VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi-590018

Project Synopsis
On
LEAF DISEASE DETECTION
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

DIVYA D (1JB20IS015)
KAVYANJALI R (1JB20IS027)
LAKSHMI SHARANYA S (1JB20IS030)
MONISHA M R (1JB20IS034)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. VISHRUTH BG
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BGS HEALTH AND EDUCATION CITY,
KENGERI, BENGALURU-560060, KARNATAKA, INDIA.

2023 - 2024

I
 ABSTRACT

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in global food production and sustenance. However, the threats
posed by plant diseases significantly impact crop yields and food security. This project
introduces an innovative approach to address these challenges through automated leaf disease
detection.Farmers have long struggled with the timely identification of diseases affecting their
crops. Traditionally reliant on manual inspections, they often face difficulties in detecting
diseases in their early stages, resulting in reduced crop quality and yield losses. Additionally,
the increasing complexity of modern farming practices demands more efficient disease
management strategies. One of the most significant challenges is the early detection and
management of diseases that can devastate their crops. Timely intervention is crucial for crop
health and yield. However, farmers often lack the tools and resources needed to identify and
address these issues promptly.Our project aims to effective disease detection and management
in agriculture. Leveraging advancements in computer vision, machine learning, and image
processing, Through these capabilities, farmers can make informed decisions that not only
enhance crop yield but also contribute to sustainable and resilient agricultural practices.

II
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Front Page I

Abstract II

Table of Contents III

Chapter-1 Introduction 1-2

1.1 Basic Overview 1

1.2 Objectives 2

Chapter-2 Literature Survey 3-6

2.1 Background History 3-4

2.2 Problem Statement 4
2.3 Existing System 4
2.4 Issues and Challenges of Existing System 5-6
2.5 Proposed System 6

Chapter-3 System Requirements 7

3.1 Hardware requirements 7

3.2 Software Requirements 7

References 8

III
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BASIC OVERVIEW

India is a cultivated country and about 70% of the population depends on agriculture. Farmers
have large range of diversity for selecting various suitable crops and finding the suitable
pesticides for plant. Disease on plant leads to the significant reduction in both the quality and
quantity of agricultural products. The studies of plant disease refer to the studies of visually
observable patterns on the plants. Monitoring of health and disease on plant plays an important
role in successful cultivation of crops in the farm. In early days, the monitoring and analysis of
plant diseases were done manually by the expertise person in that field. This requires
tremendous amount of work and also requires excessive processing time. The image processing
techniques can be used in the plant disease detection. In most of the cases disease symptoms
are seen on the leaves, stem and fruit. The plant leaf for the detection of disease is considered
which shows the disease symptoms. This paper gives the introduction to image processing
technique used for plant disease detection.

Leaf disease detection plays a crucial role in ensuring the health and productivity of agricultural
crops. The impact of leaf diseases on crop yields and quality cannot be underestimated, making
early detection and accurate identification of paramount importance. This project explores
various techniques and technologies used in leaf disease detection. Visual inspection, the
traditional approach, involves visually examining leaf symptoms and identifying common
disease indicators. However, visual inspection has limitations due to subjectivity and the need
for expert knowledge. Machine learning algorithms have shown promise in automating disease
detection through the analysis of training datasets and feature extraction. Similarly, image
processing techniques enable automated analysis by acquiring, preprocessing, segmenting, and
extracting features from leaf images. Integrated approaches that combine multiple techniques
aim to improve accuracy and reliability.

1
LEAF DISEASE DETECTION

Traditional methods of disease detection in plants often rely on manual inspection by farmers or
agricultural experts. While effective to some extent, these methods are labor-intensive, time-
consuming, and may not provide early detection. Furthermore, human visual inspection can be
subjective and prone to errors. As a result, there is a pressing need for innovative and automated
solutions to address these challenges.

The "Leaf Disease Detection" project is a significant initiative aimed at effective disease detection
and management strategies in agriculture. By harnessing the power of modern technology, such as
machine learning, image processing, and remote sensing, this project seeks to create a robust and
automated system for the early detection and classification of diseases affecting plant leaves. The
primary objective is to equip farmers and agricultural stakeholders with tools that can accurately
identify diseases, assess their severity, and provide timely recommendations for intervention.

Digital Image Processing means processing digital image by means of a digital computer. We can
also say that it is a use of computer algorithms, in order to get enhanced image either to extract
some useful information. Digital image processing is the use of algorithms and mathematical
models to process and analyze digital images. The goal of digital image processing is to enhance
the quality of images, extract meaningful information from images, and automate image-based
tasks.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1.Automated Disease Detection: Develop automated systems that can detect and identify
diseases in plant leaves with high accuracy. These systems will utilize technologies such as
machine learning, image processing, and remote sensing.

2.Early Detection: Enable early disease detection to provide farmers with timely information for
intervention. Early detection can help prevent the spread of diseases and reduce crop losses.

3.Recommendation Systems: Provide farmers with actionable recommendations for disease

management, which may include targeted pesticide application, changes in irrigation practices, or
removal of infected plants.

4.User-Friendly Interfaces: Design user-friendly interfaces that enable farmers and agricultural
experts to easily access and interpret disease detection results.

Dept. of ISE, SJBIT 2023 - 24 2

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 BACKGROUND HISTORY

AUTHOR TITLE METHODOLOGY

Deva Priya Isravel et Supervised Deep Convolution neutral
al.
Learning based Leaf networking, Deep learning
IEEE-2023
Disease and Pest and Image processing
Detection using image
processing
D Anil et al. Designed disease Convolutional neural network
IEEE – 2022
detection and diagnosis
on the leaves using image
processing

Naina Nisar et al. Image based Recognition Support Vector Machine

IEEE - 2021 of Plant Leaf Diseases (SVM), Artificial Neural
Network (ANN), K - means
Clustering.

Marwan Adnan Jasim Plant Leaf Diseases Convolutional neural network

et al. Detection and
IEEE - 2020 Classification Using
Image Processing and
Deep Learning
Techniques

R. Meena Prakash et Detection of Leaf Support Vector Machine

al. Diseases and
IEEE-2017 Classification using
Digital Image Processing

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LEAF DISEASE DETECTION

Chaitali G et al. A Modern Approach Otsu’s thresholding

and K-means
IEEE-2017 for Plant Leaf Disease
clustering
Classification which
Depends on Leaf
Image Processing

2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The problem addressed in this system is the limitations and inefficiencies of traditional manual
methods for leaf disease detection in agriculture. Visual inspection by human experts is time-
consuming, subjective, and prone to errors, hindering the timely identification and management of
leaf diseases. This system aims to develop a system using image processing techniques and machine
learning algorithm to overcome these challenges, enabling efficient and accurate detection of leaf
diseases. The goal is to provide farmers with a reliable tool that can quickly identify and classify
diseases, leading to timely interventions and optimized disease management strategies, thereby
improving agricultural productivity and sustainability.

2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

Plant Disease Identification Using a Novel Convolutional Neural Network (IEEE 2022)

The timely identification of plant diseases prevents the negative impact on crops. Convolutional
neural network, particularly deep learning is used widely in machine vision and pattern recognition
task. Researchers proposed different deep learning models in the identification of diseases in plants.
However, the deep learning models require a large number of parameters, and hence the required
training time is more and also difficult to implement on small devices. In this paper, we have
proposed a novel deep learning model based on the inception layer and residual connection.
Depthwise separable convolution is used to reduce the number of parameters. The proposed model
has been trained and tested on three different plant diseases datasets. The performance accuracy
obtained on plantvillage dataset is 99.39%, on the rice disease dataset is 99.66%, and on the cassava
dataset is 76.59%. With fewer number of parameters, the proposed model achieves higher accuracy
in comparison with the state-of-art deep learning models.

Dept. of ISE, SJBIT 2023 - 24 4

LEAF DISEASE DETECTION

2.4 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM

• Plant diseases can be caused by various factors, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and
environmental stressors. These diseases manifest in diverse ways, such as leaf
discoloration, deformities, lesions, and wilting. Detecting and identifying these diseases
manually across vast agricultural fields can be a daunting and nearly impossible task.
• Manual leaf disease detection heavily relies on human judgment and expertise. However,
different experts may have varying levels of experience, subjective opinions, and biases,
which can lead to inconsistent and unreliable assessments of disease presence, severity, or
progression.
• Leaf disease detection done manually is prone to human error and fatigue, especially
when dealing with large volumes of data. Experts may miss subtle disease symptoms,
misinterpret certain visual cues, or make mistakes during the inspection process. Fatigue
and inconsistency can increase as the inspection duration extends, leading to decreased
accuracy.
• Manual detection methods are not easily scalable to handle large datasets or to monitor a
large number of plants or fields simultaneously. It may be impractical to manually inspect
each leaf individually in a timely manner, especially in commercial farming or forestry
operations.
• Automated leaf disease detection, while promising and transformative for agriculture,
comes with its fair share of challenges.
1.Image Quality and Variability:
Image Quality: The quality of leaf images can vary significantly due to factors like
lighting conditions, camera quality, and environmental factors. Poor image quality can
affect the accuracy of disease detection algorithms.
Leaf Variability: Leaves from different plant species exhibit diverse shapes, sizes,
and textures. Disease symptoms may also manifest differently on various types of leaves.
Developing a universal detection model that accommodates this variability is challenging.
2.Annotated Data Availability:Training machine learning models for disease detection
requires large datasets of annotated images. Acquiring and annotating such datasets can be
time-consuming and costly. Access to comprehensive, labeled datasets is crucial for model
accuracy.

Dept. of ISE, SJBIT 2023 - 24 5

LEAF DISEASE DETECTION

3.Resource Constraints: In many agricultural settings, resources such as computational

power, internet connectivity, and high-end cameras are limited. Developing solutions that
work efficiently in resource-constrained environments is necessary.
4.Robustness to Environmental Conditions:Environmental factors like rain, wind, and
varying lighting conditions can impact the performance of automated detection systems.
Ensuring robustness under different environmental conditions is a challenge.

2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM

• Image acquisition : Leaf images are acquired using a digital camera or a smartphone
camera. It is essential to ensure proper lighting conditions, focus, and clarity while
capturing the leaf images. The images should be captured from different angles and
orientations to account for variations in leaf appearance.
• Segmentation: In the segmentation step, the preprocessed leaf images are segmented to
separate the leaf region from the background. Various segmentation techniques can be
used, such as thresholding, edge detection, or region growing, to isolate the leaf region of
interest.
• Feature Extraction: From the segmented leaf region, relevant features are extracted to
characterize the presence of diseases. These features can include color-based features
(such as mean color values or color histograms), texture features (such as Haralick features
or Gabor filters), shape features (such as area, perimeter, or compactness), or vein patterns.
The specific set of features extracted can vary depending on the nature of the leaf diseases
being detected.
• Detection of Abnormal Regions and Defected Regions: Abnormal regions refer to the
areas of the leaf image that exhibit signs of disease or abnormalities. These regions may
display symptoms such as discoloration, lesions, spots, wilting, deformations, or other
indicators of plant health issues.Defected regions refer to areas in the leaf image that are
classified as neither normal nor explicitly identified as abnormal. These regions may
include portions of the leaf that exhibit certain irregularities or deviations from normalcy
but do not necessarily match the specific patterns associated with known leaf diseases.
Defected regions could be indicative of potential issues or deviations from optimal health,
but further analysis may be required to determine the exact nature or cause of the defects.

Dept. of ISE, SJBIT 2023 - 24 6

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The most common set of requirements defined by any operating system or software
application is the physical computer resources, also known as hardware.

• CPU: Intel or AMD processor

• Cores: Dual-Core (Quad-Core recommended)
• RAM: minimum 8GB (>8GB recommended)
• Graphics: Intel Integrated Graphics or AMD Equivalent
• Display Resolution: 1366x768 (1920x1080) recommended.
• Hard Drive Space: 4-20 GB of disk space.

3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Software requirements deal with defining software resource requirements and

prerequisites that need to be installed on a computer to provide optimal functioning
of an application.

The following are the software requirements for the application:

• Operating System: Windows 10
• MATLAB Version /GNU Octave/NumPy/SageMath
• Machine Learning Tool Box

7
 REFERENCES

[1] Tanwar S. & Goyal R. (2020). Automatic plant leaf disease detection and classification
using convolutional neural network. In 2020 11th International Conference on Computing,
Communication network and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) .IEEE.

[2] umar, S., Prasad, K., Srilekha, A., Suman, T., Rao, B. P., & Vamshi Krishna, J. N.
(2020). Leaf Disease Detection and Classification based on Machine Learning. In 2020
International Conference on Smart Technologies in Compute,Electrical and Electronics
(ICSTCEE). IEEE.

[3] Singh A., & Gupta A. (2019). Designed disease detection and diagnosis on the leaves
using image processing. In 2019 International Conference on Automation, Computational and
Technology Management (ICACTM) . IEEE.

[4] S. K. Sood & Singh, A. (2018). Image based Recognition of Plant Leaf Diseases using
MATLAB. In 2018 2nd International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics
(ICOEI) . IEEE.

[5] Muthukaruppan, S., & Muthuramalingam, R. (2018). Plant Leaf Diseases Detection
and Classification Using Image Processing and Deep Learning Techniques. In 2018
International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics
(ICACCI) . IEEE.