations
4. Human Protection
= Transnational corporations
IT AIMS TO: (UN)
= Ideas (the need for global democracy, clamor for
good governance etc.) - To save succeeding generations from the scourge of
war.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
- To establish conditions under which justice and
- An attempt to explain behavior that occurs across: respect for the obligations arising from treaties and
= The boundaries of states other sources of international law can be maintained.

= The broader relationships of which such behavior - To reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights
is a part, and the institutions (private, state, - To promote social progress and better standards of
nongovernmental, and intergovernmental) that life in larger freedom.
oversee those interactions.
ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES: (UN)
- interaction of nation-states and non-governmental
organizations in fields such as politics, economics, and - assist the organization in any enforcement actions.
security.
- States that are not members of the organization are
- interaction of nation-states and non-governmental required to act in accordance with these principles.
organizations in fields such as politics, economics, and
security. As well as the effect of international
institutions and non-state actors on global NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
governance.
- Voluntary group of individuals or organization
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
- Independent
- Primarily made up of member- states
-Formed to provide services or to advocate a public
- Includes members from more than one nation. policy.
> Intergovernmental
> Corporations
 2 BROAD GROUPS OF NGOs
1. OPERATIONAL
- focus on the design and implementation of
development projects.
2. ADVOCACY
- defend or promote a specific cause and seek to
influence public policy.
FUNCTIONS: (NGO)
- Provide information and technical expertise to
governments and international organizations.
- advocate for specific policies.
- provide humanitarian relief and development
assistance.
- Monitor human rights or the implementation of
environmental regulations.
CRISTICISM: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
- It supports the neoliberal ideology of globalization
and reduces the role of the state.
= NEOLIBERAL – free market
- The interests of the poorest people and nations will
be ignored unless they have direct impact of the
global economy.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENT:
TRADITIONAL CHALLENGES
- External intervention, invasion by other countries.
- Internal political challenges
- Regional organizations challenging state autonomy.
CHALLENGES FROM NATIONAL
IDENTITY/MOVEMENTS
- Different people with different identities
can live in different states.
GLOBAL ECONOMICS
- Global economy demands the states to conform to
the rules of free-market capitalism.
- Government austerity comes from developments of
organization that cooperate across countries.
= GOVT. AUSTERITY – nagtitipid dahil madaming
utang ang bansa o bagsak ang economy.
- Neoliberalism and free trade
= Free flow of capital and jobs
= A threat in general as the state cannot protect its
own economic interest.
GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENT
- Social Movements
= Movements of people that are spontaneous of
that emerge through enormous grassroots of
organization.
= Transnational movements that can occur across
countries and borders.
= States have less control over them.
GLOBAL NORTH AND SOUTH
- The world is divided in terms of development and
Wealth.
- Most developed countries are in the north whereas
most of the developing or underdeveloped countries
are in the south.
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? (GLOBAL SOUTH)
- Global south countries have been unable to evolve
an indigenous technology appropriate to their own
resources.
- Dependency on powerful Global North.
CAUSES OF INEQUALITIES:
- Availability of natural resources
- Different levels of health and education
- Nature of its country and its industrial sectors
- International trading policies and access to markets
- How countries are governed
- Country’s vulnerability to natural hazards and
climate change.
GLOBAL SOUTH
- It is everywhere but is also somewhere, located at
the intersection of entangled political geographies of
dispossession and repossession.
- former colonial entities engaged in political projects
of decolonization and moved toward the realization of
a postcolonial international order.
 3 PRIMARY DEIFNITIONS: GLOBAL SOUTH
1. It has traditionally been used with
intergovernmental development organization to refer
to poor nation-state and as a post-cold war
alternative to “Third World.”
2. Captures a deterritorialized geography of
capitalism’s externalities and means to account for
subjugated peoples within the borders of wealthier
countries.
3. Refers to resistant imaginary of a transnational
political subject that result from shared experience of
subjugation under contemporary global capitalism.
GLOBAL ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
- “Economic big bang” (Milanovic, 2011)
- Gap between rich and poor nations
- Economic globalization and international trade
WEALTH
- net worth of a country/ abundance of resources.
INCOME
- The new earnings that are constantly being added to
the pile of a country’s wealth.
A WORLD OF REGIONS
REGION
- Group of countries located in the same
geographically specified area.
REGIONALIZATION
- Regional concentration of economic flow.
- A political process characterized by economic policy.
cooperation and coordination among countries.
- Refers to the growing density of interaction and co-
operation between neighboring countries.
REGIONALISM
- A political process characterized by economic policy
cooperation and coordination among countries.
- Conveys the sense of intentional, top-down region-
building involving inter-governmental collaboration.
- An emergent socially constituted phenomenon.
- Inspirational and revolutionary
- economic policy, cooperation, and coordination.
FACTORS LEADING TO GREAT INTEGRATION OF THE
ASIAN REGION
- Trade
- Culture
- Goal
BENEFITS OF REGIONALISM
TO ASIA FROM REGIONALISM
- Link the competitive strengths of its diverse
economies to boost their productivity and sustain the
region’s exceptional growth.
- Connect the region’s capital markets to enhance
financial stability, reduce the cost of capital and
improve opportunities for sharing risks.
- Cooperate in setting exchange rates and
macroeconomic policies.
- Pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make
resources available for investment and development.
- Exercise leadership in global decision making.
- Build connected infrastructure and collaborate on
inclusive development.
- Create regional mechanism
TO THE WORLD FROM ASIAN REGIONALISM
- Generate productivity gains, new ideas and
competition
- Contribute to the efficiency and stability of financial
markets
- Diversify sources of global demand, helping to
stabilize the world economy and diminish the risks
posed by global imbalances.
- Provide leadership to help sustain open global trade
and financial systems.
- Create regional mechanisms and thus contribute to
more effective global solutions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONALISM
- Local Identity
- Autonomy
FEATURES OF REGIONALISM
- Psychic Phenomenon
- Expression of group identity and loyalty
- Development of the region
- Prohibits people from other regions to benefit by a
particular region.

NON-STATE REGIONALISM
- Tiny associations that include no more than a few
factors and focus on a single issue or huge continental
unions that address a multitude of common problems
from territorial defense to food security.
- Rely on the power of individuals, non- governmental
organizations, and associations.
- reformist who shares the same values, norms,
institutions, and system that exist outside of the
traditional, established mainstream institutions and
system.
STRATEGIES:
- Partner with governments to initiate social change to
participate in institutional mechanism.
- Dedicate themselves to special causes.
CHALLENEGS:
- Underfunded
- Influence of global politics is limited
- The discord that may emerge among them
- May not welcome new trends and set- up obstacles
after another.

CHALLENGES TO REGIONALISM
- Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism
- Diverse perspectives on what regionalism should be
used for.

USON / BSP 1-4