OEL COVER SHEET

Faculty : ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL

Program Name : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Program code : UR6522001

Course/Unit Name : POWER ELECTRONIC Course code : EMJ32304

Name of Lecturer : DR. SYAHRUL ASHIKIN AZMI

Group : 2
OEL no : 4
Due Date : 8/7/2023

Student Name : TING MENG CHEW Matric ID : 211091441

Student Name : KHOO SI WEI Matric ID : 201090972
Student Name : Matric ID :

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1. 2. 3.
Investigate the Performance and Comparative Study
of Control Technique of Full Bridge Single Phase
Inverter
TING MENG CHEW
211091441
UR6522001
Abstract—This report illustrates about the single-phase
inverter. By considering its criteria including Dc voltage level,
control method, selection of switches, and filtering and load, we
design a single-phase full-bridge inverter circuit that supplies a
load of Z = 5+j12.6Ω at a fundamental frequency of f = 50Hz
and an output voltage of Vo = 220V. Then, another suitable
switching schemes is suggested to improve the THD and
fundamental outputs of the inverter circuit.
Keywords—output voltages, output currents, output
waveforms, resistor, inductor.
I. INTRODUCTION
This Single phase inverter is a type of DC to AC Inverter
that converts DC input power to single phase AC output
power at desired voltage and frequency. It is commonly used
in small-scale applications where the power demand is
relatively low, such as residential solar power systems, small
appliances, and electronic devices. It is mainly classified into
two types- voltage source inverter (VSI) and current source
inverter (CSI).[1] For the voltage source inverter, it converts
constant DC input voltage into AC output voltage. In this
inverter, the terminal voltage remains constant but the output
current changes with the load impedance variation. For the
current source inverter, it converts DC input current into AC
output current. This inverter is fed by a DC source (DC
voltage source connected in series with an inductor). In this
inverter, the output current remains constant, but the output
voltage changes with the load impedance variation.
Single-phase inverters are important for several reasons.
First and foremost, it is used commonly in residential
applications. Single-phase inverters are commonly used in
residential applications, such as solar power systems
installed in homes. These inverters allow homeowners to
convert the DC power generated by solar panels into AC
power, which can be used to power household appliances
and devices. They enable the efficient utilization of solar
energy, reducing reliance on the grid and lowering electricity
bills.
Secondly, Single-phase inverters are typically easier to
install and configure compared to three-phase inverters.
Their simpler design and lower power capacity make them
more accessible for residential and small-scale installations.
This ease of installation translates to reduced installation
costs and quicker deployment of renewable energy systems.
Moreover, many electrical devices and appliances used in
homes and small businesses are designed to operate on
single-phase AC power. Single-phase inverters ensure
compatibility by providing the necessary AC power output
KHOO SI WEI
201090972
UR6522001
for these devices. They allow the integration of renewable
energy sources, such as solar or wind power, into existing
electrical systems without requiring significant
modifications.
Lastly, residential solar power systems are connected to
the electrical grid in many countries. Single-phase inverters
facilitate this grid interconnection by synchronizing the AC
power output with the grid's voltage and frequency. They
enable homeowners to export excess solar power back to the
grid, earn credits, and contribute to the overall energy
supply. While three-phase inverters are more suitable for
industrial and high-power applications, single-phase
inverters serve a crucial role in residential and small-scale
settings. They enable the efficient utilization of renewable
energy, reduce dependence on the grid, and provide a
practical solution for powering a wide range of electrical
devices and appliances.
II. BACKGROUND STUDY
A. Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter
A full bridge inverter is a type of H-bridge inverter that
converts DC power to AC power. The conversion
components required are twice as many as those used in
single phase half bridge inverters. The inverter works by
switching the DC input voltage on and off at high
frequencies, often in the tens to hundreds of kilohertz range.
output. Typically, the switches are MOSFETs or IGBTs that
are operated by a microcontroller or other control circuitry to
generate a sinusoidal AC output waveform. The four
switches are coupled in a bridge configuration, with two
connected to the positive and two connected to the negative
terminals of the DC input voltage.
Fig. 1. Schematice Diagram Single Phase Inverter. (Full Bridge)

The switches are operated in pairs, with one set of
switches turned on and the other set of switches turned off.
The output waveform can be tuned to nearly resemble a
sinusoidal waveform by adjusting the time and duration of
the switching. The two switches attached to the positive
terminal of the DC input voltage are turned on during the
first half of the switching cycle, while the two switches
connected to the negative terminal are turned off. This causes
current to flow in just one direction through the load,
resulting in a positive half-cycle of the output waveform.
While the two switches attached to the negative terminal of
the DC input voltage are turned on during the second half of
the switching cycle, while the two switches connected to the
positive terminal are turned off. This causes current to flow
in the opposite direction through the load, resulting in a
negative half-cycle of the output waveform.
Fig. 2. Operation Single Phase Inverter. (Full Bridge)
The output waveform can be adjusted to closely resemble
a sinusoidal waveform by repeating this switching cycle at a
high frequency, often in the tens of kilohertz to several
hundred kilohertz range. A microprocessor or equivalent
control circuitry controls the switching timing and duration
to ensure that the output waveform is of good quality and has
low harmonic distortion.
B. Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter (PWM BIPOLAR)
Full bridge single-phase inverter that controls the output
waveform with a bipolar PWM technique. This technique is
used to improve the quality of the output waveform by
lowering total harmonic distortion (THD) and enhancing the
inverter's efficiency. The four power switches in the full
bridge configuration are controlled by a PWM signal
generated by comparing a reference sinusoidal waveform
with a carrier waveform in this technique. The carrier
waveform is a high-frequency triangle waveform used to turn
on and off power switches at a high frequency. The four
switches are coupled in a bridge configuration, with two
connected to the positive and two connected to the negative
terminals of the DC input voltage. A bipolar PWM signal is
used to drive the switches, which is generated by comparing
a reference sinusoidal waveform with a high-frequency
triangular carrier waveform. The two switches attached to the
positive terminal of the DC input voltage are turned on
during the first half of the switching cycle, while the two
switches connected to the negative terminal are turned off.
This causes current to flow in just one direction through the
load, resulting in a positive half-cycle of the output
waveform. The two switches attached to the negative
terminal of the DC input voltage are turned on during the
second half of the switching cycle, while the two switches
connected to the positive terminal are turned off. This causes
current to flow in the opposite direction through the load,
resulting in a negative half-cycle of the output waveform.
Fig. 3. Operation Single Phase Inverter. (PWM Bipolar)
TABLE I. SWITCHES OPERATION INVERTER PWM BIPOLR
Vref > Vcarrier S1 & S2 ON
Vref < Vcarrier S3 & S4 ON
The bipolar PWM approach offers various advantages
over the typical full bridge single-phase inverter, including
lower output waveform total harmonic distortion (THD),
higher efficiency, and reduced electromagnetic interference
(EMI).
C. Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter (PWM UNIPOLAR)
Full Bridge Single Phase Inverter controlled by Pulse
Width Modulation Unipolar technique. This technique is
used to improve the output waveform's quality by lowering
total harmonic distortion (THD) and enhancing inverter
efficiency. In the full bridge setup, the four power switches
are controlled by a PWM signal created by comparing a
reference sinusoidal waveform with a unipolar carrier
waveform. The carrier waveform is a high-frequency square
wave that is used to turn on and off the power switches at a
high frequency. The four switches are coupled in a bridge
configuration, with two connected to the positive and two Width Modulation) for Bipolar and Unipolar technique.
connected to the negative terminals of the DC input voltage. Those three inverters are shown in figures below.
A unipolar PWM signal controls the switches, which is
generated by comparing a two-reference sinusoidal
waveform with a high-frequency square carrier waveform.
The unipolar PWM approach works by turning on and off the
power switches in pairs, with each pair turning on and off for
half a cycle of the reference sinusoidal waveform. This
produces two sets of positive and negative half-cycles, which
are then added together to make a unipolar output waveform.
During the first half of the switching cycle, the two switches
attached to the positive terminal of the DC input voltage are
turned on, while the two switches connected to the negative
terminal are turned off. This causes current to flow through
the load in just one direction, resulting in a positive half-
cycle of the output waveform. Next is the two switches Fig. 5. Single Phase Inverter. (Full Bridge)
attached to the negative terminal of the DC input voltage are
turned on during the second half of the switching cycle,
while the two switches connected to the positive terminal are
turned off. This causes current to flow in the opposite
direction through the load, resulting in a negative half-cycle
of the output waveform. While since the operation is similar
with the PWM BIPOLAR but there is a different with the
switching time while in PWM BIPOLAR is switch on in pair
at the same time depend on the voltage reference and voltage
carrier, the different for the PWM UNIPOLAR is depend on
two voltage reference and one voltage carrier it means all
four power switches is trigger in pair different S1 and S4 is
depend on positive voltage reference, while S3 and S2 is
depend on negative reference to trigger.

Fig. 6. Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM. (BIPOLR)

Fig. 4. Operation Single Phase Inverter. (PWM Unipolar)

TABLE II. SWITCHES OPERATION INVERTER PWM UNIPOLAR

Vref > Vcarrier S1 ON Vdc

Fig. 7. Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM. (UNIPOLAR)
Vref < Vcarrier S4 ON 0

-Vref > Vcarrier S3 ON Vdc

TABLE III. COMPONENTS
-Vref < Vcarrier S2 ON 0
Components Function
As a load to determine the output voltages and
Resistor
currents.
III. METHODOLOGY Same purpose to resistor the different is compare the
output voltages and currents to the pure resistive
This experiment investigates the inverters by the software Inductor
load and the circuit after add inductive series with
PSIM. There are three types of inverters simulated in this resistive load.
experiment full bridge single phase inverter, and full bridge DCVoltage Supply the pure dc voltage suuply to the inverter
single phase inverter control with method PWM (Pulse Supply circuits.
As a switch to generate the signal from the dc
IGBT
voltage to the load depend on the gating blok and
 Components Function
comparator to trigger the IGBT.

To compare the signal from the voltage refrence and

Comparator voltage carrier. (only use in BIPOLAR and
UNIPOLAR) Fig. 8. Normalized Fourier Coefficients Vn/Vdc for Unipolar PWM
Sinusoidal As a Voltage Reference (only use in BIPOLAR and
Voltage Source UNIPOLAR)
Triangle-wave As a Voltage Carrier (only use in BIPOLAR and
Voltage Source UNIPOLAR)

Those inverters constructed with above elements in table

1 the table. Three types of inverters have different method to
generate the output signal from the switches. The first is the
full bridge single phase inverter figure 1, the switches will Fig. 9. Normalized Fourier Coefficients Vn/Vdc for Bipolar PWM
generate the signal according to the gating block’s switching
points setting of the angles. In the figure 2 is single phase While from the above figure showed that the column is the
inverter which controlled by PWM (Pulse Width amplitude modulation, we choose to determine the output
Modulation) Bipolar, the switches trigger and generate the voltage term.
signal depend on the comparator with compare two signals
voltage reference and voltage carrier. While in figure 3 the
circuit is similar to the figure 2 the different is each two While output current and rms value of output current are
switches control by one comparator mean while there is two accordingly to the output voltage term been determined.,
comparators in the circuits, S1 and S4 connect with one below is the equation shown.
comparator and S2 and S3 with another one comparator. In
these three circuit the frequency set accordingly to the
fundamental frequency with 50Hz. Those inverters are
applied with the IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) ……………. Eq(3)
switches since it offers greater power gain than the MOSFET
(Field Effect Transistor) and more economical
manufacturing costs. Although the reason to picked IGBT as
a switch in this experiment, it depends on the application if
the application needs to operate in high frequency over …………. Eq(4)
20kHz thus must use MOSFET if the application is below
20kHz then IGBT is the only choice.
Next is theory part take the result from the calculation …….. Eq(5)
according to three inverters. First is the full wave single
phase inverter determining the Vn and Vn(rms) with the
below equation. From equation 5 is the impedance value which depend on the
term of n=1,3,5,7…. Same as well to output voltage. While
equation 3 is the peak current depend on the term of peak
………………. Eq(1) output voltage and impedance value, and equation 4 is
determine the output current rms value with the term of the
peak output voltage. Lastly, is find the total harmonic
distortion for the output voltage rms, Vn(rms) and output
……………. Eq(2) current rms, In(rms) as shown by the equation below.

From the above equation 1 is determine the amplitude of

each voltage term of output voltage and equation 2 is
determine the amplitude of each voltage term in rms value of
fundamental voltage. For the Full Bridge Single Phase ……….. Eq (6)
Inverter that controlled by the PWM which categorize with
BIPOLAR and UNIPOLAR technique both have the same
condition with depend on the frequency modulation ratio
(mf) and amplitude modulation (ma). While those two mf
and ma will determine the Vn. For the frequency modulation
ratio (mf) picked 20, and for the amplitude modulation (ma) ………… Eq (7)
used 0.9. Although, the value chooses but there will
determine the different output voltage term. While below are
the table for BIPOLAR PWM in figure 5and UNIPOLAR In equation 6 & 7 as mentioned to determine the total
PWM in figure 4. harmonic distortion according to the output voltage and
current rms value for each term.
 IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Full-Bridge Inverter

Fig. 8. Waveform FFT result Vrms & Irms. (Resistive and Inductive)

TABLE IV. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
Fig. 4. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter. (Resistive)
n Vn In Vn In

1 280.11 22.9497 280.11 23.008

3 93.371 2.7197 93.371 2.781

5 56.023 0.9845 56.023 1.045

7 40.016 0.5031 40.016 0.5621

9 31.124 0.3045 31.124 0.3617

11 25.465 0.2039 25.465 0.2591

13 21.547 0.1460 21.547 0.1990

Fig. 5. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter. (Resistive and

TABLE V. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER
Inductive)
Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn,rms In,rms Vn,rms In,rms

1 198.07 16.229 198.07 16.269

3 66.023 1.9232 66.023 1.9666

5 39.614 0.6961 39.14 0.739

7 28.296 0.3557 28.296 0.3975

9 22.008 0.2153 22.008 0.2558

11 18.006 0.1442 18.006 0.1832

13 15.236 0.1032 15.236 0.1407

Fig. 6. Waveform Switches Operation Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter.

TABLE VI. IMPEDANCE VALUE EACH TERM (FULL-BRIDGE)

Zn Ohms, Ω
1 9.056

3 26.235

5 48.021

7 69.223

9 89.004
Fig. 7. Waveform FFT result Vn & In. (Resistive and Inductive)
11 108.322

13 138.578
 TABLE VII. THD FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER
Theoretical Experiment
Calculation Results
THD,v(%) 48.05% 46.34%

THD,v(%) 13.13% 13.42%

B. Full-Bridge Inverter (BIPOLAR)

Fig. 18. Waveform FFT result Vn & In. (Resistve & Inductive)

Fig. 9. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM

BIPOLAR. (Resistve)

Fig. 12. Waveform FFT result Vrms & Irms. (Resistve & Inductive)

TABLE VIII. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER BIPOLAR PWM

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn In Vn In

1 280.113 22.9497 265.256 23.273

18 93.371 0.4114 75.344 0.3899

20 240.016 0.9737 224.216 0.9435

Fig. 10. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM
BIPOLAR. (Resistive and Inductive) 22 93.371 0.3366 75.344 0.3257

TABLE IX. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER BIPOLAR PWM (RMS)

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn,rms In,rms Vn,rms In,rms

1 220 16.2278 221.15 16.456

18 66 0.2909 60.155 0.2757

20 198.07 0.6885 178.220 0.6671

22 66 0.2380 60.76 0.2303

Fig. 11. Waveform Switches Operation Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter

controlled by PWM BIPOLAR.
TABLE X. IMPEDANCE VALUE EACH TERM (PWM BIPOLAR)
Zn Ohms,Ω
1 14.388

18 78.566

20 261.238

22 294.473
 TABLE XI. THD FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER BIPOLAR PWM
Theoretical Experiment
Calculation Results
THD,v(%) 90.23% 108.56%

THD,v(%) 5.231% 5.181%

C. Full-Bridge Inverter (UNIPOLAR)

Fig. 16. Waveform FFT result Vn & In. (Resistve & Inductive)

Fig. 17. Waveform FFT result Vrms & Irms. (Resistve & Inductive)
Fig. 13. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM
UNIPOLAR. (Resistive)

TABLE XII. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER UNIPOLAR PWM

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn In Vn In

1 280.113 22.9498 290.255 23.233

37 93.371 0.1759 104.258 0.125

39 56.023 0.1673 78.241 0.173

41 40.016 0.1335 68.211 0.17

Fig. 14. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM
UNIPOLAR. (Resistive and Inductive) 43 31.124 0.1148 42.397 0.113

TABLE XIII. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER UNIPOLAR PWM (RMS)

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn,rms In,rms Vn,rms In,rms

1 220 16.2278 220.82 16.428

37 44 0.1243 39.189 0.088

39 66.023 0.1183 61.224 0.1226

41 66.023 0.0944 61.224 0.1205

43 44 0.0812 40.47 0.0801

Fig. 15. Waveform Switches Opeartion Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter
controlled by PWM BIPOLAR.
 TABLE XIV. IMPEDANCE VALUE EACH TERM (PWM UNIPOLAR) in both procedures, other input values, such as noise in the
Zn Ohms, Ω input signal, may have been overlooked in the theoretical
calculations. It's worth noting that the discrepancy between
1 13.557 theoretical calculations and simulation outcomes is quite
37 466.26 modest. However, in more complex circuits or larger
systems, this could become more relevant. When comparing
39 491.46
results, it is critical to evaluate the limitations and accuracy
41 516.66 of each method. While there are some disparities between
theoretical calculations and simulation findings for the
43 541.86
inverter output voltage, both methods provide useful insights
into the circuit's behaviors. Theoretical calculations are
useful for establishing a baseline understanding of circuit
behaviors, whereas simulations can provide a more accurate
TABLE XV. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER UNIPOLAR PWM picture of real-world settings. When interpreting the results,
Theoretical Experiment it is critical to examine the limitations and assumptions of
Calculation Results each method.
THD,v(%) 48.41% 64.836% In future to improve the design of full-bridge single
THD,v(%) 1.306% 1.381% phase inverter more stable can add inductor and capacitor as
shown in figure 25. The inductor is connected in series with
the load and serves to smooth down the current passing
through it. It accomplishes this by storing energy in its
D. Discussion magnetic field when the current is growing and releasing this
energy back into the load when the current is falling. This
helps to minimize the output waveform's high-frequency
From the result among the experiment for three type of
harmonics, resulting in a smoother sinusoidal waveform. The
inverter what had observe is the different term will affect the
capacitor is connected in series with the load and serves to
output voltages and currents. First is the Full-Bridge Single
smooth down the voltage across the load. It accomplishes
Phase Inverter the outcome result from table 4 and table 5 the
this by storing energy in the electric field between its plates
voltage and current, while the decrease voltages affect by the
while the voltage is high and releasing this energy back into
increase of every term and current same as well to the
the load when the voltage is low. This contributes to
voltages in the mean of time since the increase of the term
reducing high-frequency harmonics in the output waveform
affect the decrease of the output parameter while the
and improving overall power quality. The inductor and
impedance value increase. Next is the Bipolar and Unipolar
capacitor values used in the filter are determined by the
PWM with both techniques to control the Full-Bridge
output frequency, load impedance, and desired amount of
Inverter it different with the normal inverter is the term is
filtering. To accomplish effective filtering while minimizing
depended on the frequency modulation ratio (mf) and
losses and assuring inverter stability, component values must
amplitude modulation (ma). While both PWM technique had
be carefully estimated and optimized.
the different is the way to pick the parameter for the ma and
mf have their own table to refer as shown in the figure 4 & 5.
From the table 7 and table 8 is result for the PWM Bipolar
same goes with the PWM Unipolar refer table 10 and table
11 what is the same with the normal inverter is the increase
of the term, output voltages and output currents will decrease
and the impedance will increase as the increase of term.
Several causes can explain the disparity between
theoretical calculations and simulation outcomes. First, the
theoretical calculations assumed ideal components and a
perfect sine wave input signal, whereas the simulation
accounted for non-idealities in the real world. This could
explain the simulation's somewhat lower expected output
voltage. The theoretical calculations are based on ideal
components and do not take into consideration real-world
non-ideals such component tolerances and losses. In contrast,
the simulation takes these non-idealities into account and
delivers a more accurate representation of the circuit Fig. 25. Circuit Diagram Full-Bridge Inverter PWM Bipolar. (Resistve,
functioning. The precision of each procedure is another Inductive, & Capacitive)
potential aspect. While the theoretical calculations are based
on well-known equations, they fail to account for some of the
intricacies of real-world circuits. The simulation, on the other
hand, can mimic these complications more accurately, which
may contribute to its somewhat lower output voltage
forecast. The disparities in outcomes could be attributed to
the input values utilized in each approach. While the input
voltage, output frequency, and load resistance were the same
Fig. 26. Waveform Full-Bridge Inverter PWM Bipolar. (Resistve, Inductive,
& Capacitive)

V. CONCLUSION
We investigated the concepts and applications of
inverters in this research, focusing on a specific type of
inverter. Despite difficulties in generating simulation results,
we obtained a better knowledge of the theory behind
inverters and their usefulness in modern power systems. We
researched the literature on inverters and discovered that they
play an important role in integrating renewable energy
sources into the grid. However, we have identified
opportunities for future study and development, such as the
need for more efficient and reliable inverter designs, as well
as better renewable energy system integration strategies.
Overall, we hope that this study has offered a thorough
review of inverters and their significance in modern power
systems, and that it will be a useful resource for people
interested in this topic. The complete bridge inverter is a
versatile and efficient option for converting DC power to
alternating current in a variety of applications. A full bridge
inverter's design and functioning necessitates careful
consideration of various criteria, including the selection of
appropriate switching devices, gate drive circuit design, and
filter component selection. While the complete bridge
inverter offers some advantages over other inverter
topologies, it also has several obstacles that must be
overcome in order for it to operate reliably.

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