Citing Exact Words from a Source ‘When you write, the ideas and che words ate usually your own, Howeve, sometimes you might ‘want to borrow words from a source such asa book ot a person. The action of mentioning or quoting a book, person, or other source is called citing. ‘When citation isa direct quotation, be sure to put quotation marks ("..") around those words to show thatthe words are not yours. In addition, put commas, periods, and question marks that ae part ofthe quote inside the quotation marks. Here are thre ways to write a definition with a direct quotation: 1. Aecording to The Newbury House Dictionary of American English gossip is “alk or wring about ether people’ actions or ves, sometimes untuthful” 2. The Newbury Huse Dictionary of American English defines gossip as “alk or wring about other people’ actions or ives, sometimes untruthful” 3. In The Newbury House Dictionary of American English, gossips defined as “alk or ring about other peoples actons o vs, sometimes untruthful? activity s | Punctuating direct quotations Ad quotation marks, commas and periods where necesary. 1. According to The Neary Howse Diconary of Amerson English an ead is shor tip ade fora spect purpose 2. In The Newbury Howe Dictionary of American Engl fay is defined as one's closest -eatives usally parents, children, brothers and sisters bu the dictionary doesnot include randparents or cousin 3. The Newbury House Dictionary of American English defines subbor se unwling to change cones mind ut tha always aba thing? 4, Acconting to The Newbiry Howse Dictionary of American Engl a fest ithe part of plant that contain the sed expecially when uted as food so a tomato is frit. {5 Toe Newbury Hose Dictionary of American Englh defines checkers asa game played by wo peopl cach with 12 sound black ord pecs (checkers) maved on a boant divided into squares of two diferen color but the gume is much simpler than it sound hereGrammar: Adjective Clauses (One ofthe most common ways to write a definition isto use an adjective clause. An adjective clause describes « noun that comes before it There are two main kinds of adjective clauses: subject adjective clauses and object adjective clauses. Subject Adjective Clauses Subject adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun (hat, whith, or ae) followed by a verb. ‘The relative pronoun is the subject ofthe clause. | Use that or which for things Thats mare subject adecive cause | commen) Gumbo a hice sn cons eld sal | ar) | ron ‘Aguas plays wh potest th teams onal | Use whoo at for pepe. Object Adjective Clauses ‘Object adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun (thay, ebich, cabo, or bom) followed by a subject and a ver. The relative pronoun isthe object ofthe verb inthe clause. Use that or which frthings. Thats mora carmen) | Use wham oat for people tn informal spken | Engle ho ten eed for tom, Notes: ‘The object relative pronoun can often be omite. 7 Gumbo i thick saup tha people in Lousiana cook, 1 Agoale is a payer uho/m) the coach selects ‘The subject relative pronoun cannot be omited. 4 Gumbo is thick soup thats popular New Orleans. 1 Gumbois a thick saup is popular in New Orleans. Than object relative clase do ne eepeat dhe object. Gumbo is thick soup that people in Louisiana cook 1 Gumbo isa tick soup that peopl in Lousiana cook it 108 UNIT 6Detniton Paragraphsacriviry 4 | Recognizing adjective clauses in a paragraph Read the paragraph, Underline the five adjective clauses, Circle the noun that each clause describes. Tella partner which are subject and which are object adjective clauses. WORDS TO KNOW Paragraph 6:3 entire: (a) whole oop track of: (ph) o flow the mest recent ‘exceed: (0 be more han information about or the location of something flood: (excess water covering land region: (7) an arse In advance: (os) beiow resident (n) person who es ina certain rea Eers Nature's Worst Storm A hurricane i a dangerous@ori) that has high winds and heavy rain. Along coasts, ‘the heavy sain often results in floods that destroy entire towns, nd many hurricanes ‘nave winds that can exceed 100 miles per hour. Huricane season in the Adantic Ocean is beeween April and November. However, August and September are the months that people usually think of when they think of hurricanes. The worst hursieanes are usually inate summer and early fal. Moder technology now makes it posible for people who live on the coast to know in advance if there is the possiblity ofa husrcane hitting their region, However, this was not always the case. In 1900, for example, there was a hurricane in Galveston, Texas, that killed thousands of residents. Although we know much more ahout hurricanes now and can keep track of their movements they continue to be one of the most dangerous weather eventsactitry s | Defining with subject adjective clauses ‘Write anew sentence with a subject adjective clause that defines the underlined word. 44. Brie a age country: Brasil covers about hal of South America Grazilis a large country that. covers about half of South America. 2. The 737s commonly se et-The 737 se Sew in 1967. 3, Alkindergarten teacher special peson. A kindergarten teacher needs & lot of patience ‘4. This paper will discuss a beverage. The beverage is made with coffe, 5, Bode Mille is an Olympic skierThis Olympic skier has won several medals Barack Obama was the US. president. Barack Obama started a national health plan in 2010, activity 6 | Defining with object adjective clauses ‘Write a new sentence with an object adjective clase a the end (Orlando ia iy in central Florida. Milions of turns vst Orlando ach ya Odandoisa ceyn central Fords thatmllns of tours vstcachycar 2, Coffe sa popularbeverage Many people drink several ies every da ‘3. Winston Chuchill i a famous person. Historians remember him for his strong leadership. 4, Algebra isa complicated subject. Some students do not like this subject. {5 Good writing includes clear definitions, Readers can easily understand these definitions. 6. The quarter isa US. coin, The government first made this coin in 1796, 110 UNIT 6-Dsinton Parsoraphea Cd oa ata frac activity 7 | Writing definitions with adjective clauses Write a definition for each word, phrase place or name. Weitea subject adjective clause for T-4yand an objec adjective lace for 5-8 4. tortie: A tortoees a slow-moving animal that goes ined shard she when theres danger 2. copilot: 8. the United Nations: mGrammar: Sentence Variety ‘Many beginning writers use only simple sentences that havea subject, verb, and an object. You can improve your paragraphs by using different kinds of sentences, Here ae three ways to create sentence varieny. Combining Sentences with Conjunctions For varies, combine two simple sentences with a conjunction (connector). See the Hers Handbook for more information on connector. ‘The scientist forgot to contro the temperature. The experiment was not successful ‘The scientist forgot to conto the temperature, 80 the experiment was not successful Combining Sentences with Adjectives and Adjective Clauses In adltion to connecting words, you can wse adjectives and adjective clauses for variety. ‘The students liked the professors suggestion. ‘Adjectives: The international students kod the professor's creative suggestion ‘Adjective Clauses: The students who study ESL liked the suggeston thatthe professor made. Combining Sentences with Prepositional Phrases. ‘You can also use prepositional phrases for variety {did athe homework. | did al the homework in about three hours, activity 8 | Comparing writing with and without sentence variety ‘Work with a partner Read the short paragraphs and answer the questions that felon: was walking on Stern Street. I was | was walking in front ofthe bank in font of the bank heard a bang. Iewas on Stern Seret Suddenly [heard loud loud. The font door ofthe bank opened, ‘bang and the front door of the bank ‘This happened suddenly. A man lft the ‘opened. A tll man who had wary bron bank He di this hurriedly. He was tall: hair huriedly lft the bank, In is right le had wavy hae Teas brown. He hada hand, be had shiny gun. gun twas shiny. twas in his right hand. 11, How many sentences are in Example 1? __ Example 22 2. What differences do you notice in the writing styles? Which do you prefer? Explain. 112 UNITS Dsfiton Paragraphsactivity 9 | Sentence combining ‘Combine the ideas to write a supporting sentence for Paragraph 6.4."Then read the paragraph and check (/) the place in the paragraph where the sentence fis bes. oop vend pots “he pote was made cfclay | The pote was for bowl Fhe mee ancint es “he ote was for plates, Inanclnt times WORDS TO KNOW Paragraph 6.4 careless: (a) rot caring about details felated: (a) connected with ‘expert: (1) parson who knows a subject very well raspected: (ad) deccrbes someone o ‘occasionally (ad) sometimes ‘something that oer think high of An Unusual Word Relationship You might never gues tha the word snr is related to making pottery. _ Some language experts say'that snore comes from nwo Latin word: sn meaning “without” and cre meaning “wax Thus since means “without was Te tookea tong dinero make this potery. Occasionally, the pottery ad cracks in it and was not good quality 9 Some poters who didnot want to make brand-new pottery put wax on the cack to cover the mistake. To the eye of careless shopper, the potery looked good. However, people soon realized which poters were good and which were not. Thus, che most respected potters made pottery that was without wax, or sincere," and thats how the word sincere ‘ame to mean honest ortuthflin thought and ations. eco