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Detection, Measurement, and Classification

of Partial Discharge in a Power Transformer:
Methods, Trends, and Future Research

Mithun Mondal & G.B. Kumbhar

To cite this article: Mithun Mondal & G.B. Kumbhar (2017): Detection, Measurement, and
Classification of Partial Discharge in a Power Transformer: Methods, Trends, and Future Research,
IETE Technical Review, DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2017.1335244

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IETE TECHNICAL REVIEW, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2017.1335244

Detection, Measurement, and Classification of Partial Discharge in a Power

Transformer: Methods, Trends, and Future Research
Mithun Mondal and G.B. Kumbhar
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
Insulation degradation is one of the prime reasons for failures in power transformers. Partial Partial discharge; power
discharge (PD) is considered as one of the primary causes of initiation of insulation degradation. transformer; acoustic
Thus, monitoring of PD in a power transformer at a preliminary stage is the most important task to methods; electrical methods;
prevent any catastrophic failure. This paper presents a brief introduction of PD phenomena along ultra-high-frequency (UHF)
methods
with the causes and effects. Various topics of contemporary research related to PD, such as
modelling, detection, measurement, and classification, are grouped under different headings with
exhaustive up-to-date bibliography. The paper outlines distinctive sensors and technologies based
on acoustic, ultra-high-frequency, electric, and hybrid methods. The techniques are compared, and
their advantages and limitations are pointed out. The techniques of denoising of PD signal based
on signal processing, artificial intelligence, and statistical analysis are summarised. The challenges
and trends in future PD research are also discussed. This paper would provide immense help for
the researchers, academicians, and service engineers working in the field of PD in power
transformers.

1. INTRODUCTION PD mechanism, such as electrical trees, streamers, glow

discharges, sparks, avalanche, etc.
Partial discharge (PD) is a highly localised microscopic
electrical discharge under high-voltage stress, due to the
PD monitoring in a power transformer comprises
presence of cracks, voids, and other imperfections,
detection, measurement, classification, and localisation.
within insulation between the two electrodes. PD incep-
Recently in [1], we have presented the various techni-
tion voltage is the AC voltage at which the PD is first
ques of localisation of the PD sources in a power trans-
detected. The progressive deterioration of insulation due
former. The aim of the present paper is to acquaint the
to PD can lead to complete breakdown of the insulation.
readers with the other important aspects along with the
It may lead to catastrophic failure of a transformer. The
contemporary trends and future research in the partic-
occurrence of PD in the insulation system of a trans-
ular field. The paper gathers all the major PD monitor-
former is accompanied by the following physical
ing techniques into a common framework and
phenomena:
summarises them in a comprehensive manner with a
list of important research papers appended for quick
 It generates mechanical vibrations producing
reference.
acoustic waves in the ultrasonic range.
 It emits electromagnetic (EM) waves in the ultra-
The rest part of the paper is organised into the fol-
high-frequency (UHF) range.
lowing sections. Section 2 discusses the mechanism of
 It causes chemical reactions leading to the release of
PD formation and models. Section 3 presents differ-
ozone and gases of nitrogen oxides.
ent techniques of detection and measurement of PD
 It also emits heat and light energy.
signals. Denoising techniques of PD signals are dis-
cussed in Section 4. Various techniques of PD classi-
These physical phenomena are the basis for PD moni-
fication and pattern recognition are considered in
toring. The progress in PD research begins during the
Section 5. Future prospects in PD monitoring are
1960s and early 1970s, especially concentrating on
pointed out in Section 6. Finally, the paper concludes
understanding void discharges. Since the late 1970s, sig-
in Section 7.
nificant advancement has been made towards distinctive

© 2017 IETE
2 M. MONDAL AND G. B. KUMBHAR: DETECTION, MEASUREMENT, AND CLASSIFICATION OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE IN A POWER TRANSFORMER
2. MECHANISM OF PD FORMATION AND MODELS
2.1 PD Mechanism
To understand the PD mechanism, it is essential to
understand the physics and the governing mathematical
formulation behind the different type of discharges, such
as Townsend, streamer, corona, internal discharge, sur-
face discharge, etc. The work presented by Mason [2],
Devins [3], Brunt [4], and Morshuis [5] would provide
the key concepts behind PD formation.
2.2 Modelling of PD
PD modelling based on an equivalent circuit is necessary
to evaluate the charge transfer from the origin of the
source to the measuring terminal. The classical abc-model
of a gas-filled void in solid dielectrics is the most
renowned model of PD. The void can take place at various
locations in the transformer insulation system. A general-
ised model of any type of arbitrary defect in insulation,
especially of streamer type at the gas–insulator interface is
discussed in [6]. The PD measurement according to IEC
60270 standard involves measurement of apparent charge
using a simple capacitive model. But, Pedersen et al. [7,8]
argued that PD defect cannot be represented by a capaci-
tance from a physical aspect, and proposed a field
approach based on the dipole moment. The computation
of charge transfer for a gaseous defect in elliptical, spheri-
cal, or cylindrical cavities using a capacitive model is easy
to calculate as compared to the field approach based on
dipole moment. However, the analysis would become sim-
pler considering the dipole moment in the uniform
field [9]. The modelling of PD occurring in ellipsoidal and
spherical voids is given in [10]. Pedersen criticised the
classical abc-model of void and lay emphasis on the
induced charge-based modelling [9,11].
3. TECHNIQUES OF PD DETECTION AND
MEASUREMENT
The various physical forms of PD utilised for detection
and measurement are discussed in the following
subsections.
3.1 Electrical Methods
The PD measurements involve measuring the amplitude,
phase, pulse number, pulse rate, pulse height, pulse
sequence, the inception, extinction voltages of the pulse,
etc. The early electrical methods employ analogue instru-
mentation to measure these quantities through PD pat-
terns displayed on the oscilloscope. From the 1950s to
1970s, several inventions based on analogue circuits took
place to automate the measurement system [12–14].
Later, a variety of fast response digital circuits were intro-
duced in the 1990s for PD pulse measurement [15–17].
The suitability of the PD measurement is based on the
type of the winding used, which decides which voltage
components need to be measured by a particular detec-
tor [18]. The North American countries follow the
NEMA 107 standard to measure PD in terms of radio
influence voltage (RIV) in mV using narrowband detec-
tors. Most other countries adopt IEC-270 standard mea-
surement in pC using narrowband or wideband
detectors. The calibration procedure injects known
amount of charge and measures the apparent charge at
the winding terminals. Simultaneous charge and RIV
measurements can be done with charge calibrated RIV
meters [19]. But the relationship between the two units is
highly complex and depends on a number of factors,
which include transformer physical dimensions, rating,
type, etc. As such, PD measurement by RIV meters dete-
riorates as the size of the transformer increases for a con-
stant charge level. In power transformers, RIV
measurement can detect the presence of discharge but
considered inappropriate to measure PD [20]. It is found
that narrowband detectors are unsuitable for measuring
PD due to its strong frequency dependence [21]. While
the conventional PD detectors work in the range of
10 kHz to 1 MHz, the ultra-wideband (UWB) detectors
can detect PD in the bandwidth of 1 GHz. Moreover,
UWB detectors also possess several other advantages,
such as improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), eliminat-
ing external noise, reliable detection, etc. [22]. Thus, it
explains the increasing popularity of UWB detectors in
PD measurements. The fundamental limitations of mea-
suring PD and corona using the detectors are thoroughly
discussed in [23]. The time-domain physical parameters
describing the characteristic of the PD pulse are helpful
in measuring the apparent charge [24]. Physical processes
of PD can be better understood by measuring and analy-
sing the PD current waveforms [25]. While pulse detec-
tion is considered as a recognised method for corona
discharges, but during the condition of the glow or
pseudo-glow discharge, it should be replaced by appropri-
ate bridge measurement techniques [26]. Interpretation of
measured quantities, such as magnitude and polarity, rep-
etition rate, time and frequency parameters of the signal,
the energy dissipated, wave shape of the pulse, etc., gives
an insight of the PD characteristics [27,28].
3.2 Acoustic Methods
The principle of acoustic PD detection involves capture
of pressure waves released due to vaporising of the mate-
rials in the vicinity of a discharge as a result of an

increase in temperature due to the discharge current.
However, it is necessary to understand the complexities
associated with acoustic PD measurement in transform-
ers [29]. The presence of oil, Pressboard, paper, iron
core, copper, etc., creates multi-material and complex
insulation system. This leads to reflection, refraction,
attenuation, absorption, and transmission losses of the
PD signal during its propagation from the source to the
measuring sensors. It reduces the sensitivity and changes
the shape of the PD signal. The sensitivity of acoustic
methods is unaffected by the increase in capacitance of
the test object, but it reduces in electrical methods [30].
A typical acoustic PD monitoring system includes sen-
sors, pre-amplifiers, filters, and data acquisition and
processing unit [31]. Sensitivity and bandwidth are the
two main factors to choose an acoustic sensor. For high
sensitivity in a small frequency range (20–100 kHz), nar-
rowband sensors are recommended. Broadband sensors
have a high frequency range (up to 1 MHz) and are suit-
able for all types of PDs, except surface discharge for
which sensitivity is low [32]. Attenuation of acoustic
emission (AE) signals can be avoided by proper coupling
of acoustic sensors to the tank surface. To measure dis-
charge strength in terms of apparent charge, it is neces-
sary to perform PD calibration. A technique of online
and offline calibration by pulse injection at bushings of a
transformer is discussed in [33].
3.3 UHF Methods
UHF methods rely on sensing of EM waves generated
due to partial discharge. UHF sensors can be installed
even in the energised transformer and provide useful
information in the high interference conditions. The on-
site UHF PD monitoring exhibits high sensitivity with
high SNR and less attenuation of the signal within trans-
formers. PD measurement using UHF technique was
first applied to gas-insulated substations (GIS) and then
to the transformers. Transformer tank walls behave as a
Faraday cage and lead to attenuation of internal PD sig-
nals [34]. The resonance frequency which appears inside
the tank disappears outside, and therefore, the PD signal
spectrum due to internal and external discharges is
different.
The three types of UHF sensors that are available to
detect PD are
1. Drain coupler [35]: inserted in the oil valve
2. Window coupler [36–38]: mounted on the specially
designed dielectric window
3. Internal coupler [39]: constructed in the tank by
the manufacturers
3
Apart from sensors, various antennas such as Hilbert,
patch, cone, spiral, etc., are also designed for detecting
PD using UHF signals [40–42]. Discharges can be
detected at an early stage by monitoring transformer oil
using an oil valve sensor [43]. The spectra of the PD
pulses inside the tank decoupled by drain valve sensor
reflect the cavity resonance of the tank [44]. Window
sensors can be removed without affecting the insulation
integrity. While internal sensor has higher peak sensitiv-
ity, the external sensor has a higher average sensitivity
and a wider frequency spectrum [38]. An external cou-
pler can be installed only if there is a suitable dielectric
aperture in a metal cladding. PD detection using non-
contact and non-invasive radio-frequency (RF) measure-
ment has been used with an internal coupler [45], but
they present a risk to the plant operators due to no safety
concern. There are numerous constraints that affect the
development of UHF sensors, and therefore, proper sen-
sor design optimisation is required [40,46,47]. Before
measurements, it is required to verify the sensitivity of
the UHF signals and its correlation with the apparent
charge in pC [35]. The correlation between the quanti-
ties is discussed in [48]. However, the UHF measure-
ments are difficult to calibrate in pC. It can only be
correlated to the phase angle of the applied voltage [49].
3.4 Hybrid Methods
While electrical methods of PD measurement are
suitable for offline or laboratory environment, acoustic
and UHF techniques can be applied in both online and
offline conditions. To locate PD in three-dimensional
(3-D) coordinates and to determine its instant of occur-
rence, more than three sensors are required. Acoustic
methods are prone to external noises and also have low
sensitivity to internal discharges. For better sensitivity,
acoustic methods are used in combination with higher
sensitive electrical or UHF techniques. A comparative
analysis of various PD measurement techniques using
different sensors can be found in [50].
Techniques of PD detection and measurement using dif-
ferent physical signals are briefly summarised in Table 1.
Table 2 compares the various techniques and sensors
used in online and offline monitoring of PD along with
their advantages and limitations.
4. TECHNIQUES OF DENOISING OF PD SIGNAL
Partial discharge comprises a pulse of short duration and
fast rise time which covers a wide frequency spectrum.
Hence, it is highly prone to electromagnetic interference.
The major problem encountered during online
4 M. MONDAL AND G. B. KUMBHAR: DETECTION, MEASUREMENT, AND CLASSIFICATION OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE IN A POWER TRANSFORMER

Table 1: Techniques of PD detection and measurement. 2. Random pulses due to switching operation or
PD signal Techniques References lightning
Electrical Sensors Narrowband and wideband [20–22,26]
High-frequency current [51]
3. Repetitive pulses from continuous switching opera-
transformer (HFCT) tions of power electronic devices
Signal Digital signal processing (DSP) [52–54] 4. White noise generated by the amplifier or ambient
processing
Acoustic Sensors Fibre-optic [55–57] noise
Ultrasonic [58]
Signal DSP [59]
processing Consequently, it is very important to denoise the PD sig-
UHF Sensors Drain-valve, window-coupler, [35–39] nal, before classifying the defect type and its location. The
and internal coupler
Remote RF [45,60] advent of the modern high-speed information processing
Antenna Size optimisation [40,46] system, analogue and digital techniques, noise suppression
Design
Antenna modelling [47]
capability of the digital filters, etc., furnishes a vast scope
Sensor Sensitivity check [35,38] for the extraction of PD pulse buried in the noise signal.
calibration
Hybrid Combined Electric and UHF [48,61]
signals Various denoising techniques of PD signal are summar-
Electric and acoustic [62] ised in Table 3.
Acoustic and UHF [63,64]
Electric and optical [65]
Others - X-ray [66]

5. TECHNIQUES OF PD CLASSIFICATION AND

measurement is the strong coupling of external noise,
particularly the discrete spectral interference (DSI).
Various sources of EM interference are
1. Sinusoidal noise (popularly known as DSI) gener-
ated from radio and communication system
PATTERN RECOGNITION
The aim of PD classification is to identify and distin-
guish defect sources, such as corona, cavity discharge,
surface discharge, etc. It is a two-step process, i.e. deter-
mination of fingerprint or feature vector (classification)
and then followed by identifying the source of the
discharge (recognition).

Table 2: Comparison of techniques and sensors for PD detection and measurement.

Techniques Advantages
Electrical (20 kHz  Detection sensitivity is
to 20 MHz) quite high
 Low signal attenuation
Acoustic (50–300  Can be applied in the field  Low sensitivity
kHz) condition
 Can be directly attached to  Complexities in data handling,
the tank of a transformer
UHF (300 MHz to  Suitable for in-service
3 GHz) monitoring
 Used for triggering
acoustic sensors
Limitations Sensors Remarks
 Cannot be used onsite Narrowband 20–100 kHz
 Limited to factory or laboratory
environment
 Influenced by electromagnetic
interferences
Wideband Upto 1 MHz
HFCT Hundreds of kHz to 20 MHz
Piezo-electric  Mounted on the tank wall
 Multiple sensors increases the cost  Detection at 150 kHz
 Affected due to attenuation and damping
processing, and evaluation of the PD signal
fibre-optic  Can be placed inside the transformer
within the oil
 Most sensitive above 100 kHz
 Pulse detected is weak even for well- Drain valve  Inserted in the drain valve
designed sensor  Can be inserted in the energized
 Highly sensitive to electrical noise transformers
produced by Radio, TV, GSM, WI-Fi,  Electromagnetic radiation from PD will
etc. not get affected due to winding
 calibration technique for UHF resonances
measurements is unavailable
Window coupler  Mounted on the window
 Can be installed or removed while
transformers is in operation
Internal coupler  Constructed in the tank
 Used for continuous monitoring
 Pick-up transient overvoltage due to
switching operation
remote RF  Non-contact and non-invasive
measurement
 Tertiary winding is used as source of
impulsive radiation
 5

Table 3: Techniques of denoising of PD signal.

Techniques Remarks References
Filters Notch filters Remove narrow-frequency continuous sinusoidal noise [67]
Band pass filters Electrical and mechanical noise are removed using ultrasonic detectors [58]
Adaptive filters The filters judge the frequency spectrum of the pulses and differentiates the noise from the PD [68]
pulses
Morphology filters Feature-oriented technique to remove white noise [69,70]
Algorithms Fourier transform Remove noise in the frequency domain for an infinite interval [71]
Time–frequency (TF) analysis TF analysis of the PD signal using algorithms such as STFT, WVD, etc. [72]
Wavelet transform (WT) Different classes of wavelets are applied [73–78]
Artificial Intelligence (AI) AI technique such as, neural network, fuzzy classifier, etc., are applied [79]
Singular value decomposition Remove sinusoidal and white noise [80,81]
(SVD)
Empirical mode Automatic decompose PD signal into mono-components, and does not require manual selection of [82]
decomposition (EMD) mother wavelets as required in wavelets
Spectral power clustering Pulse characterization for noise identification in high frequency [83]

Various methods of classification and recognition of the
PD sources are discussed in the following subsections.
5.1 Electrical Methods
The first step in recognition of discharge sources is to
find the pattern in PD data. The three most commonly
used methods to find patterns in terms of discharge
magnitude (q), average discharge current (I), phase angle
(’), discharge rate (n), discharge time (t), and test volt-
age (V ) are the following:
1. Phase-resolved data: These plots are obtained as
2-D or 3-D distributions. The 2-D plot is a univar-
iate distribution [84,85] in terms of (q ¡ ’), (I ¡
’), or (n ¡ ’). On the other hand, bivariate distri-
butions [84,86,87] are 3-D plots in (q ¡ ’ ¡ n)
which give entire information about the PD data.
2. Time-resolved data: Data pattern obtained from
the (q ¡ t) plot is a time-resolved data [88,89].
They provide much more information as com-
pared to phase-resolved data as a direct relation-
ship exists between the defect type and shape of
the PD signal. Moreover, it also requires less
expensive instrumentation systems for data
acquisition.
3. Data without time or phase information: These
are used to measure the PD magnitude and are
plotted in terms of (q ¡ V). It does not contain
any time or phase information and is used to dem-
onstrate the hysteresis effect of PD [90].
The time-domain and frequency-domain [88–93] char-
acteristics of electrically recorded PD signals have been
analysed with various statistical parameters [84,94–96]
to classify PD sources. A numerous signal process-
ing [86,87,93,97] and image processing [86,98–100] tools
have been applied to obtain the PD features. A wide vari-
ety of Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) has also been applied. Other decision-based
algorithms, such as Hidden Markov Model
(HMM) [101,102], inductive inference [103], Support
Vector Machine (SVM) [104], fuzzy logic [91,93], predic-
tive modelling [105], etc., have also been documented.
5.2 Acoustic Methods
While PD electrical signals are prone to EM interfer-
ence, acoustic signals are unsusceptible to it. This
makes acoustic signals advantageous over electrical sig-
nals in PD classification. PD source identification by
determining the amplitude and energy spectra of acous-
tic PD signals using frequency domain spectral analysis
based on Fourier transform has been used [32].
Although this technique has been accepted as an estab-
lished mathematical tool, it possesses serious limita-
tions due to non-stationary, irregularity, and
nonlinearity of PD data. Moreover, the Fourier trans-
form is incapable of detecting the transient phenomena
of PD signal, as energy spectra do not change with time
shift. The problem is overcome by analysis of the time-
frequency-energy distribution of PD signal using Hil-
bert–Huang transform (HHT) [106]. It collects the
information in both time and frequency domains
simultaneously. In addition, acoustic PD signals are
analysed using wavelet transform [107]. ANNs have
also been applied to detect PD features for various sour-
ces of discharges [108].
5.3 UHF Methods
UHF antennas are used as a complementary to HFCTs
and have wider application compared to acoustic sen-
sors. This makes UHF more reliable method for PD clas-
sification. To extract statistical parameters of PD, UHF
system captures a massive amount of data, which may
reach thousands of MHz, due to high sampling rate in
an around hundreds or thousands of power frequency
6 M. MONDAL AND G. B. KUMBHAR: DETECTION, MEASUREMENT, AND CLASSIFICATION OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE IN A POWER TRANSFORMER

cycles [109]. It is an enormous challenge to store, pro- 6. FUTURE PROSPECTS

cess, and communicate such a huge data. As such,
The future prospects in PD research lie in the further
dimensionality reduction of the data based on Principal
understanding of the propagation of PD signals inside
Component Analysis (PCA) [110] and Linear Discrimi-
transformers, sensor design optimisation, and proper
nant Analysis (LDA) [40] have been proposed. Cluster-
charge calibration techniques. It is required to have a
ing methods, such as hierarchical clustering [110], Self-
deep insight of surface tracking and flashover due to
Organizing Map (SOM) [60], etc. have been adopted as
static electrification in the oil–Pressboard interface.
a tool to find the groups in PD data. The wavelet-based
Automated classification and interpretation of various
time-frequency analysis is applied to find suitable fea-
PD formed under the presence of conducting particles,
tures in PD data [111]. A concept based on zero span
moisture, temperature, etc. need to be re-examined.
has been proposed for PD classification in [112]. Reli-
ability of on-site PD diagnosis has been achieved using
Some of the existing challenges in PD research are [5] as
Redundant Diagnosis Strategy based system [43].
follows:

 Study of the PD mechanism in the presence of

5.4 Hybrid Methods space charge arising from cavity discharge
 Investigation of relationship between PD and
Hybrid techniques using more than one physical PD sig-
breakdown under DC voltage
nals are used for efficient PD classification. The combi-  Determination of the effect of frequency on PD-
nations used are electric and acoustic [113], acoustic and
induced degradation
RF [64], and electrical and UHF [39].  Investigation of effect of unipolar and bipolar
nature of distorting voltages on PD characteristics
Various techniques applied to physical signals to classify  Observation of mechanical pre-stressing and its
PD sources are discussed briefly in Table 4.
effect on PD-stimulated ageing of the insulation
 Study of the effect of nanostructured dielectrics on
Table 4: Techniques of PD classification and pattern recognition surface roughness and PD resistance
PD signal Techniques References
Electrical Statistical Mean, variance, [84,94–96]
parameters skewness, etc.
Pulse features Pulse width, rise time, [88,89,91,92] 7. CONCLUSION
decay time, etc.
Time and frequency [90,93] This paper presents a brief introduction of partial dis-
features
Image Fractal [98–100] charge phenomena in the power transformers, its causes
processing and effect on the insulation system, and various subjects
Wavelets [86]
Signal Fourier transform, [86,87,93,97]
of contemporary research. The topics covered to develop
processing wavelet transform, etc. a knowledge database are various techniques of PD
Machine ANNs [84,85,88, modelling, detection, measurement, denoising, and clas-
learning 90,92,114]
Fuzzy logic [91,93] sification and pattern recognition. The paper brings all
HMM [101,102] the techniques of PD monitoring and applied sensors
Inductive inference [104]
SVM [104] based on electrical, acoustic, and UHF methods into a
Predictive modelling [105] common framework and pointed out their advantages
Acoustic Signal Wavelet transform [107]
processing and limitations so that readers could distinguish among
Spectral analysis [32] themselves and used them appropriately. The exhaustive
HHT [106]
Machine ANNs [108]
up-to-date bibliography on the subject is appended,
learning which would provide immense help for the researchers,
SVM [115] academicians, and service engineers working in the area.
UHF Signal Wavelet analysis [111]
processing
Statistical PCA and cluster analysis [110]
techniques
SOM
LDA
[60]
[40]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Hybrid Statistical SVM [113]
technique The first author would like to thank the Ministry of Human
Rough set theory [116] Resource and Development, Government of India, for provid-
Machine Knowledge-based system [39,64] ing fellowship to pursue the doctoral degree at Indian Institute
learning of Technology Roorkee.

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Authors
Mithun Mondal obtained his BTech
degree in Electrical Engineering from Dr.
M.G.R University, Chennai, India, in
2009; and the MTech degree from
National Institute of Technology,
Hamirpur, India, in 2013. He has
recently submitted his PhD thesis in the
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
India. His research interests are condition monitoring of trans-
formers, partial discharge monitoring, and diagnostic of high-
voltage apparatus.
Email: min01dee@iitr.ac.in
11
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and R. Bartnikas. (2007). “SVM classification of con-
taminating particles in liquid di- electrics using higher
order statistics of electrical and acoustic PD measure-
ments,” IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 14 (3),
pp. 669–678.
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and R. Bartnikas. (2008). “Particle identification in terms
of acoustic partial discharge measurements in trans-
former oils,” IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 15 (6),
pp. 1649–1656.
116. S. Biswas, D. Dey, B. Chatterjee and S. Chakravorti.
(2013). “An approach based on rough set theory for
identification of single and multiple partial discharge
source,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 46, pp. 163–
174.
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discharge phenomena,” IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 26 (5),
pp. 902–948.
G.B. Kumbhar received his BE degree in
electrical engineering from Government
College of Engineering, Karad, Mahara-
shtra, India, in 1999; and the MTech
degree from the IIT Madras, Chennai,
India, in 2002. He obtained his PhD
degree from IIT Bombay, Mumbai,
India, in 2007. He was a postdoctoral
research scholar at the Center for Energy
System Research, Tennessee Technological University, Cooke-
ville, TN. Previously, he worked with Eaton India Engineering
Center (Eaton Corp.) Pune, India, and Tata Consultancy Serv-
ices, Mumbai, in the areas of design and analysis of electro-
magnetic components. Presently, he is an assistant professor
in Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee, India. His research interests include
electromagnetic design and analysis of power apparatus, diag-
nosis of high-voltage apparatus, computational electromag-
netics, and coupled-field modelling and simulations.
Email: gkumbfee@iitr.ac.in