APPENDIX

Conditional Probability
P( A  B)
P( A | B) 
P( B)

Tests for Determining Independent Events

(i) P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)
(ii) P( A | B)  P( A)
(iii) P( B | A)  P( B)

Tests for Determining Mutually Exclusive Events

(i) P( A  B)  0
(ii) P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)

Addition Rules for Mutually Nonexclusive Events

P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)

Addition Rules for Mutually Exclusive Events

P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)

Multiplication Rules for Dependent Events

P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B | A)

Multiplication Rules for Independent Events

P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)

Complementary Event
P( A)  P( A)  1

Factorial
n !  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) 3  2 1
0!  1

Combination
n!
n
Cx 
x !(n  x)!

Permutation
n!
n
Px 
(n  x)!

1
Discrete Probability Distribution
  E ( X )   x  P( x)
E ( X 2 )   x 2  P( x)
 2  E ( X 2 )   E ( X )
2

  E ( X 2 )   E ( X )
2

Binomial Probability Distribution

X ~ B(n, p)
P ( X  x )  nC x p x q n  x
  np
 2  npq
  npq

Poisson Probability Distribution

X ~ Po( )
e   x
P( X  x) 
x!
 
2 
 

Normal Probability Distribution

X ~ N (  ,  2 ), Z ~ N (0,1)
x
z
