Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rhetoric ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Adjuncts of manner................................................................................................................................. 1
Points ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Repetition............................................................................................................................................ 2
Transition for ‘seeing/given’................................................................................................................ 2
Agreement .......................................................................................................................................... 2
People who put forward an argument ................................................................................................ 2
Tips ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Progression.............................................................................................................................................. 2
Emphasis ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Possibility/tentative ............................................................................................................................ 2
Number ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Relation ................................................................................................................................................... 3
It .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Much ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
As to ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Consequence........................................................................................................................................... 4
Contrast ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Transition............................................................................................................................................. 4
Case ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Grammar ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Rhetoric
Adjuncts of manner
Degree
To a certain degree
To a certain extent
More or less
Points
Repetition
Rhetoric is the counterpoint to dialectic. Both alike are concerned with such things as come, more or
less, within the general ken of all men and belong to no definite science. Accordingly all men use,
more or less,
Agreement
Ordinary people do this either at random or through practice and from acquired habit. Both ways
being possible, the subject can plainly be handled systematically, for it is possible to enquire the
reason why some speakers succeed through practice and others spontaneously; and every one will
agree that such an enquiry is the function of art.
The proponents/advocates/adherents
Tips
Make use – employ – use
You must decide for yourself as such things as the lawgiver has not defined for you
Progression
Conferring and receiving benefits belong to the class of pleasant things; to receive a benefit is to get
what one desires; to confer a benefit implies both possess sion and superiority, both of which are
things we try to attain. It is because beneficent things are pleasant that people find it pleasant to put
their neighbours straight again and to supply what they lack.
Emphasis
There is no need, therefore, to prove anything except that the facts are what the supporter of a
measure maintains they are. In forensic oratory this is not enough; to conciliate the listener is what
pays here. Hence in many places, as we have said already, irrelevant speaking is forbidden.
Possibility/tentative
Possible to enquire the reason why
First, to find one man, or few men, who are sensible persons and capable of legislating and
administering justice is easier than to find a large number.
Number
To find one man, or few men… is easier to find a large number.
Of all = most
Relation
It has nothing to do with
It is or is not so
It is not so with
Although the same principles apply to oratory as to forensics, and although the former is nobler,
It
The jury find it their duty to
It is no pleasure to
Much
To be so much influenced by – to allow oneself to be so much influenced by
As to
But questions as to whether something has happened or has not happened, will be or not be, is or is
not, must of necessity be left to the judge, since the lawgiver cannot foresee them.
Concerning the
Consequence
Hence it comes that
Consequently,
The reason for this is in political oratory there is less inducement to talk about nonessentials.
Hence in many places, as we have said/seen already, irrelevant speaking is forbidden in the law-
courts.
Contrast
The weightiest reason of all is that all the decision of the lawgiver is not particular, but prospective
and general, whereas the members of the assembly and the jury find it their duty to decide on
definite cases brought before them.
They will often have allowed themselves to be so influenced by feelings of friendship and hatred or
self-interest that they lose any clear vision of the truth and have their judgement obscured by
considerations of personal pleasure or pain.
In general, then, the judge should, we say, be allowed to decide as few things as possible.
Political oratory is less given to unscrupulous practices than forensic, because it treats wider issues.
Transition
Now, the framers of the current treatises on rhetoric have constructed but a small portion of that art.
The modes of persuasion are the only true constituents of the art: everything else is merely
accessory.
To say/state
Again, since learning and wondering are pleasant, it follows that such things as acts of imitation
must be pleasant – for instance, painting, sculpture, and every product of skilful imitation; this latter,
even if the product imitated is not itself pleasant; for it is not the object itself which here gives
delight; the spectator draws inferences (This is so-and-aso) and thus learns something fresh.
These writers, however, say nothing about about…, which are…, but deal mainly with essentials
Case
For instance
In this case
In the case of
In case of
Here
There
Grammar
The arousing of preiudice, pity, and similar emotions has nothing to do with – Gerund noun
Far through
To pay a compliment
To think it fit to
To think fit to
Fight over
Very nearly
Very possibly
To make a sound
Hard to study
Thanks to a handful of
Seldom seen
Last surviving
Born defenseless
Known to be aggressive
Estimates as low as 50
There have been lots of efforts and many initiatives taking place right now
Or anywhere really
Quite a character
Quite an actress