CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

An inverter is a complex power electronics device which is able to convert DC power from
solar modules or batteries into 230V AC, 50 Hz (single phase), or 400V AC, 50 Hz (three
phases).

1.2 Types of Inverter

The inverters are classified according to the output waveform, according to the
source of supply, and according to type of source.

1.2.1 According to Output Waveform

According to the output waveform, the inverters classified into three types;
o Square Wave Inverters

o Pure Sine Wave Inverters

o Modified Sine Wave Inverters (quasi-sine wave inverters)

1.2.1.1 Square wave inverter

This is a simple type of inverter. The output waveform of this type of inverter is a
square wave. Generally, for practical use, this type of inverter not used. Because
the square wave is not a suitable waveform for the regular household, commercial,
or industrial appliances.
The construction and design of the square wave inverters are simple and the cost is
very cheap. If this type of inverter is connected to the audio equipment, it will
produce a humming sound. And it is unsuitable for sensitive electronics.

1.2.1.2 Sine wave inverter

The sine wave inverter is best in performance and efficiency. But, the cost of this
inverter is very high. The shape of the waveform of the power of utility is a sine
wave. And the waveform of this type is exactly matched with the waveform of the
utility power. This type of inverter is suitable for all types of load.
The construction and design of this inverters are very complex. The waveforms are
smooth and distortion is very less.

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 1.2.1.3 Modified sine wave inverter
In a modified sine wave inverters, the output waveform is not a pure sine wave.
The shape of this waveform is similar to the staircase.
The modified sine wave inverter is a sum of two square wave inverters one of which
shifted by 90 degrees. The output waveform is very similar to the sine wave. Many
types of equipment work properly and operate quite well on a modified sine wave
inverters. When the load is resistive in nature, the modified sine wave inverters
works very well.
But, the efficiency of this inverter is slightly less than the efficiency of the pure sine
wave inverters and it produces humming sound in such applications. The cost of this
inverter very less compared to the pure sine wave inverters.
Therefore, when the cost considered the modified sine wave inverter a better choice
among all other types of inverters.
1.2.2 According to Source of Input
According to a source of input; The inverters classified in two types;

o Current Source Inverter (CSI)

o Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

In Current Source Inverter, the input is a current source. This type of inverters
widely used in the medium voltage industrial application, where the high-quality
current waveform is compulsory. But CSI are not popular.
In Voltage Source Inverter, the input is a voltage source. This type of inverters is
widely used in all applications because it is more efficient and has higher reliability
and faster dynamic response. VSI is capable of running motors without de-rating.
1.2.3 According to Type of Supply
The output of the inverter is AC power and there are two types of AC power; single-
phase and three-phase. According to output power inverters can classify into two types;

o Single-phase Inverters
o Three-phase Inverters

This is depending on the utility connection. For a small load, a single-phase connection
provided and for a large load, the three-phase connection provided. Generally, for

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domestic load single phase connection used and for industrial load, a three-phase
connection used.

1.3 Applications
1.3.1 An uninterrupted power supply (UPS)

An uninterruptible power supply or uninterruptible power source (UPS) is an

electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source
or mains power fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or
standby generator in that it will provide near-instantaneous protection from input power
interruptions, by supplying energy stored in batteries, supercapacitors, or flywheels. The
on-battery run-time of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short (only a few
minutes) but sufficient to start a standby power source or properly shut down the
protected equipment. It is a type of continual power system.

1.3.2 Speed Control of Electric Motor:

An inverter is designed to produce a variable output voltage and by controlling

the output voltage of the inverters, we can control the speed of an electric motor.

1.3.3 Compressor of refrigerator and air-conditioner:

In the simple inverters, the single-speed compressor switches on and off

periodically. But in inverters compressor, VFD(variable frequency drive) used to
control the speed of compressor motor and according to this control of cooling is
done.

1.3.4 Solar: Output of solar PV panels is DC. So, we have to convert it to AC for

that inverters are used.
1.3.5 HVDC transmission line: For bulk power transmission, the HVDC
transmission line has more advantages than the HVAC transmission line. In
this transmission network, power generated in AC and convert in DC with
the help of a rectifier and transmit this DC power for long-distance. The
inverters used to convert the power into AC at the receiving end of the
transmission line.

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1.4 Advantage: -

• Consumes less power in comparison to a traditional AC.

• No voltage fluctuation.
• Keeps constant room temperature.
• Effective cooling.
• Suitable for small and large spaces.
• Safe for residential wiring due to lower power consumption.
• Environment-friendly.

1.5 Background of the study

The project focuses on the design and implementation of low power inverter of about 1KW
that is quit sufficient to fed small and power devices, while the design of power inverter is
easy, the implementation is not so, because of the high current that is passes through the
switching devices in which cause the increasing of temperature and of course affect the
efficiency too.

Most common problem of inverter design is the damage of circuit elements due to the high
current passes through the switches, to prevent such problem several steps in design
procedure must taken, like good chosen of switching devices that are able to operate in high
range of power and of course high ampere passes through the circuit, also good heat sink
must equipped to the switching sector of the circuit.

timing of the inverter is the first consideration should be taken of circuit design, because is
the so called system driver, that is operate the switching matrix in such a manar that can
convert the DC power system to AC one.

The frequency of the output signal of inverter is depending on the driver circuit, now days
there is many types of circuit driver are available in market with different types of output
wave form, CD 4047 is our chosen for the inverter that is based on the technique of astable
multivibrator .

Transformer is playing a major role in the conversion process especially the centre tapped
type, which is used to step up the power that is already converted by switching circuit.