OG Rizal 1

1
COURSE CODE:
The Life and Works of Jose Rizal

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREREQUISITE(S): EDUC
CREDIT UNITS: 3 TOPIC 1- R.A. 1425: THE RIZAL LAW WEEK
COURSE DESCRIPTION: TOPIC 2 -BACKGROUND ON THE SOCIO-POLITICAL
SITUATION OF THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL’S TIMES.

As mandated by Republic Act 1425, this course covers the life
and works of the country’s national hero, Jose Rizal. Among TOPIC 3 -RIZAL – A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
the topics covered are Rizal’s biography and his writings,
TOPIC 4- CHILDHOOD MEMORIES IN CALAMBA
particularly the novels Noli Me Tangere and E/ Filibusterismo,
TOPIC 5 -EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF RIZAL
some of his essays, and various correspondences.
TOPIC 6- RIZAL’S TRAVELS
COURSE OUTCOMES:
TOPIC 7- A HERO EXILED IN DAPITAN
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
TOPIC 8- STRUGGLES, TRIAL, AND EXECUTION OF RIZAL
1. Discuss Jose Rizal’s life within the context of 19”-century
Philippines TOPIC 9- NOVELS “NOLI ME TANGERE” AND “EL
2. Analyze Rizal’s various works, particularly the novels Noli
me Tangere and El Filibusterismo FILIBUSTERISMO”
3. Organize Rizal’s ideas into various themes
TOPIC 10-THE IDEALS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF RIZAL
4. Demonstrate a critical reading of primary sources
5. Interpret the values that can be derived from studying Rizal’s TOPIC 11-COMMENTS/ISSUES ON THE HEROISM OF RIZAL
life and works
6. Display an appreciation for education and love of country TOPIC 12- CRITERIA IN THE MAKING OF RIZAL AS A
NATIONAL HERO
TOPIC 13- FILMS PRODUCED ABOUT JOSE RIZAL

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discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of
citizenship; Now, therefore,
WEEK NO 1–2: REPUBLIC ACT 1425

SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and
universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate
courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall
be used as basic texts.
The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and

directed to adopt forthwith measures to implement and carry
out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The
PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a
PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of
FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES providing for the exemption of students for reasons of
religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, requirement of the provision contained in the second part of
there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the
nationalism for which our heroes lived and died; course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said
rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the their publication in the Official Gazette.
national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with
special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and
shaped the national character; universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of
copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works
his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as
minds of the youth, especially during their formative and well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of
decisive years in school, should be suffused; approved books for required reading in all public or private
schools, colleges and universities.
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the
supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all
schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal
2 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester
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The Board of National Education shall determine the - There is a need to give utmost importance to the ideals of
adequacy of the number of books, depending upon the freedown, nationalism and patriotism through an
enrollment of the school, college or university. understanding of the works and life of Rizal
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the What the law imposes?
translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as - inclusion in the curricula studies on the life and works of Rizal
well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the - Reading of the unexpurgated versions of Noli Me Tangere and
principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in El Filibusterismo
cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free - schools should have adequate copy of Rizal's works
of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok - The law authorizes the translation of Noli and Fili
organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country. - While the teaching of Rizal as a subject is required, the
doctrine of separation of the church and state is upheld
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as
amendment or repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven
WEEK 3- BACKGROUND ON THE
of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of
SOCIO-POLITICAL SITUATION OF THE
religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person
PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL’S TIMES
engaged in any public school.
Growth and Development of Nationalism

SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is
hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not
otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out
the purposes of this Act.
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
The Trials of the Rizal Bill
Jose P. Laurel - Father of Rizal Law
Senate Bill 448 hopes to give people knowledge about the

oppresion suffered by the Filipinos during the Spanish Era
- for Filipinos to understand themselves and their country
better and realize the greatness of Rizal
Nationalism - Members of a nation share a sense of loyalty or
The following argued that it will be a violation of religious psychological attachment based on a common language,
freedom
- Sen Decoroso Rosales history, culture, and yearning for independence.
- Sen Mariano Cuenco
- Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo
- It is a feeling that binds a nation's people together. It is
- R.A. 1435 is an act to include in the Curricula of all oublic and patriotism manifested in a commitment to and advocacy for
private sschools, colleges and universities courses on the life, national interests and independence.
works and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal

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The growth of nationalism can be attributed to two major This trend began in England and quickly expanded to Belgium,
revolutions of the earlier century France, Germany, and even the United States.
- The American Revolution 1776
- The French Revolution of 1789 Positive effects of industrial revolution
= The rise of the factory system
The United States of America was founded as a result of the - Mass production of essential and non-essential goods
American Revolution. The French Revolution, on the other - Improvement of people's standard of living
hand, resulted in the collapse of the Bourbon Dynasty's - Greater urbanization of society
absolute control and the elimination of the feudal system. - Beggining of specialization
or division of labor
The ideology of the French Revolution - Invention of labor-saving devices
Liberty - The begginings of industrial capitalism
Fraternity - Fostering of liberalism and nationalism
Equality - Encouragement of peoples mobility
- had influenced subject peoples to cast off the yoke of
colonialism by means of armed uprising Negative effects of Industrial Revolution
- Widening ofgap between the rich and the poor
There are three points that stands out in this complex - Unending economic warfare between labor and capital and
ideology: othe renvironmental problems
1. Nationalism developed out of a genuine or imagined cultural - Beginning of child and women labor
unity manifested in a shared language, history, and territory. - Intensification of imperialistic rivalry between and among
industrialized countries
2. Nationalists have frequently endeavored to translate this Optimism and Confidence
cultural unity into political reality, ensuring that each people's Optimism and confidence in progress can be gleaned from the
area aligns with its state borders. achievements of men in the 19th Century. Notable among
these were the following:
3. Every nation has the right to live in freedom and develop its - Extensions of human rights to many people
character and soul, according to nationalists. - Promotion of higher eduaction for men and women
Negative sides of Nationalism - Education for nationalism in schools
- The concepts of national superiority and national mission - Investment in scienec to serve mankind
have the potential to lead to violent crusades and counter- - improvement of public health thru the establishment of
crusades. numerous hospitals
- People's differences can be emphasized through nationalism. - Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the time
The Advancement of Science
The Industrial Revolution The triumph of science and technology had at least three
The industrial revolution was one of the most significant consequences
important developments in the nineteenth century. The term - The importance of science was first impressed on the minds
"Industrial Revolution" refers to the change in manufacturing of ordinary folks by everyday experience and several scientists.
that occurred as a result of the invention and use of machines.
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- Second, as science became more prominent in public
thought, the philosophical implications of science became At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem entitled "Sa Aking
more widely known. People began to believe in man's ability Mga Kabata." The poem was written in tagalog and had for its
to evolve as a result of technological advancements. theme "Love of One’s Language."
- Finally, after 1850, science's approaches gained unmatched His mother was imprisoned in Sta. Cruz, Laguna, for allegedly
esteem. For many years, the only way to truth and objective poisoning the wife of her cousin Jose Alberto, a wealthy Biñan
reality was to combine meticulous experiment and abstract property owner and Manuel and Gregorio's brother. Under the
theory. tutelage of Lucas Padua, he continues his studies.
WEEK 4- RIZAL & HIS BIOGRAPHICAL • Rizal accompanied his elder sister Saturnina to Tanauan for
SKETCH the town fiest but his happiness is not complete for his mother
is not with them.
• Rizal visits her mother alone in prison without

telling his father.
•Rizal met Pastor Millena, same as his age and became his
companion in Ateneo. Their house was located at Caraballos
street.
Rizal studied Philosophy, Physics, Chemistry and Natural

History.
• He received a Bachelor Arts Degree with 5 medals at the age
of fifteen from Ateneo de Manila.
Rizal went back to Manila after the short vacation ended. Took
the examination in Metaphysics in March and obtained the
JOSE RIZAL, the seventh child of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Grade of "EXCELLENT"
Teodora Alonso y Quintos, was
born in Calamba, Laguna.He was baptized JOSE RIZAL The parochial church of Calamba and the canonical books,
MERCADO at the Catholic of Calamba by the parish priest Rev. including the book in which Rizal’s baptismal records were
Rufino Collantes with Rev. Pedro Casañas as the sponsor. entered,
When he was four years old, his sister Conception, the eight
Barely three years old, Rizal learned the alphabet from his children in the Rizal family, died at the age of three. It was on
mother. this occasion that Rizal remembered having shed real tears for
His mother taught him to read and write during this period. His the first time.
father contracted Leon Monroy, a classmate who taught Rizal
the fundamentals of Latin for five months until Monroy's death.
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With his father, Rizal made a pilgrimage to Antipolo to fulfill JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896) The second son and the seventh child.
the vow made by his mother to take the child to the Shrine of He was executed by the Spaniards on
the Virgin of Antipolo should she and her child survive the December 30,1896.
ordeal of delivery which nearly caused his mother’s life.
JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945) The ninth child. An epileptic, died a
His brother Paciano brought Rizal to Biñan, Laguna. He was spinster.
placed under the tutelage of Justiniano Aquino Cruz, studying
Latin and Spanish. In this town he also learned the art of SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929) The youngest child married
painting under the tutorship of an old painter by the name of Pantaleon Quintero.
Juancho Carrera.
TEODORA ALONSO
He took college entrance examination in the Christian Doctrine Mother of Jose Rizal who was the second child of Lorenzo
artithmetic, and reading at the College of San Juan de Letran. Alonso and Brijida de Quintos. She studied at the Colegio de
They gave Rizal a grade of "APPROVED", he then entered the Santa Rosa. She was a business-minded woman, courteous,
school system as a scholar. Rizal was introduced at the Ateneo religious, hard-working and well-read. She was born in Santa
Municipal to the Rev. Father Magin Ferrando, Cruz, Manila on November 14, 1827 and died in 1913 in Manila.
At the age of 14, Rizal enters as a boarder in Ateneo.
Rizal enrolled in Metaphysics in St. Tomas University.

Rizal met his first love, Segunda Katigbak, sister of his friend,
Mariano Katigbak. He even made pencil portrait for her.
• Rizal's first heart break for realizing that he and Segunda

can't be together because she is already engaged by the time
they first met
FRANCISCO MERCADO
Father of Jose Rizal who was the youngest of 13 offspring of
Juan and Cirila Mercado. Born in Biñan, Laguna on April 18,
1818; studied in San Jose College, Manila; and died in Manila.
NARCISA RIZAL (1852- 1939) PACIANO RIZAL

The third child. married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child. Studied at San
teacher and musician Jose College in Manila; became a farmer and later a general of
the Philippine Revolution.
LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919) The fifth child. Married Matriano
Herbosa. MARIA RIZAL The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Biñan, Laguna.
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first one who wished him to study at Letran but he changed his
OLYMPIA RIZAL The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo; mind and decided to send Jose at Ateneo instead. Father
died in 1887 from childbirth. Margin Fernando, college registrar of Ateneo Municipal,
refused to admit Jose because: He was late for registration
CONCEPCION RIZAL The eight children. Died at the age of and; He was sickly and undersized for his age (11 years old).
three.
Upon the intercession of Manuel Xeres Burgos,
TRINIDAD RIZAL The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last nephew of Father Burgos, he was admitted at Ateneo. Jose
of the family to die adopted the surname Rizal at the Ateneo because their family
name Mercado had come under suspicion of the Spanish
authorities. Ateneo was located in Intramuros, within the walls
WEEK 4-6 RIZAL’S LIFE: HIGHER of Manila. He boarded in a house on Caraballo Street, 25 min
EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD walk from the college. The boarding house was owned by
Titay, who owed Rizal family P300. Jose boarded there to
collect part of the debt.
JESUITS SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

• Jesuits trained the character of the student by rigid
discipline, humanities and religious instruction. They heard
Mass early in the morning before the beginning of daily class.
Classes were opened and closed with prayers.
Students were divided into two groups:

1. Roman Empire- consisting of the internos (boarders) with
STUDENT AT THE ATENEO (1872-1877) red banners.
Jose was sent to Manila four months after the 2. Carthaginian Empire- composed of the externos (non-
martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za and with Dona Teodora still in boarders) with blue banners each of these empires had its
prison. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal - a college under rank.
the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits. Ateneo Students fought for positions. With 3 mistakes, opponent‘s
Municipal, a bitter rival of the Dominican-owned College of position could lose his position. - 1st best: emperor - 2nd best:
San Juan de Letran formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity School)- tribune - 3rd best: decurion - 4th best: centurion - 5th best:
for poor boys in Manila established in 1817, In 1859- name was standard-bearer. Ateneo
changed to Ateneo Municipal by the Jesuits and later became students‘ uniform is consisted of hemp-fabric trousers´ and
the Ateneo de Manila. striped cotton coat. The coat was called Rayadillo and was
RIZAL ENTERS ATENEO adopted as the uniform for Filipino troops during the days of
• June 10, 1872- Jose, accompanied by Paciano, went to the First Philippine Republic.
Manila to take the entrance examinations on Christian RIZAL’S FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-1873)
Doctrine, arithmetic, and reading at the College of San Juan de • Fr. Jose Bech was Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo
Letran, and passed them. His father was the

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- Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class since he was a scientist-traveler who visited Phil in 1859-60.He was
newcomer and knows little Spanish. He was an externo impressed by: Jagor‘s keen observations of the defects of
(Carthaginians), occupying the end of the line. But at the end Spanish colonization; and his prophecy that someday Spain
of the month, he becomes emperor´ of his Empire. He was the would lose the Philippines and that America would come to
brightest pupil in the whole class, and he was awarded a prize, succeed her as colonizer.
a religious prize. Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel
College during noon recesses to improve his Spanish language THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1875-76)
paying three pesos for those extra lessons. He placed second • June 16, 1875- In Ateneo, he became an intern. One of his
at the end of the year, although all his grades were still marked lecturers, Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, encouraged him to
Excellent´ study more and produce poetry. In Ateneo, Rizal's top lecturer.
He was described by Rizal as a model of uprightness,
SUMMER VACATION (1873) earnestness, and affection for his students' growth. He
• Because Rizal's mother was in prison during the summer, returned to Calamba with five medals and high marks.
Neneng (Saturnina) accompanied him to Tanawan. He went to
see her mother in prison in Santa Cruz without notifying his FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO
father. He boasted about his excellent marks. He returned to • March 23, 1877- Rizal, 16 years old, received from his Alma
Manila after the summer and is now boarding at No. 6 Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with
Magallanes Street in Intramuros. His landlady was Dona Pepay, highest honors. Rizal was the highest in
who had a widowed daughter and four sons. all subjects and won five medals at the end of the school term.
He excelled in all his subjects and was the most brilliant
PROPHECY OF MOTHER’S RELEASE Atenean, he was truly “the pride of the Jesuits”
• Dona Teodora told her son about her dream from the night
before. When Rizal translated her dream, he assured her that EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN ATENEO
she would be released from prison in three months. It came to • He was an active member, later secretary, of Marian
pass. Dona Teodora compared his son's ability to interpret Congregation - a religious society. He was accepted because of
dreams to that of young Joseph in the Bible. his academic brilliance and devotion to Our Lady of
Immaculate Conception, the college patroness.
Teenage Interest in Reading
He is also a member of the Academy of Spanish
The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas - was the first Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences. He studied
favorite novel of Rizal. painting under Agustin Saez, a famous painter, and sculpture
His boyish imagination was stirred by the sufferings of under Romualdo de Jesus. He continued
Edmond Dantes (the hero) in prison, his spectacular escape his physical training under hi sports-minded Tio Manuel.
from the dungeon of Chateau de If, his finding a buried
treasure in the rocky island of Monte Cristo, and his dramatic SCULPTURAL WORKS IN ATENEO
revenge on his enemies who had wronged him. • He carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of
He persuaded his father to buy a costly set of Cesar batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with his pocketknife. The
Cantu‘s historical work entitled Universal History. He also read Jesuits fathers were amazed. Father Lleonart requested him to
Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor, a German carve for him an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. He
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intended to take the image with him in Spain but forgot to do desire for University education. She knew what happened to
so. So the Ateneo boarders placed it on the door of their the Gom-Bur-ZA, and told her husband “ Don’t send him to
dormitory. It plays a significant part in Rizal‘s last hours at Fort Manila again, he knows enough. If he gets to know more the
Santiago. Spaniards will cut off his head”.
POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO THE UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS (1877- 1882)

• Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration) - first written RIZAL ENTERS THE UNIVERSITY
poem of Rizal, which was dedicated to his mother on her
birthday. He wrote it when he was 14 years old.
El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes ( The Departure:

Hymn to Magellan‘s Fleet).
Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And

He is Spanish: Elcano, the Fist to Circumnavigate the World). El
Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo
• Rizal took the course on Philosophy and Letters.

(The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo) In 1876, he wrote Two reasons why Rizal enrolled in these course:
poems on religion, education memories and war. (e.g. In 1. His father like it
Memory of my Town) 2. He was still uncertain as to what career to pursue.
It was the following term (1878-1879)
RIZAL’S POEM ON EDUCATION
•Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light- RIZAL TOOK UP THE MEDICAL COURSE
education plays in the progress and welfare of a nation. • Two reasons: He received the advice of Father Pablo Ramon,
Ateneo’s Rector to study medicine and to be able to cure his
•The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education- mother’s growing blindness.
showed that Education without God is not true education
• He excelled in all subjects in thesurveying course in Ateneo.

RIZAL’S RELIGIOUS POEM
•Al Nino Jesus (To the Child Jesus)- written when he was 14 • He obtained gold medals in agricultureand topography
years old, expressing his Catholic faith devotion.
FINISHES SURVEYING COURSE IN ATENEO

•A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary)
• 1877-1878 Rizal took the vocational course leading to the
title of ―perito agrimensor” (expert surveyor). He passed the
MOTHER’S OPPOSITION TO HIGHER EDUCATION final examination in the surveying course
• Both Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue on November 25, 1881. He remained loyal to Ateneo.
higher learning in the university. But Dona Teodora who is a
woman of education and culture objects to Rizal LITERARY WORKS (1879)

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• Liceo-Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila, (2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated by the
a society of literary men and artists, held a literary contest. Spaniards
(3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive
A La Juventud Filipino (to the Filipino youth)- a poem written
by Rizal, it was the first prize winner. IN SPAIN 1882-1885
After finishing the 4th year of the medical course in the
Two reasons why Rizal‘s poem is a classic in the Philippine University of Santo Tomas, Rizal decided to complete his
literature: studies in Spain.
1. It was the first great poem in Spanish written by the Filipino,
whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary authorities. SECRET MISSION IN SPAIN
- to observe keenly the life and culture, languages and
2. It expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that customs, industries and commerce, and governments and laws
the Filipino, and not the foreigners, was the ―fair hope of the of the European nations. In order to prepare himself in the
fatherland. mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish
tyranny.
THE COUNCIL OF THE GODS (1880) RIZAL IN BARCELONA
An allegorical drama written by Rizal which he • May 3, 1882- Rizal departed on board the Spanish Steamer
entered in the literary contest of Artistic Literary Lyceum in Salvadora bound for Singapore. Rizal’s departure for Spain was
1880 to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of kept secret to avoid
Cervantes. It was a literary masterpiece based on the Greek
classics. The prize was awarded to Rizal, a gold ring on which
was engraved the bust (figure) of Cervantes.
Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)

A zarzuela, written by Rizal. It was staged by the Ateneans on
December 8, 1880,on the occasion of the annual celebration
of the Feats Day of the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of
the Ateneo.
CHAMPION OF THE FILIPINO STUDENTS

• Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students. In 1880. Rizal
detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars
founded a secret society of Filipino students. He became the
chief of the secrete students society.
• June 16, 1882- Rizal finally reached his destination—
UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST
Barcelona.
• Rizal found the atmosphere at the University of Santo Tomas
ARTICLES WRITTEN BY RIZAL
suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this
• Amor Patrio (Love Of Country) - a nationalistic essay written
Dominican institution of higher learning
by Rizal under his pen name Laong Laan which
because:
urged his compatriots to love their fatherland, the Philippines.
(1) the Dominican professors were hostile to him
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Basilio Teodoro Moran- publisher of Diariong Tagalog. RIZAL AS A MASON

• March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic Lodge Acacia in Madrid
Other written articles of Rizal: - Los Viajes (Travels)- second under his Masonic name Dimasalang. Rizal‘s reasons of
article - Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)- returned to him becoming a mason:
because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack 1. the bad friars in the Philippines, by their abuses unworthy of
of funds. their priestly habit or calling, drove Rizal to
desperation and Masonry;
RIZAL IN MADRID 2. he needed the help of the Masons to fight the bad friars in
the Philippines, for Masonry, to Rizal, was a shield to use in his
fight against the evil forces of tyranny.
RIZAL IN PARIS, CAPITAL CITY OF FRANCE

• June 17 1883, Rizal sojourn in Paris. He stayed at a cheaper
hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes in the Latin Quarter.
• Like all tourist, Rizal was attracted by the beautiful sights of
Paris. He visited important landmarks like the Place de la
• November 3, 1882- Rizal enrolled in Universidad Central de Concorde, Arch of Triumph, the Cathedral of
Madrid in two courses: Notre Dame and others. Rizal improved his mind by observing
1. Medicine closely the French way of life.
2. Philosophy and Letters. He spent his hours in museums, botanical garden and
Rizal led a Spartan life in Madrid. art galleries. According to Rizal “Paris is the costliest capital in
Europe.” Prices of food, drinks, theatre, laundry, hotels and
• He also studied in Painting and Sculpture in the Academy of transportation were too high.
Fine Arts and took lessons in French, German and English.
• Two hospitals where Rizal made some observations:
CIRCULO HISPANO-FILIPINO (HISPANO-PHILIPPINE CIRCLE) Laennec Hospital- where Rizal observed Dr. Nicaise treating his
• Shortly after his arrival, Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano- patients
Filipino (HispanoPhilippine Circle), a society of Spaniards and
Filipinos. Lariboisiere Hospital- where Rizal observed the examination of
• “They Ask Me For Verses” (Me Piden Versos) - a poem different diseases of women.
written by Rizal in response to the request of the members of
the society. It is a sad poem in which Rizal • August 20, 1883 he returned to Madrid and continues with
poured out the cry of his agonizing heart. his studies.
RIZAL AS LOVER OF BOOKS RIZAL’S SALUTE TO LUNA AND HIDALGO.

• Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The • In the evening of June 25, 1884, a banquet was sponsored by
Wandering Jew - aroused the sympathy of Rizal to his the Filipino community to celebrate the double victory of the
oppressed and unfortunate people. Filipino artist in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid
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- Luna’s Spoliarium winning the first prize and Hidalgo’s • In February 1886, Rizal left Paris and went to Germany. He
Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace second prize. arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its
Rizal was the guest speaker. It was a magnificent old university and romantic surroundings.
speech of Rizal, he saluted Luna and Hidalgo being the two
glories of Spain and the Philippines. He also assailed with • He lived near the University of Heidelberg and worked as an
refined sarcasm the bigotry and blindness of certain unworthy assistant to Dr. Otto Becker at the University Eye Hospital.
Spaniards who could not comprehend the universality of Outside his apprenticing hours, he also listened
Genius. to lectures delivered by Dr. Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuchne.
STUDIES COMPLETED IN SPAIN • Rizal devoted his free time visiting Heidelberg Castle, Neckar
• June 21, 1884- conferred the degree of Licentiate in River, the theatre and some old churches found in the city. The
Medicine. He was not awarded his Doctor‘s diploma due to the Neckar River and the beautiful spring
fact that he did not present the thesis required for graduation flowers blooling along its banks reminded him of how dearly
nor paid the corresponding fees. he missed Calamba.
June 19, 1885- Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters with the • April 22, 1886, Rizal wrote a touching poem entitled To the
rating of “Excellent”(Sobresaliente). Flowers of Heidelberg.
CONTINUED STAY IN EUROPE 1885-1887 IN WILHELMSFELD

• Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in • A mountainous village near Heidelberg where Rizal spent his
Ophthalmology. He travelled and observed European life and summer vacation.
customs in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Berlin. • Rizal lived with the family of Pastor Karl Ullmer, a Protestant
pastor who became his good friend and admirer. The pleasant
PARIS (1885-1886) personality and talents in languages and sketching endeared
• He was 24 years old and already a physician, he went to Paris him to the Ullmer’s family.
to obtain knowledge in Ophthalmology. In November 1885, he • For three months he enjoyed the hospitality and kindness of
worked for four months as an assistant to Dr. Louis de the family.
Weckert, a leading French ophthalmologist. • June 25, 1886, he returned to Heidelberg.
• Outside of his working hours, he also found time to relax and FIRST LETTER TO BLUMENTRITT
be with his good friends like the Pardo de Taveras, Juan Luna • July 31, 1886 Rizal wrote his first letter in German to
and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. At the studio of Juan Luna, he Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of the Ateneo of
improved his painting technique. He became a model to Juan Leitmeritz, Austria. Rizal wrote to him after learning that this
Luna’s several paintings. In the home of the Pardo de Tavera, ethnologist was interested in the Tagalog language. He sent
Rizal played the flute, he admitted that he had no natural him a book entitled Arithmetica. Published in 2 languages-
aptitude for music. Spanish and Tagalog. By UST
Press of 1868. Author was Rufino Baltazar Hernandez a native
GERMANY IN HEIDELBERG of Santa Cruz, Laguna.

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Ferdinand reciprocated the thoughtful gesture of • Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art)- Rizal wrote this
Rizal by sending him two books. The exchanged marked the scholarly paper in German which he read before the society in
beginning of their long and beautiful friendship. April 1887. This paper was published by the society in the same
year, and elicited favorable comments from all scientific
IN LEIPZIG quarters
• In August 1886, Rizal arrived in Leipzig. He stayed here for
two months doing a lot of writing and translating. GERMAN WOMEN AND THEIR CUSTOMS
• He very much liked what he saw, the magnificent buildings, • Rizal wrote a letters addressed to his sister, Trinidad. He said
wide and clean streets and amiable people. that German woman is serious, diligent, educated, and
• William Tell- written by Schiller, Rizal translated it from friendly. She is not gossipy, frivolous and
German into Tagalog so that Filipino might know the story of quarrelsome.
the champion of Swiss independence. • Aside from women, Rizal admired the German customs. The
• Hans Andersen’s Fairy Tales - Rizal also translated this in Christmas custom of the German delighted him most of his
Tagalog for his nephews and nieces. yuletide custom he wrote on Christmas eve.
• Because of his knowledge of German, Spanish, and other Another interesting German custom observed by
European languages, Rizal worked as proof-reader in a Rizal is self-introduction to strangers in a social gathering.
publishing firm.
• He attended some lectures on history and psychology at the
University of Leipzig and met Professor Friedrich Ratzel- a NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN (1887)
famous German historian and Dr. Hans MeyerGerman • March 21, 1887- the Noli Me Tangere came off the press. The
anthropologist. They had become his friends. title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means “Touch Me
Not”. “Noli Me Tangere, are words taken from the Gospel of
IN BERLIN St. John (Chapter 20 Verses 13 to 17). Rizal dedicated his Noli
• In November 1886, Rizal arrived in Berlin. He was enchanted Me Tangere to the Philippines—“To My Fatherland”. It
by this city because of its scientific atmosphere and the contains 63 chapters and an epilogue. Maximo ViolaThe savior
absence of racial prejudice. of Noli, he gave him the needed funds to publish the novel.
• Dr. Feodor Jagor - Rizal met for the first time this celebrated
German scientisttraveler and author of Travels in the
Philippines, a book which Rizal read and admired during his GRAND TOUR FROM GERMANY TO ITALY
student days in Manila. • May 11, 1887- Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train going to
• Dr. Rudolf Virchow- a famous German anthropologist. (Dr. Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany
Jagor, introduced Rizal to Dr. Virchow) • May 13- 16, 1887- Rizal and Viola went to Leitmeritz,
• Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous German Bohemia to visit Professor Blumentritt. A kind-hearted, old
ophthalmologist where Rizal worked Austrian professor who became a dear friend of Rizal.
• Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, the • With Prof. Blumentritt as their guide, Rizal and Viola visited
Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin, the churches, the residence of the Bishop and other important
upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. buildings of the city.
Meyer

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• From May 20-30, 1887 -They visited other cities in Europe • August 6, 1887, he arrived in Manila and visited some friends.
like, Prague, Viennathe "Queen of Danube", Lintz, Rheinfall,
Munich and Nuremberg. They visited AT HIS HOMETOWN
museums, magnificent buildings, cathedrals and beautiful
sights.
• June 2 to 3, 1887- stayed at Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
GENEVA- This
Swiss city is one of the most beautiful cities
in Europe, visited by world tourists every
year.
• June 19, 1887- Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. It was his
26th birthday. Rizal and Viola spent fifteen delightful days in
• August 8, 1887, he reached Calamba. He opened a medical
Geneva.
clinic and restored his mother’s vision. Such “miraculous”
• June 23, 1887- Viola and Rizal parted ways—Viola returned
news spread throughout the community like wild fire, thus, his
to Barcelona while Rizal continued the tour to Italy
clinic was flocked by people aspiring for a better eyesight.
• June 27, 1887- Rizal reached Rome, the “Eternal City” and
Newly arrived from Germany, he began to be known as “
also called the “City of the Caesars. After a week of wonderful
Doctor Uliman” (from the word Aleman) and soon he acquired
sojourn in Rome, Rizal prepared to return to
a lucrative medical practice. He earned $900 from his services
the Philippines.
as physician.
FIRST RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES 1887-1888

• Rizal opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he
TRAVEL TO THE PHILIPPINES
introduced European sports to discourage his town mates
The stunning beauty of the European lands did not
from idleness and gambling.
stop Rizal from continuously adoring his native land. After the
Noli Me Tangere was published, he decided to return to
• He also took part in Calamba’s civic affairs and on his spare
Calamba despite the many warning he received from friends
time made paintings of the towns landscapes and translated
and relatives alike.
the German poems of Von Wildernath into
Tagalog.
• He had four reasons for returning to the Philippines:
• His happy days at Calamba was marred with the death of his
a) To perform an operation on Dona Teodora’s eyes;
older sister, Olimpia, and to see Leonor Rivera.
b) To defend his oppressed countrymen more effectively than
doing so in a foreign land;
His family begged him not to see her at her hometown in
c) To find out how his Noli was received by the Filipinos and
Camiling because of increasing concerns about his safety. Also
Spaniards; and
Leonor’s mother objected to their relationship.
d) To know the reason for Leonor Rivera’s long silence.
THE CONTROVERSY OVER THE NOLI

• July 3, 1887, Rizal left Marseilles (France), it was his first
• Copies of the Noli Me Tangere had arrived at the Philippines
return to the Philippines after leaving it to study in Spain five
weeks before Rizal’s return to the Philippines. Some of copies
years ago.
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of his book fell into the hands of the Spaniards especially the • On February 8, 1888- Rizal arrived in Hong Kong and he was
friars. They found the novel “heretical, impious, and welcomed by Filipino residents.
scandalous in the religious order and anti-patriotic, subversive • Jose Sainz de Varranda, Terrero’s former secretary, followed
of public order, injurious to the government of Spain and its Rizal in the said British colony, and was believed to be
function in the Philippine Islands in the political order”. commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on the hero.
• While in Hong Kong, Rizal engaged in cultural activities.
• The controversy over the novel had reached the office of Among the experiences while he observed were:
Governor General Emilio Terrero. He requested Rizal to come a) The Chinese way of celebrating their New Year, which
to Malacańang Palace. Rizal met Governor General Emilio included making noise and exploding firecrackers to drive
Terrero who informed him of the charges against him. away evil spirits;
As a defense, Rizal told Terrero that Noli only expose b) Chinese lauriat parties, where they served many different
reality. Not having read the book yet and out of curiosity, the types of dishes;
governor general asked for a copy of the controversial novel, c) Chinese theatres which used symbolisms and noisy music to
which he later confessed that he enjoyed reading. He saw no entertain an equally noise audience;
problem on the book, yet to protect Rizal’s life which was then d) He also managed to visit different churches and cemeteries
in danger, he assigned Jose Taviel de Andrade, a young Spanish that were owned by Catholics, Protestants, and Muslims.
lieutenant, as Rizal’s personal bodyguard. The friars asked • On February 18-21, 1888, Rizal also visited Macau, a
Governor General Terrero to deport him, but the latter refused Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. He was invited to stay at
because there was no valid charge against the residence of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros,
Rizal in court. who was a former Filipino delegate to the Spanish Cortes. For
two days, Rizal enjoyed being a tourist and visited different
• While still in Calamba, Rizal was seen as a troublemaker. cultural places which included churches, botanical gardens,
There are groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he theaters and the Macao Casino.
was “a German spy, an agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a • February 22, 1888- Rizal left Hong Kong, his destination was
Mason, a witch, a soul beyond salvation, etc.” Japan.
Realizing that his family’sand friend’s safety were
risked; and that his fight against the Spaniards have better IN JAPAN
chance of winning if he’d stay abroad, Rizal, six months after, • February 28, 1888- Rizal arrived in Yokohama, the next day
finally decided to sail back to Europe. His plan was to return to he went to Tokyo and stayed at Tokyo Hotel for six days.
Europe via Hong Kong, Macao, Japan and the United States • Shortly after his arrival, Juan Perez Caballero-secretary of the
Spanish Legation, visited Rizal at his hotel who latter invited
him to live at the Spanish Legation. Rizal
TRAVELS IN ASIA ( HONG KONG, MACAU AND JAPAN) AND THE being an intelligent man, realized that the Spanish diplomatic
U.S. FIRST TRIP TO HONG KONG AND MACAU authorities were instructed from Manila to keep track of his
• On February 3, 1888, with a heavy heart, Rizal left Manila for activities. Since it was economical to stay at the legation and
Hong Kong. His powerful enemies refused to give him peace he believed that he had nothing to hide, he accepted it.
and quiet. Anonymous letters with threats on his life were sent • March 7, 1888- Rizal checked out of Tokyo Hotel and lived at
to his parents’ house in Calamba. the Spanish Legation

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• Rizal was impressed by the scenic Japan and had keenly a) the lack of racial equality: “America is the land par
observed the life, customs, and culture of the people. The excellence of freedom but only for the whites”
things which favourably impressed Rizal in • May 16, 1888- Rizal left New York for Liverpool, England.
Japan were: the beauty of the country; the cleanliness,
politeness, and industry of the Japanese people; the ANNOTATING MORGA’S BOOK
picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women; • May 1888-March 1889- He spent ten months (10) in the
there were very few thieves in Japan; beggars were rarely seen reading room of the British Museum deeply immersed in his
in the city, streets, unlike in Manila and other cities. historical studies in London. This was the greatest
• April 13, 1888, Rizal left Japan and boarded the Belgic, bound achievement of Rizal in London, the annotating of Morga’s
for the United States. book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the
Philippine Islands), which was published in Mexico, 1609.
RIZAL’S VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (April- May 1888)
• April 28, 1888, Rizal arrived in San Francisco, California. The RIZAL AND THE LA SOLIDARIDAD
ship was held under quarantine by the American health
authorities, reasoning that there was a cholera epidemic in the
Far East where their ship come from. Rizal and other first class
passenger of the ship were released from quarantine and
allowed to land after seven days.
• On May 4, 1888, Rizal arrived in San Francisco and registered
at the Palace Hotel and stayed for two days. May 6, 1888, he • December 31, 1888- inauguration of Asociacion La
was in Oakland, he boarded the train for Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association), a patriotic society. They
his grand transcontinental trip to the American continent. He crusade for reforms in the Philippine Government.
was able to see places such as Sacramento, Reno, (Nevada), By unanimous vote of all members, Rizal was chosen honorary
Colorado, Nebraska, Chicago, Albany and on president. This was a recognition of his leadership among all
May 13 he reached New York. He stayed in this city for three Filipino patriots in Europe.
days, he visited the scenic and historic places. • February 15, 1889- Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the
patriotic newspaper called La Solidaridad in Barcelona. A
RIZAL’S IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA fortnightly periodical which served as the organ of the
• Good impressions Propaganda Movement.
a) the material progress of the country as shown in the great
cities, huge farms, • Its aims were as follows: to work peacefully for political and
flourishing industries and busy factories; social reforms; to portray the deplorable conditions of the
b) the drive and energy of the American People Philippines so that Spain may remedy them; to oppose the evil
c) the natural beauty of the land forces of reaction and medievalism; to advocate liberal ideas
d) the high standard of living; and progress; to champion the legitimate aspirations of the
e) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants. Filipino people to life, democracy and happiness.
During his stay in London, Rizal also made used of his
• Bad impression time in writing essays and articles for La Solidaridad. He also
wrote La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The Vision of Fray
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Rodriguez)-pamphlet which published in Barcelona under his being recognized by Spain for being excellent in various fields
nom-de-plume Dimas Alang in order to defense his novel. of knowledge.
• In London, Rizal received both good news and bad news from • In between his more serious activities, Rizal also had leisurely
news. The good news that Rev. Vicente Garcia was defending activities like socializing with friends in their homes. Among
his Noli from the attacks of the friars. On the other hand, the those he frequently visited were the homes of the Pardo de
bad news were that the Filipino signatories of the “ Petition of Taveras, the Venturas, the Lunas, the Bousteads and others.
1888” and the tenants of the Calamba agrarian trouble were
facing persecution; that his brothers-in-law Manuel T. Hidalgo • Although Rizal lived a frugal life, he prepared a sumptuous
and Mariano Herbosa, were exiled to Bohol and was Christmas dinner for
denied Christian burial, respectively; and his friend, Laureno some of his friends. Shortly after New Year, he visited London
Viadoa, a UST medical student, was imprisoned for possessing for the last time
some copies of his Noli.
In BRUSSELS
IN PARIS • January 28, 1890, left Paris for Brussels. He left the
• It was mid-March 1899, Rizal decided to move to Paris. He extravagant and gay social life in Paris and stayed in a boarding
noticed that Parisian life was different from the life he house owned by the Jacoby sisters in Brussels.
experienced in London. It was a city bursting with merriment,
exciting events, and unending social gathering. The cost of • From 1889- 1890, Rizal continued contributing for La
living was also very high. Solidaridad under the pseudonyms Dimas Alang and Laong
Laan. Among the 10 articles he had contributed
• Rizal never lost his focus although life in Paris was gay, he below were some of the most famous and important articles:
continued to spend long hours at the National library in Paris. a) The Philippines Within a Century-article written by Rizal
There, he went on reviewing and rewriting his which he expressed his views on the Spanish colonization in
historical annotations on De Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas the Philippines.
Filipinas. It was published on January 1890. He also wrote a b) The Indolence of the Filipinos- It is an able defence of the
satirical booklet entitled Por Telefono, in answer to Fr. alleged indolence of the Filipinos.
Salvation Fort, a Spanish friar who hurled attacks on the Noli c) the Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala (The New
Me Tangere and caused its banning. Orthography of the Tagalog Language) In this article, he laid
down the rules of the new Tagalog orthography
• He continued his study on various languages especially the
French language, which he was able to perfect during his 10 • From Calamba, Rizal received letters telling that the agrarian
months stay at the French capital city. trouble in the province was getting worse, and as such, he
decided to go home. But instead of going
• He organized a social club called Kidlat Club , a social club home, a letter from Paciano told him that they already lost the
which brought together young Filipinos residing in Paris. Soon, case against the Dominicans and they were in need of a lawyer
the members of the said club founded a new Filipino society - who would defend their family and the
the Indios Bravos, an organization which envisioned Filipinos families in Calamba from Madrid.

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• Rizal wrote a letter to Ponce, he announced that he was Retana at once published a retraction and an apology,
leaving Brussels and decided to go to Madrid because this case he knew that Rizal was superior in both pistol and sword.
must be presented to the Supreme Court and he needs to pay
close attention to the developments of the case. • December 1890, Rizal received a letter from Leonor Rivera
announcing her coming marriage to Henry Kipping, an
MISFORTUNES IN MADRID (1890-1891) Englishman (the choice of her mother).This was a big blow for
• August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. Upon arrival in Madrid. him and his heart broke.
Rizal immediately sought help of the Filipino colony, The
Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, and the liberal • Another marked event in Madrid was the Marcelo H. del
Spanish newspaper in securing justice for the oppressed Pilar-Jose Rizal rivalry for leadership in the Asociacion Hispano
Calamba tenants. Nothing came out of this, several Filipino. A fraction emerged from the Filipinos in Madrid, the
newspapers were sympathetic to the plight of the Calamba Rizalistas and Pilaristas. The group decided that the leader
tenants but this did not translate to any form of action. By this must be elected by two-thirds vote. Rizal won the election, he
time, Francisco Rizal and other tenants were already forcibly was offered the appointment but he did not want to see the
evicted from Calamba by Governor General Valeriano Weyler. Filipinos in Madrid divided so he thought it best to leave the
Their houses were burned and more people were exiled city.
regardless of their gender.
• Rizal took a vacation in the resort city of Biarritz on the
• August 1890, Rizal attended a social reunion of the Filipinos fabulous French Riviera. He was a guest of the rich Boustead
in Madrid. After drinking so many glasses the guests became family at its winter residence—Villa Eliada. The one month
more talkative. One of them, Antonio Luna became drunk. vacation in this city worked wonders for Rizal. This is where he
Rizal challenged Antonio Luna, it was about the latter’s was able to finish his second novel El Filibusterismo.
frustration with his unsuccessful “love affair” with Nellie
Boustead, and so gave negative remarks on the lady which • March 30, 1891, Rizal bade farewell to the hospitable and
Rizal did not tolerated. friendly Bousteads and proceeded to Paris by Train. He stayed
The Filipinos tried to pacify them, pointing out that at the home of his friend Valentin Ventura.
such a duel would damage their cause in Spain. Fortunately,
Luna, realized his mistakes he apologized and Rizal
immediately accepted his apology and became good friends RETIREMENT FROM THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
again. • April 1891, Rizal was back to Brussels where he became busy
revising and polishing the manuscript of El Filibusterismo.
• Rizal challenged Wenceslao Retana in a duel. Retana had • Rizal retired from the Propaganda Movement. He notified
insulted Rizal and his family by writing in La Epoca, an anti- the Propaganda authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly
Filipino newspaper, that the Rizal family in Calamba was allowance and devote the money to some
ejected from their lands because they did not pay their rents. better cause, such as the education of a young Filipino student
Rizal was, by nature neither hot-tempered but when the honor in Europe.
of his people, family, women or friends was besmirched, he He desired to publish his second novel, to practice his
never hesitated to fight even if he were risking his own life. medical profession, and later when he became financially

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independent, he expected to make a more vigorous campaign learned of Rizal’s predicament he sent him the necessary
for his country’s redemption. funds.
• Simultaneously with his retirement from the Propaganda • September 18, 1891- El Filibusterismo came off the press.
Movement, Rizal ceased writing articles for La Solidaridad. Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript and an
Many of his friends in Spain urged him to continue writing autographed printed copy to Valentin Ventura
because his articles always attracted considerable attention in
European countries. BACK IN HONGKONG
• On October 18, 1891, after the Fili’ was published, Rizal left
• M.H. Del Pilar himself realized the need for Rizal’s Europe. Aboard the S.S Melbourne, he sailed to Hongkong
collaboration in both the Propaganda Movement and in the La where he lived for seven months. His reasons for venturing to
Solidaridad newspaper because the enthusiasm Hongkong were the following:
for the reform crusade was declining. He wrote to Rizal a) To leave his rivalry with del PIlar
begging for forgiveness for any resentment and requesting him b) To facilitate a Propaganda Movement in Hongkong; and
to resume writing for the La Solidaridad. c) To be proximate to his family in the Philippines
• Rizal replied to Del Pilar’s letter, he wrote denying any • On November 20, 1891, Rizal arrived in Hongkong and was
resentment and explaining why he stopped writing. Below are cordially welcomed by the Filipino residents in the city,
reasons why Rizal stopped writing for La Solidaridad: particularly, his friend Jose Ma. Basa.
a) Rizal need to work on his book ;
b) He wanted other Filipinos to work also; • December 1, 1891- Rizal wrote his parents asking their
c) Rizal considered it very important to the party that there be permission to return home. Rizal had a continued
unity in the work ; correspondence with his family in Calamba and had been
d) Marcelo H. Del Pilar is already at the top and Rizal also have aware of the unsettled agrarian problem. On the same date,
his own ideas it is his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent him a letter relating
better to leave del Pilar alone to direct the policy. the sad news of the “deportation of twenty-five persons from
Calamba, including father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the
rest of us.”
THE PRINTING OF THE EL FILIBUSTERISMO
• July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university FAMILY REUNION IN HONG KONG
city in Belgium because the cost of printing in Ghent was • The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was one of the happiest
cheaper than in Brussels. F. Meyer-Van Loo Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s life, he had a happy family
Press-a printing shop that give Rizal the lowest quotation for reunion.
the publication of his novel.
• While in Hongkong, Rizal practiced his medical career. With
• August 6, 1891-the printing of his book had to be suspended the help of his friend, Dr Lorenzo P. Marquez, they built a large
because Rizal could no longer give the necessary funds to the clientele and opened a medical clinic where he was recognized
printer. Valentin Ventura- the savior of the Fili, when he as an excellent eye surgeon. He was equally supported and

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aided both morally and financially by his family and friends secretary, Luis de la Torre, to verify whether the patriot had
with his chosen career. neutralized himself as German citizen or not. And so, the
siblings sailed across the China Sea without prior
• Another marked event during Rizal’s stay in Hongkong was knowledge of what awaits then in the Philippines.
his plan to move the landless Filipino to Borneo and transform
the said wilderness into a “New Calamba”
through the so-called Borneo Colonization Project. WEEK 7-8-RIZAL’S LIFE: EXILE, TRIAL,
AND DEATH
• In April 1802, he visited Borneo and negotiated with the
British authorities who are willing to provide 100,000 acres of
land for the Filipinos. Many Filipino patriots found this project
amusing, thus, promoted the said project. However, there
were a number who objected it, one of which was Rizal’s
brother-in-law, Hidalgo.
• Twice did Rizal wrote a letter addressed to Governor General

Eulogio Despujol informing his Borneo colonization project,
with whom he received no response. Instead, Despujol
commanded the Spanish consul-general in Hongkong to notify
Rizal that such project was very unpatriotic, and by
Jose Rizal’s Exile (1892-96)
immigrating Filipinos to Borneo, the Philippines will surely be
Jose dwelled as exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga Del Norte, a far-
lacking of laborers.
removed town in Mindanao from 1892 to 1896.
• Despite the many oppositions from friends and relatives, he

This four-year interregnum in Jose’s life was summed
decided to return to Manila on the following reasons:
up by Zaide and Zaide as: Tediously unexciting, but was
a) To discuss with Governor General Despujol his Borneo
abundantly fruitful with varied achievements. He
colonization project;
practiced medicine, pursed scientific studies, continued his
b) To form the La Liga Filipina in the Philippines; and
artistic and literary works, widened his knowledge of
c) To prove that Eduardo de Lete’s allegations on him and his
languages, established a school for boys, promoted
family in Calamba were wrong.
community development projects, invented a
• Before his departure, he wrote three more letters- the first
wooden machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming
addressed to his parents and friends; the second one, to
and commerce. Despite his multifarious activities, fellow
Filipinos; and the last Governor General Eulogio
reformists, and eminent scientists and
Despujol.
scholars of Europe.
• Instead of having the protection he desired, Rizal and his

In Dapitan, Jose had a very peaceful, happy, and
sister, Lucia fell into the Spanish trap - a case was secretly filed
enjoyable life and the way he lived it was extremely good and
against Rizal, and Despujol ordered his

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deserving to be admired and copied. He made sure his stay in boxing, wrestling, stone-throwing, swimming, arnis (native
Dapitan would be fruitful, so he engaged in manifold activities. frencing), and boating for physical development and discipline.
His excellent skill in the science of medicine spread He did not charge his pupils for sharing his knowledge, instead,
like wild fire in Dapitan. His medical practice attracted many he encouraged them to help him in his garden, farm, and
patients who were mostly poor. He put to good use the construction projects in the community.
curative values of the Philippines medicinal plants which he
studied and doled them out to his poor patients who could not Jose conducted scientific studies in the rich virgin field
afford to buy imported medicine. He welcomed both if Dapitan and collected specimens of animals and plants. He
affluent and indigent patients. He normally undercharged forwarded these specimens to the Dresden museum of Europe
them if not for free and accepted any payments in kind from and he received scientific books and surgical instruments as
those who had little or no money. payment. He has an impressive assemblage of his study of 346
shells from 203 species.
With the assistance of Father Francisco Sanchez, his
former Jesuit teacher, Jose buckled down to work. He He obtained knowledge on some rare specimens which were
enhanced the town plaza and accentuated it with a huge relief named in his honor by European scientists such as;
map of Mindanao, which can still be viewed today. - Draco rizali (a flying dragon)
One of the impressive projects of Jose was the water - Apogonia rizali (a small beetle)
system he designed and constructed in order that - Rhacophorus rizali (a rare frog).
people of Dapitan can have access to clean water. In spite of While in Dapitan, Jose studied the Bisayan, Subanum,
lack of funds, exiguous resources and no government and Malayan languages and wrote a Tagalog grammar. He
assistance, he was able to build it, armed only with his training wrote poems entitled: A Don Ricardo Carnicero, Himno A
in Ateneo, readings of engineering books, sheer determination Talisay (Hymn to the Talisay Tree) Mi Retiro (My Retreat), El
and ingenuity. Canto del Viajero (The Song of the Traveler) and Josephine. He
To reduce the occurrence of malaria, he drained the also made some drawings and sculptures of people and things
marshes where mosquitos thrived. Utilizing the 500 pesos he that captivated him.
received from an English patient, he introduced a lighting Jose acquired lands in Dapitan which reached total
system made up of coconut oil lamps in glass protectors which holdings of 70 hectares, where he constructed his house,
lighted up dark areas in the town. school, hospital, and planted in his farm many fruit trees, corn,
coffee, cacao, sugarcane, and hemp. He also introduced and
Imbued with the value of education since childhood, encouraged the use of modern European and American
Jose realized his dream to establish his own school in which he methods of agriculture. He, however, did not realize his dream
applied the educational system he learned abroad. The school of transforming Dapitan into an agricultural colony because he
opened with three pupils which increased to 16 and later to did not get the acceptance and permission of the government.
21.
In collaboration with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan
His lessons constituted of reading, writing languages merchant, Jose was successful in his business ventures in
(Spanish and English), geography, history, mathematics fishing, copra, and hemp industries. He established the
(arithmetic and geometry), industrial work, study of nature,
and morals. He also trained and exposed them to gymnastics,
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Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break the In 1876, Andres Bonifacio and his Katipunan
Chinese business in monopoly in Dapitan. The confederation, (revolutionary society he founded on July 7, 1892) organized
according to Jose Rizal’s Political and an armed rebellion. They assigned Dr. Pio Valenzuela to notify
Historical Writings(1964) aimed “to improve the farm Jose Rizal about their plan. To conceal his assignment, Dr. Pio
products, obtain better outlets for them, collect funds for their was accompanied by Raymundo Mata, a blind man to consult
purchases, and help the producers and workers by Jose’s medical advised. Jose opposed the Katipuneros very
establishing a store wherein they can buy prime commodities bold and shocking uprising. He firmly believed that they are
at moderate prices.” not ready for a revolution. He added that they do not have
adequate arms and funds. He also declined the offer of
He devised an unusual “sulpukan”, a cigarette lighter Katipuneros to rescue him.
made of wood whichemployed the principle of compressed
air. Subsequently, it was received by Blumentritt as a gift. He Several months before the Katipuneros communicated with
also formed an idea of a machine for making bricks. Jose, Blumentritt revealed to him the pitiful health situation
Patterned after a Belgian example, Jose’s version (yellow fever epidemic) in war-ridden Cuba and admonished
could produce about 6,000 bricks daily. him to volunteer as an army doctor there to end his exile. On
In spite of his achievements in Dapitan, Jose felt December 17, 1895, acting upon his friend’s counsel, Jose sent
empty. He missed his family, relatives, and friends. He felt he Governor General
needed somebody to rejuvenate him. Ramon Blanco a letter, offering his medical services in Cuba.
Expressed in Letters between Rizal and Family He almost gave up hope when he did not get a response after
Members (1964), Jose found his answer in Josephine Bracken: months had passed. However, on July 30, 1896, when he least
In God’s own time, this “somebody” came to Dapitan, like a expected it, a letter from the Spanish
sunbeam to dispel his melancholy mood. She was Josephine Governor arrived informing him of his proposal.
Bracken, an Irish girl of sweet eighteen, “slender, a chestnut This letter also expressed that he would be given a
blond, with blue eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity, with an pass so that he could travel in Manila, where he would given a
atmosphere of light gayety”. She of Irish parents. She was born safeconduct to Spain and subsequently to Cuba. July 31, 1896
in Hong Kong on October 3, 1876 of Irish parents – James marked Jose Rizal’s emotionally charged departure from a
Bracken, a corporal in the British garrison, and Elizabeth Jane town he learned to love. Many teary-eyed Dapitan folks were
MacBride. at the shore to bid goodbye to a person who unselfishly did all
Jose and Josephine fell inlove with each other and he can for their town. With weeping heart brimming with tears
decided to seal their relationship with marriage but no priest of nostalgic memories, Jose gestured his farewell salute to the
would marry them. Even without the blessing of the church, town’s
Jose and Josephine joyfully shared each other’s life in Dapitan. devoted and friendly folks.
His happiness doubled when he learned that Josephine was
expecting a baby. By twist of fate, the baby, only lived for three Jose Rizal’s Trial
hours. He named his baby boy “Francisco” in honor to his Andres Binifacio and his dauntless Katipuneros, on August 26,
father. 1896, raised the cry of rebellion in the hills of Balintawak
(popularly known as “Cry of Balintawak”), a few miles in north
of Manila. In August 30, they assaulted San Juan, near the city
of Manila, but they were repelled with massive losses. In the
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aftermath of the Battle of San Juan, Governor General Blanco 2.A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, August 20, 1890,
declared a state of war in the eight provinces for their stating that the deportations are good for they will encourage
insurgency against Spain-Manila (as a provice), Bulacan, the people to hate tyranny.
Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Vizcaya, and
Tarlac. Jose feared that the turbulent insurrection would only 3.A letter from Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, dated
beget much suffering and horrifying decimation of human lives Madrid, January 7, I 889, implicating Rizal in the Propaganda
and property. He was also frighten of the likelihood of Spanish campaign in Spain. 4.A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly
reprisal against all Filipino patriots. written by Rizal in Manila on September 12, 1891.
Amidst the chaos created by the uprising, Jose This poem is as follows:
received from Governor General Blanco two letters which KUNDIMAN
exculpated him from the raging insurrection. In his last trip In the Orient beautiful Where the sun is born
abroad, Jose troubled by the violent attempt of the In a land of beauty Full of enchantments
Katipuneros to end the rule of the Spanish government, left for But bound in chains.
Spain on September 3, 1896. Where the despot reigns,
He, however, was transferred to another steamer The land clearest to me.
which he thought would take him from Spain to Cuba Ah! That is my country,
to carry out his humanitarian offer which is to serve as military She is slave oppressed
physician. Groaning in the tyrant's grips;
Unexpectedly, he was apprehended and unlawfully Lucky shall he be
detained as a prisoner in a Spanish steamer before reaching Who can give her liberty!
Barcelona. He was informed that he would be shipped back to
Manila on board the transport ship Colon. Upon arriving in 5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, dated
Manila, on November 3, 1896, the heavily guarded Jose was Barcelona. September 18, 1891, describe Rizal as the man to
transferred from the Colon to Fort Santiago. free the Philippines from Spanish oppression.
A Severe five-day preliminary investigation began on 6. A Masonic document, dated Manila, February, 9, 1892,
November 20, 1896. Jose appeared before the Judge honoring Rizal for his patriotic services.
Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive who detailed the charges
against him. Two types of evidence, documentary and 7.A letter signed Dimasalang (Rizal's pseudonym) to Ter:.luz
testimonial, were presented against Jose Rizal. Palma (1949) in (Juan Zulueta's pseudonym), dated Hong Kong, May 24, 1892,
his translated work, Pride of Malay Race, made available the stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who
documentary evidence which consisted of fifteen exhibits, as may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities.
follows:
1.A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated Madrid, 8. A letter to Dimasalang to an unidentified committee, dated
October 16, 1888, showing Rizal's connection with the Filipino Hong Kong, June 1, 1892, soliciting the aid of the committee in
reform campaign in Spain. the, "patriotic work."

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9.An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of the Hong On November 26, 1896, Judge Advocate, Colonel
Kong Telegraph, censuring the banishment of Rizal to Dapitan. Francisco Olive forwarded the records of the case to Governor
General Ramon Blanco, who designated Captain Rafael
10.A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, Dominguez as special Judge Advocate to initiate proceeding
September 3, 1892, saying that the Filipino people look up to against Jose. Captain Dominguez submitted a summary of the
him (Rizal) as their savior. action to Governor General Ramon Blanco who thereupon,
send it to the Judge Advocate General, Don Nicolas De la Pena.
11.A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila 17, 1893,
informing an unidentified correspondent of the arrest and
banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrasio Salvador. After studying the papers, Pena submitted the following
recommendations:
12. A letter of Marcelo Del Pilar to Don Juan A Tenluz (Juan (1) the accused be immediately brought to trial;
Zulueta), dated Madrid, June l, 1893 recommending to (2) he should be kept in prison;
establishment of a special organization, independent of (3) an order of attachment be issued against his property to
Masonry, to help the cause of the Filipino people. the amount of one million pesos as indemnity; and
(4) he should be defended in the court by an army officer,
13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), in a not by a civilian lawyer (Zaide and Zaide, 2014).
reunion of the Katipunan on July 23, 1893, in which the
following cry was uttered "Long Live the Philippines! Long Live With his counsel by his side, charges were read to Jose
Liberty! Long Live Doctor Rizal! Unity!" in his prison cell on December 1 1896. He was accused, Medina
(1998) disclosed, of being "the principal organizer and the
14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in living soul of the Filipino insurrection, the founder of societies,
the same Katipunan reunion, where in the katipuneros periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating
shouted: "Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death to the ideas of rebellion."
oppressor nation!'' Jose was not against the jurisdiction of the court, but
asserted that he was not guilty of revolution. He acknowledged
15. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A Talisay, in which that he authored the Constitution of the Liga Filipina and
the author makes the Dapitan schoolboys sing that they know empliasized that it was simply a civic alliance. He reiterated
how to fight for their rights. that he had no political involvement si11 his exile to Dapitan.
Or: December 13, 1896, Captain Dominguez transmitted Jose's
The oral testimonies of the following persons: Martin case to the new Governor General of the Philippines, General
Constantino. Aguedo de! Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Camilo G. de Polavieja who replaced General Ramon Blanco.
Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato
Arellano. Ambrosio Salvador, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Dr. Pio During the time Jose was in prison cell at Fort
Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Santiago, he penned a manifesto seriously asking the Filipino
Paez were forwarded as testimonial evidence people to cease the needless anct tumultuous war. He
against Jose. encouraged them to attain freedom through education and
habit of working hard and steadily. Palma (1964) promulgated
this manifesto as follows:
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My Countrymen:
On my return from Spain, I learned that my name had The trial of Rizal was an eloquent proof of Spanish
been used as a war cry among some who were in arms. The injustice and misrule. More than a farce, it was patently a
news painfully surprised me, but believing it was all over, r kept mistrial. Rizal, a civilian, was tried by a military court composed
silent over what r considered irremediable. Now I hear rumors of alien military officers. His case was prejudged; he was
that the disturbances continue, and lest any person should still considered guilty before the actual trial. The military court met
go on using my name in bad or good faith, to remedy this abuse not to give him justice, but to accuse and condemn him. lt
and to undeceive the unwary, I hasten to address you these accepted all charges and testimonies against him, and ignored
lines so that the truth may be known. all
From the beginning, when I had news of what was arguments and proofs in his favor. Moreover, Rizal was not
being planned, I opposed it, fought it, and demonstrated its given the night (which any accused is entitled to have in a real
absolute impossibility. This is the truth, and witnesses to my court of justice) to face the witnesses against him in open
word are still living. I was convinced that the idea was highly court.
absurd and, what was worse, would bring great suffering. I did
more. When later, in spite of my counsels, the movement The trial of Jose commenced in the Cuartel de Espana,
broke out, I spontai1eo11sly offered not only my services, but a military building, on December 26, 1896, at eight o'clock in
my life, and even my name so that they might use them in the the morning. Present in the trial were seven members of the
manner they saw fit to suppress the rebellion, for, convinced of military court: Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona (President), Capt.
the evils that would befall them, I considered myself fortunate Ricardo Munoz Arias, Capt. Manuel Reguerra, Capt. Santiago
if, at any sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. Izquierdo Osorio, Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nunez, Capt. Manuel
This is equally of record. Diaz Escribano, and Capt. Fermin Perez Rodriguez. Also in the
My countrymen: I have given proofs, more than. military court were Lt. Don LuisTaviel de Andrade (Jose's
Anybody else, of desiring liberties for our country and I still defense counsel) Capt. Rafael Dominguez (Judge Advocate) Lt.
desire them. But I place as a premise the education of the Enrique de Alconcer (Prosecuting Attorney) and observers
people so that by means of education and of labor they might which included Josephine Bracken, a sister of Jose,
have a personality of their own and make themselves worthy newspapermen, and other Spaniards. Judge Advocate Capt.
of liberties. In my writings I have recommended redemption. I Rafael Dominguez began the trial and explained the case
have also written (and my words have been updated) that leveled against Jose.
reforms, to be fruitful,
have to come from above, that those that come from below are Jose was charged of three crimes:
irregular and unstable. Imbued with these ideals, I cannot but 1. rebellion
condemn and I do condemn this absurd, savage uprising 2. sedition
Planned behind my back, which dishonors us, the Fiiipinos, and 3. illegal association.
discredits those who may advocate our cause. I abhor its
criminal methods and disclaim all participation therein, pitying Lt. Enrique de Alconcer, prosecuting lawyer,
from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have allowed advanced a gingerly harangue, detailing accusations against
themselves to be deceived. Return then to your homes, and Jose. He mercilessly made an effort to persuade the members
may God forgive those who have acted in bad faith. of the military court to punish the accused with death
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sentence. Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, defense counsel of 10. If it were true that there were some bitter comments in
Jose tried hard to come up with a convincing defense. He Rizal's letters, it was because they were written in 1890 when
brought an end to his defense by reminding the judges to be his family was being persecuted, being dispossessed of houses,
fair and avoid vindictiveness in their judgment. After Lt. Don warehouses, lands, etc. and his brother and all his brother-in-
Luis Taviel de Andrade's defense, the court queried Jose if law were deported.
there is anything he wanted to say.
11. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the politico-
Jose confidently read a supplement to his defense. De Viana, military commanders and missionary priests could arrest.
Augusto V. et al (2011) put forward Jose's supplementary
defense as follows: 12. It was not true that the revolution was inspired by his one
speech at the house of Dorotea Ongjunco, as alleged by
1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he advised Dr. Pio witnesses whom he would like to confront. His friends knew
Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution. his opposition to armed rebellion. Why did the Katipunan send
2. He did not correspond with the radical, revolutionary an emissary to Dapitan who was unknown to him? Because
elements. those who knew him were aware that he would never sanction
3. The revolutionists used his name without his knowledge. If any violent movement.
he were guilty he could have escaped in Singapore.
The biased military court was apathetic to Jose's
4. If he had a hand in the revolution, he could have escaped in appeal. After a brief deliberation, the members of the military
a Moro vinta and would not have built a home, a hospital, and court agreed to convict Jose and sentenced him to death. On
bought lands in Dapitan . December 26, 1896, the unjust military court decision was
given to Governor General Camilo G. de Polavieja who asked
5. If he were the chief of the revolution. Why has not he the judgment of judge advocate
consulted by the revolutionists? General Nicolas de la Pena who confirmed the death verdict.
On December 28, 1896, Governor General Camilo G.
6. It was true he wrote the by-laws of the Liga Filipina, on this de Polavieja signed the court-martial's decision to execute Jose
a civic association --- not a revolutionary society. Rizal.
7. The Liga Filipina did not live long, for after the first meeting Medina (1998) presented this decree as follows:
he was banished to Dapitan and it died out. Manila, December 28, 1896:
Conformably to the foregoing opm10n. I approve the sentence
8. If the Liga was reorganized nine months later, he did not dictated by the Court Martial in the present case, by virtue of
know about it. which the death penalty is imposed on the accused Jose Rizal
Mercado, which shall be executed by shooting him at 7:00
9. The Liga did not serve the purpose of the revolutionists, o'clock in the morning of the 30th of this month in the field of
othenvise they would not have supplanted it with the Bagumbayan.
Katipunan. For compliance and the rest may correspond, let this
be returned to the Judge Advocate, Captain Don Rafael
Dominguez. Camilo G. de Polavieja
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My dreams, when life first opened to me.
Jose Rizal's Death My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,
After learning the unjust decision of the court martial, Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the orient sea
Jose spent the next twenty fours of his remaining life seeing From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;
and speaking to his friends, family and Josephine Bracken No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye.
whom he tied the knot with canonically on December 30, 1896 Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,
officiated by Fr. Balaguer. After the reading of the death All hail! cries the soul that is now to take flight;
penalty, Jose opted to spent quiet moments in the prison All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire,
chapel. He turned into writing when he was left alone in his To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire,
cell. He penned a letter to his brother Paciano, another one to And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.
his best friend Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, and another letter If over my grave someday thou seest grow,
addressed to his father and mother. It was also assumed that In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
he signed a docunent abjuring Masonry (which some scholars Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,
doubted). While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below
The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.
It is commonly believed that on December 29, 1896, Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,
Jose composed his last poem, Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes
Farewell). He was able to thrust it inside an alcoh0I cooking Let the wind with the sad lament over me keen;
stove which he gave to his sister Trinidad to whom, he divulged And if on my cross a bird should be seen,
'There is something in it.' Jose's last poem, composed without Let it trill its hymn of peace of my ashes.
a title and unsigned was translated in English by Charles E. Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
Derbyshire, which runs below: And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest;
Let some kind soul o'er my untimely fate sigh,
My Last Farewell And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high,
Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress' d From thee O my country, that in God I may rest.
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost! Pray for all those that hapless have died.
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best, For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
And were it brighter, fresher or more blest For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. For widow and orphans, for captives by torture tried;
On the field of battle, mid the frenzy of light, And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain.
Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around,
The place matters not - cypress or laurel or lily white, With only the dead in their vigil to see;
Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight, Break not my repose or the mystery profound,
'Tis ever the same to serve our home and country's need. And perchance thou mayst bear a sad hymn resound,
I die just when I see the down break, 'Tis I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.
Through the gloom of riight, to herald the day; When even my grave is remembered no more,
And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take, Unmark' d by never a cross or a stone;
Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake, Let the plow sweep through it, the spade‚’ tum it o'er
To dye with its crimson the walking ray. That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor,
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Before into nothingness at last they are blown. As Jose calmly made his way to Bagumbayan, he
Then, will oblivion bring to me no care; remarked about the beauty and serenity of the morning,
As over thy vales and plains I sweep: uttered a few observations about Corregidor, the mountains
Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air, or Cavite and the Ateneo College. Upon reaching the place of
With color and light, with song and lament I fare, execution, Jose noticed the very large number of prying
Ever repeating and faith that I keep. persons and soldiers waiting for them. After final blessings
My Fatherland ador'd that my sadness to my sorrow lends, were bestowed on him he said his adieu to Fr. March, Fr.
Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-bye! Villaclara and Lt. Taviel de Andrade. Jose's request that he be
I give thee all; parents and kindred and friends; shot facing the firing squad was denied because there was an
For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends, order to shoot him in the back.
Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high! The normal pulse of Jose, felt by Dr. Felipe Ruiz
Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away, Castillo, a Spanish military doctor, proved that he
Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed! did not fear death. Above the beating of the drums that filled
Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day! the air was the coldblooded command "Fuego" (Fire) which
Farewell to thee; too, sweet friend that lightened my way; ended Jose's life. He fell to the ground three
Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest! minutes past seven o'clock in the morning and was declared
dead.
On December 30, 1896, approximately at six thirty in the Expectedly, the passing away of Jose Rizal's was
morning. Jose's walk towards his death commenced signaled greeted with joy by his enemies. On the contrary, those who
by a trumpet sound at Fort Santiago. love, respected and supported him were brokenhearted and
painfully inflamed. For them, he died a hero and martyr to
The death march was delineated by Zaide and Zaide (2014) as Philippine freedom.
follows:
The advance guard of four soldiers with bayoneted Annotation of
rifles moved. A few meters behind, Rizal walked calmly, with Antonio Morga’s
his defense counsel (Lt Luis Taviel de Andrade) on one side and Sucesos de las Islas
two Jesuit priests (Fathers March and Vilaclara) on the other. Filipinas
More wellarmed soldiers marched behind him. Rizal was What is sucesos De
dressed elegantly in a black suit, black derby hat, black shoes, Las Islas Filipinas?
white shirt and a black tie. His arms were tied behind from - it its one of the
elbow to elbow, but the rope was quite loose to give his arms important works on
freedom of movement. the early history of
the Spanish
To the muffled sounds of the drums, the cavalcade colonization of the
somnolently marched slowly. There was a handful of Philippines published
spectators lining the street from Fort Santiago to the Plaza de! in Mexico in 1609 by Antonio De Morga
Palacio in front of the Manila Cathedral. Everybody seemed to - Annotated by Jose Rizal with a prologue by Dr. Ferdinand
be out at Bagumbayan where a vast crowd gathered to see Blumentritt
how a martyr dies.
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1. Antonio De Morga - Author of the Sucesos de las islas - Rizal spent his entire stay in London at the British Museum's
Filipinas reading room
2. This is one of the FIrst Books ever to tackle Philippine History - Having found Morga's book, he laboriously hand-copied the
3. Book that describes the events inside and outside of the whole 351 pages of the Sucesos
country from 1493 to 1603, including the history of the - Rizal proceeded to annotate every chapter of the Sucesos
Philippines.
4. Consist of 8 Chapters Early Government - Our forefathers in the pre-colonial
5. Discuss the political, social and economical aspects of a Philippines already possessed a working judicial and legislative
colonizer and the colonized country. system
6. The content of the book is based on documentary research,
observation and personal experience of Morga High Literacy Rate - The spanish missionaries exploited the
7. Rizal is a secondary source of the book due to his baybayin for their own ends, learning and using it to translate
annotations their goals
Morga's purpose for writing Sucesos Early Artillery - Our ancestorswere very proficient in the art of
Morga stated that he composed Sucesos to record war. Aside from wielding swords and spears, they also know
"our Spaniards' accomplishments in the discovery, conquering, how to make fire guns and cannons
and conversion of the Filipinas Islands - as well as numerous
fortunes that they had from time to time in the large kingdoms Smooth foreign relations - the pre colonial filipinos had
among the heathen peoples around the islands." already established trading and diplomatic relations with
countries as far away as the middle east
What leads to Jose Rizal's annotation of the Sucesos De Las
Islas Filipinas? Self Sufficient - in terms of food, our forefathers did not suffer
- Rizal was an earnest seeker of truth and this maked him as a from any lack thereof. Blessed with such a resource-rich
historian country, thay had enough for themselves and their families
- He had a burning desire to know exactly the conditions of the
Philippines when the Spaniards came ashore to the islands Advanced civilization - our ancestors possesed a complex
- His theory was that the country was economically self- working society and a culture replete with works of arts and
sufficient and prosperous literature
- He belived the conquest of the Spaniards contributed in part
of the decline of the Philippine's rich tradition and culture Rizal's 3 Propositions
1. The people of the Philippines have a culture of their own,
Rizal's Objectives before the coming of the Spaniards
1. To awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos regarding their 2. Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited and ruined
glorious ways of the past by the Spanish Colonization
2. To correct what has been distorted about the Philippines to 3. The present state of the Philippines was not necessarily
Spanish Conquest superior to its past
3. To prove that Filipinos are civilized even before the coming
of the Spaniards
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Ferdinamd Blumentritt also wrote a preface emphasizing and describe all phases of Filipino life, but almost everybody
some salient points: wanted to write about women. Rizal even saw his
- The Spaniards have to correct their erroneous conception of companions spend more time gambling and flirting with
the filipinos as children of limited intelligence Spanish women. Because of this, he pulled out of the plan of
- that there existed three kinds of Spanish delusions about the co-writing with others and decided to draft the novel alone.
Philippines:
- Filipinos were an inferior race Plot of the Novel
- Filipinos were not ready for parliamentary Having completed his studies in Europe, young Juan
representation and other reforms Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin comes back to the Philippines
- Denial of equal rights can be compromised by strict after a 7-year absence. In his honor, Don Santiago de los
dispensation of justice Noli Me Tangere Santos, a family friend commonly known as Captain Tiago,
References for the novel threw a get-together party, which was attended by friars and
José Rizal, other prominent figures. One of the guests, former San Diego
a Filipino curate Fray Dámaso Vardolagas belittled and slandered Ibarra.
nationalist and Ibarra brushed off the insults and took no offense; he instead
medical doctor, politely excused himself and left the party because of an
conceived the idea allegedly important task.
of writing a novel The next day, Ibarra visits María Clara, his betrothed,
that would expose the beautiful daughter of Captain Tiago and affluent resident
the ills of of Binondo. Their long-standing love was clearly manifested in
Philippine society this meeting, and María Clara cannot help but reread the
after reading letters her sweetheart had written her before he went to
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. He preferred that Europe. Before Ibarra left for San Diego, Lieutenant Guevara,
the prospective novel express the way Filipino culture was a Civil Guard, reveals to him the incidents preceding the death
backward, anti-progress, anti-intellectual, and not conducive of his father, Don Rafael Ibarra, a rich hacendero of the town.
to the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment. According to Guevara, Don Rafael was unjustly
He was then a student of medicine in the Universidad Central accused of being a heretic, in addition to being a subservient
de Madrid. — an allegation brought forth by Dámaso because of Don
Rafael's non-participation in the Sacraments, such as
In a reunion of Filipinos at the house of his friend Confession and Mass. Dámaso's animosity against Ibarra's
Pedro A. Paterno in Madrid on 2 January 1884, Rizal proposed father is aggravated by another incident when Don Rafael
the writing of a novel about the Philippines written by a group helped out on a fight between a tax collector and a child
of Filipinos. His proposal was unanimously approved by the fighting, and the former's death was blamed on him, although
Filipinos present at the party, among whom were Pedro, it was not deliberate.
Maximino and Antonio Paterno, Graciano López Jaena, Suddenly, all of those who thought ill of him surfaced with
Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente and Valentin additional complaints.
Ventura. However, this project did not materialize. He was imprisoned, and just when the matter was
The people who agreed to help Rizal with the novel almost settled, he died of sickness in jail. Still not
did not write anything. Initially, the novel was planned to cover
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content with what he had done, Dámaso arranged for Don The accusation against him was then overruled
Rafael's corpse to be dug up from the Catholic Church and because during the litigation that followed, nobody could
brought to a Chinese cemetery, because he thought it testify that he was indeed involved. Unfortunately, his
inappropriate to allow a heretic a Catholic burial ground. letter to María Clara somehow got into the hands of the jury
Unfortunately, it was raining and because of the bothersome and is manipulated such that it then became evidence against
weight of the body, the undertakers decide to throw the him by the parish priest, Fray Salví. With Machiavellian
corpse into a nearby lake. precision, Salví framed Ibarra and ruined his life just so he
Revenge was not in Ibarra's plans, instead he carried could stop him from marrying María Clara and making the
through his father's plan of putting up a school, since he latter his concubine.
believed that education would pave the way to his country's Meanwhile, in Capitan Tiago's residence, a party was
progress (all over the novel the author refers to both Spain and being held to announce the upcoming wedding of María Clara
the Philippines as two different countries as part of a same and Linares. Ibarra, with the help of Elías, took this opportunity
nation or family, with Spain seen as the mother and the to escape from prison. Before leaving, Ibarra spoke to María
Philippines as the daughter). Clara and accused her of betraying him, thinking that she gave
During the inauguration of the school, Ibarra would the letter he wrote her to the jury. María Clara explained that
have been killed in a sabotage had Elías — a mysterious man she would never conspire against him, but that she was forced
who had warned Ibarra earlier of a plot to assassinate him — to surrender Ibarra's letter to Father Salvi, in exchange for the
not saved him. letters written by her mother even before she, María Clara,
was born.
Instead the hired killer met an unfortunate incident The letters were from her mother, Pía Alba, to
and died. The sequence of events proved to Dámaso alluding to their unborn child; and that María Clara
be too traumatic for María Clara who got seriously ill but was was therefore not Captain Tiago's biological daughter, but
luckily cured by the medicine Ibarra sent. Dámaso's. Afterwards, Ibarra and Elías fled by boat. Elías
After the inauguration, Ibarra hosted a luncheon instructed Ibarra to lie down, covering him with grass to
during which Dámaso, gate-crashing the luncheon, again conceal his presence. As luck would have it, they were spotted
insulted him. Ibarra ignored the priest's insolence, but when by their enemies. Elías, thinking he could outsmart them,
the latter slandered the memory of his dead father, he was no jumped into the water. The guards rained shots on him, all the
longer able to restrain himself and lunged at Dámaso, while not knowing that they were aiming at the wrong man.
prepared to stab him for his impudence. As a consequence, María Clara, thinking that Ibarra had been killed in the
Dámaso excommunicated Ibarra, taking this opportunity to shooting incident, was greatly overcome with grief. Robbed of
persuade the already-hesitant Tiago to forbid his daughter hope and severely disillusioned, she asked Dámaso to confine
from marrying Ibarra. her into a nunnery. Dámaso reluctantly agreed when she
The friar wished María Clara to marry Linares, a threatened to take her own life, demanding, "the nunnery or
Peninsular who had just arrived from Spain. With the help of death!"
the Governor-General, Ibarra's excommunication was nullified Unbeknownst to her, Ibarra was still alive and able to
and the Archbishop decided to accept him as a member of the escape. It was Elías who had taken the shots.
Church once again. But, as fate would have it, some incident of
which Ibarra had known nothing about was blamed on him, It was Christmas Eve when Elías woke up in the forest
and he is wrongly arrested and imprisoned. fatally wounded, as it is here where he instructed Ibarra to
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meet him. Instead, Elías found the altar boy Basilio cradling his might not be printed, and that it would remain unread. He was
already-dead mother, Sisa. The latter lost her mind when she struggling with financial constraints at the time and thought it
learned that her two sons, Crispín and Basilio, were chased out would be hard to pursue printing the novel.
of the convent by the sacristan mayor on suspicions of stealing A financial aid came from a friend named Máximo
sacred objects. Viola which helped him print his book at a fine
(The truth is that, it was the sacristan mayor who stole print media in Berlin named Berliner Buchdruckerei-
the objects and only pinned the blame on the two boys. The Actiengesellschaft. Rizal at first, however, hesitated but Viola
said sacristan mayor actually killed Crispín while interrogating insisted and ended up lending Rizal P300 for 2,000 copies; Noli
him on the supposed location of the sacred objects. It was was eventually printed in Berlin, Germany. The printing was
implied that the body was never found and the incident was finished earlier than the estimated five months. Viola arrived
covered-up by Salví). in Berlin in December 1886, and by March 21, 1887, Rizal had
sent a copy of the novel to his friend Blumentritt
Elías, convinced that he would die soon, instructs
Basilio to build a funeral pyre and burn his and On August 21, 2007, a 480-page then-latest English
Sisa's bodies to ashes. He tells Basilio that, if nobody reaches version of Noli Me Tangere was released to
the place, he come back later on and dig for he will find gold. major Australian book stores. The Australian edition of the
He also tells him (Basilio) to take the gold he finds and go to novel was published by Penguin Books Classics, to represent
school. In his dying breath, he instructed Basilio to continue the publication's "commitment to publish the major literary
dreaming about freedom for his motherland with the words: classics of the world".
“ American writer Harold Augenbraum, who first read
I shall die without seeing the dawn break upon my homeland. the Noli in 1992, translated the novel. A writer well-acquainted
You, who shall see it, with translating other Hispanophone literary works,
salute it! Do not forget those who have fallen during the night. Augenbraum proposed to translate the novel after being asked
” for his next assignment in the
Elías died thereafter. publishing company. Intrigued by the novel and knowing more
In the epilogue, it was explained that Tiago became about it, Penguin nixed their plan
addicted to opium and was seen to frequent the opium house of adapting existing English versions and instead translated it
in Binondo to satiate his addiction. María Clara became a nun on their own.
where Salví, who has lusted after her from the beginning of the
novel, regularly used her to fulfill his lust. Major characters
One stormy evening, a beautiful crazy woman was Ibarra Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin
seen at the top of the convent crying and cursing Commonly referred to the novel as Ibarra or
the heavens for the fate it has handed her. While the woman Crisóstomo, is the protagonist in the story. Son of a Filipino
was never identified, it is suggested that the said woman was businessman, Don Rafael Ibarra, he studied in Europe for
María Clara. seven years.
Publication history Ibarra is also María Clara's fiancé. Several sources

Rizal finished the novel on December 1886. At first, claim that Ibarra is also Rizal's reflection: both studied in
according to one of Rizal's biographers, Rizal feared the novel Europe and both persons believe in the same
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ideas. Upon his return, Ibarra requested the local government Dámaso Verdolagas, or Padre Dámaso is a Franciscan
of San Diego to construct a public school to promote education friar and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is best
in the town. known as a notorious character who speaks with harsh words
and has been a cruel priest during his stay in the town.
In the sequel of Noli, El Filibusterismo, Ibarra returned with He is the real father of María Clara and an enemy of
different character and name: he called himself as Simoun, the Crisóstomo's father, Rafael Ibarra. Later, he and María Clara
English mestizo. had bitter arguments whether she
María Clara would marry Alfonso Linares or go to a convent.
María Clara de los Santos y Alba, commonly referred to as At the end of the novel, he is again reassigned to a
María Clara, is Ibarra's fiancée. distant town and is found dead one day.
She was raised by Capitán Tiago, San Diego's cabeza In popular culture, when a priest was said to be like
de barangay and is the most beautiful and Padre Dámaso, it means that he is a cruel but respectable
widely celebrated girl in San Diego. In the later parts of the individual. When one says a child is "anak ni Padre Damaso"
novel, María Clara's identity was revealed as an illegitimate (child of Padre Dámaso), it means that the child's father's
daughter of Father Dámaso, former parish curate of the town, identity is unknown.
and Doña Pía Alba, wife of Capitán Tiago.
In the end she entered local covenant for nuns Elías
Beaterio de Santa Clara. In the epilogue dealing with the fate Elías is Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elías made his first
of the characters, Rizal stated that it is unknown if María Clara appearance as a pilot during a picnic of Ibarra and María Clara
is still living within the walls of the covenant or she is already and her friends. He wants to revolutionize the country and to
dead. be freed from Spanish oppression.
The character of María Clara was patterned after Elas' past and family history are explored in the
Leonor Rivera, Rizal's first cousin and childhood sweetheart. novel's 50th chapter. In the past, Ibarra's great-grandfather
accused Elas' grandpa of torching a warehouse, resulting in
Capitán Tiago Elas' family's tragedy. Because his father's background and
Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his nickname family genealogy were uncovered by his mother's family, her
Tiago and political title Capitán Tiago is a Filipino businessman mother refused to marry him. Elas and his twin sister were
and the cabeza de barangay or head of barangay of the town eventually reared by their maternal grandfather. Their distant
of San Diego. He is also the known father of María Clara. relatives referred to them as "illegitimate children" when they
In the novel, it is said that Capitán Tiago is the richest were teenagers. His sister vanished one day, prompting him to
man in the region of Binondo and he possessed real properties look for her.
in Pampanga and Laguna de Bay. He is also said to be a good
Catholic, friend of the Spanish government and was Filosofo Tacio
considered as a Spanish by colonialists. Capitán Tiago never Filosofo Tacio, also known as Pilosopo Tasyo in
attended school, so he became a domestic helper of a Filipinized form, is a prominent figure in the plot. He conveys
Dominican friar who taught him informal education. He his views in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet similar
married Pía Alba from Santa Cruz. to hieroglyphs and Coptic figures, hoping "that future
generations may be able to understand it" and recognize the
Padre Dámaso oppression and brutality perpetrated by the invaders. Don
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Anastacio is his only known full name. Due to his great capacity Crispín died during his encounter with Padre Salvi and his
for reasoning, the educated residents of San Diego dubbed him minion.
Filosofo Tacio (Tacio the Sage), while others dubbed him Tacio
el Loco (Insane Tacio). Sisa's 10-year-old kid is Basilio. He was an acolyte
tasked with ringing the church bells for the Angelus, and he
Doña Victorina was terrified of losing his younger brother and his mother's
Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña, commonly known as spiral into madness. Elas requested Basilio to bury him by
Doña Victorina, is an ambitious Filipina who classifies herself burning him in exchange for a chest of riches on his death site
as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on heavy at the end of the novel. Later in El Filibusterismo, he will play a
make-up. pivotal part.
The novel tells the story of Doa Victorina when she
was younger: she had a lot of suitors, but she didn't choose any Due to their tragic but endearing story, these characters are
of them because none of them were Spaniards. Later in life, often parodied in modern Filipino popular culture.
she met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadaa, a customs
official around ten years her junior. Their union, however, is Other characters
without children. Tiburcio practices illegal medicine under the There are a number of secondary and minor
guise of a medical doctor despite never having attended characters in Noli Me Tangere. Items indicated inside the
medical school and using forged documents and diplomas. As parenthesis are the standard Filipinization of the Spanish
a result of Tiburcio's use of the title Dr., Victorina assumes the names in the novel.
title Dra (doctora, female doctor).
Padre Hernando de la Sibyla – a Dominican friar. He is
Apparently, she uses the whole name Doña Victorina described as short and has fair skin. He is instructed by an old
de los Reyes de de Espadaña, with double de to emphasize her priest in his order to watch Crisóstomo Ibarra.
marriage surname.She seems to feel that this awkward titling
makes her more "sophisticated." Padre Bernardo Salví – the Franciscan curate of San Diego,
secretly harboring lust for María Clara. He is described to be
Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio very thin and sickly. It is also hinted that his last name, "Salvi"
Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio represent a Filipino family is the shorter form of "Salvi" meaning Salvation, or "Salvi" is
persecuted by the Spanish authorities. Narcisa or Sisa is the short for "Salvaje"
deranged mother of Basilio and Crispín. Described as beautiful meaning bad hinting to the fact that he is willing to kill an
and young, although she loves her children very much, she can innocent child, Crispin, just to get his money back, though
not protect them from the beatings of her husband, Pedro. there was not enough evidence that it was Crispin who has
stolen his 2 onzas.
Crispín is Sisa's 7-year-old son. An altar boy, he was
unjustly accused of stealing money from the church. After El Alférez or Alperes – chief of the Guardia Civil. Mortal enemy
failing to force Crispín to return the money he allegedly stole, of the priests for power in San Diego and husband of Doña
Father Salví and the head sacristan killed him. It is not directly Consolacion.
stated that he was killed, but the dream of Basilio suggests that

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Doña Consolacíon – wife of the Alférez, nicknamed as la musa
de los guardias civiles (The muse of the Civil Guards) or la Non-recurring characters
Alféreza, was a former laundrywoman who passes herself as a These characters were mentioned in the novel, appeared
Peninsular; best remembered for her abusive treatment of once, mentioned many times or have no major contribution to
Sisa. the storyline.
Don Tiburcio de Espadaña – Spanish Quack Doctor who is limp Don Pedro Eibarramendia - the great-grandfather of
and submissive to his wife, Doña Victorina. Crisóstomo Ibarra who came from the Basque area of Spain.
He started the misfortunes of Elias' family. His descendants
Teniente Guevara - a close friend of Don Rafael Ibarra. He abbreviated their surname to Ibarra. He died of unknown
reveals to Crisóstomo how Don Rafael Ibarra's death came reasons, but was seen as a decaying corpse on a Balite Tree.
about.
Don Saturnino Ibarra - the son of Don Pedro, father of Don
Alfonso Linares – A distant nephew of Tiburcio de Espanada, Rafael and grandfather of Crisóstomo Ibarra. He was the one
the would-be fiancé of María Clara. Although he presented who developed the town of San Diego. He was described as a
himself as a practitioner of law, it was later revealed that he, cruel man but was very clever.
just like Don Tiburcio, is a fraud. He later died due to given
medications of Don Tiburcio. Salomé - Elías' sweetheart. She lives in a little house by the
lake, and though Elías would like to marry her, he tells her that
Tía Isabel - Capitán Tiago's cousin, who raised Maria Clara. it would do her or their children no good to be related to a
fugitive like himself. In the original publication of Noli, the
Governor General (Gobernador Heneral) – Unnamed person in chapter that explores the identity of Elías and Salomé was
the novel, he is the most powerful official in the Philippines. omitted, classifying her as a total non-existing character. This
He has great disdain for the friars and corrupt officials, and chapter, entitled Elías y Salomé was probably the 25th chapter
sympathizes with Ibarra. of the novel.
Don Filipo Lino – vice mayor of the town of San Diego, leader However, recent editions and translations of Noli
of the liberals. provides the inclusion of this chapter, either on the appendix
or renamed as Chapter X (Ex).
Padre Manuel Martín - he is the linguist curate of a nearby
town who delivers the sermon during San Diego's fiesta. Sinang - Maria Clara's friend. Because Crisóstomo Ibarra
offered half of the school he was building to Sinang, he gained
Don Rafael Ibarra - father of Crisóstomo Ibarra. Though he is Capitan Basilio's support.
the richest man in San Diego, he is also the most virtuous and
generous. Iday, Neneng and Victoria - Maria Clara's other friends.
Dona Pía Alba - wife of Capitan Tiago and mother of María Capitán Basilio - Sinang's father, leader of the conservatives.
Clara, she died giving birth to her daughter. In reality, she was
raped by Dámaso so she could bear a child. Pedro – the abusive husband of Sisa who loves cockfighting.
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Tandáng Pablo – The leader of the tulisanes (bandits), whose Hermano Pedro, Hermana Rufa, Hermana Sipa, Hermana
family was destroyed Juana - Some of the persons included in the Chapter 18. These
because of the Spaniards. persons were talking about indulgencia plenaria.
EL Filibusterismo
El hombre amarillo (apparently means "yellowish person",
named as Taong Madilaw) - One of Crisostomo Ibarra's would- El
be assassins. He is not named in the novel, and only described Filibusterismo, the
as such. In the novel, he carved the cornerstone for Ibarra's second novel written
school. by Jose Rizal, is a
Instead of killing Ibarra, he was killed by his sequel to his first
cornerstone. novel Noli me
Tangere. El
Lucas - the brother of the taong madilaw. He planned a Filibusterismo, which
revolution against the government with Ibarra as the leader has an English
after he was turned down by Ibarra. He was said to have a scar alternate title of
on his left cheek. He would later be killed by the Sakristan “Reign of Greed,” was
Mayor. written in Spanish, just like the Noli Me Tangere.
Bruno and Tarsilo – a pair of brothers whose father was killed

by the Spaniards. El Filibusterismo was published in 1891 and is now part of the
teachings in the secondary level or high school in the
Ñor Juan (Ñol Juan) - appointed as foreman of the school to be Philippines to this day.
built by Ibarra
Simoun
Capitana Tika - Sinang's mother and wife of Capitan Basilio. Crisostomo Ibarra, who was the main character in Noli Me
Tangere, comes back as Simoun. He was described as a rich
Albino - a former seminarian who joined the picnic with Ibarra bearded jeweler who likes to wear blue tinted glasses.
and María Clara. Was later captured during the revolution.
Simoun is the primary character in the second novel,
Capitana María Elena - a nationalist woman who defends and he is well known for being a confidant of Captain General,
Ibarra of the memory of his father. who later turned into a cynical saboteur who plotted a revolt
to exact revenge on the Spanish regime. Simoun's strategy was
Capitán Tinong and Capitán Valentín - other known people to sway the Captain General's decisions in such a way that he
from the town of San would make wrong decisions, sparking a revolution.
Diego.
He supports the upper classes and suggests abusing
Sacristán Mayor - The one who governs the altar boys and the Filipinos in order to incite the Filipino masses to rise against
killed Crispín for his accusation. the Spanish occupiers.
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Simoun is inciting a revolution for two reasons: to free Maria into the past tied up with the notable life experiences of the
Clara from the convent and to condemn the injustices and sins representative personalities of our nation.
of Philippine society. However, his cover is compromised, and Being one of the prominent representatives of Filipino
a young child named Basilio discovers his true identity. This
occurred while Basilio was visiting his mother Sisa's grave, who
was a major figure in Noli me Tangere.
Simoun offered to make Basilio his accomplice, but the boy
declined.
WEEK 10-11- THE IDEALS AND

PHILOSOPHIES OF RIZAL
personalities, Jose Rizal is a fit subject whose life philosophy

deserves to be recognized.
Having been a victim of Spanish brutality early in his life in
Calamba, Rizal had thus already formed the nucleus of an
unfavorable opinion of Castillian imperialistic administration
of his country and people.
Pitiful social conditions existed in the Philippines as late as
three centuries after his conquest in Spain, with agriculture,
commerce, communications and education languishing under
its most backward state. It was because of this social malady
that social evils like inferiority complex, cowardice, timidity
THE IDEALS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF RIZAL
and false pride pervaded nationally and contributed to the
Rizal's work comes from the influences of the philosophy of
decay of social life. This stimulated and shaped Rizal’s life
Enlightenment. The political and social reforms that he
philosophy to be to contain if not eliminate these social ills.
espoused embodies general ideas of tolerance, more liberty
Educational Philosophy
and the need for civil government.
Rizal’s concept of the importance of education is clearly
PHILOSOPHIES IN LIFE
enunciated in his work entitled Instruction wherein he sought
PHILOSOPHY may be defined as the study and pursuit of facts
improvements in the schools and in the methods of teaching.
which deal with the ultimate reality or causes of things as they
He maintained that the backwardness of his country during the
affect life.
Spanish ear was not due to the Filipinos’ indifference, apathy
The philosophy of a country like the Philippines is made up of
or indolence as claimed by the rulers, but to the neglect of the
the intricate and composite interrelationship of the life
Spanish authorities in the islands. For Rizal, the mission of
histories of its people; in other word, the philosophy of our
education is to elevate the country to the highest seat of glory
nation would be strange and undefinable if we do not delve
and to develop the people’s mentality. Since education is the

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foundation of society and a prerequisite for social progress, in order to propagate the Faith and raise church funds. He also
Rizal claimed that only through education could the country be lambasted the superstitious beliefs propagated by the priests
saved from domination. in the church and in the schools. All of these and a lot more are
Rizal’s philosophy of education, therefore, centers on the evidences of Rizal’s religious philosophy.
provision of proper motivation in order to bolster the great Political Philosophy
social forces that make education a success, to create in the In Rizal’s political view, a conquered country like the
youth an innate desire to cultivate his intelligence and give him Philippines should not be taken advantage of but rather should
life eternal. be developed, civilized, educated and trained in the science of
Religious Philosophy self-government.
Rizal grew up nurtured by a closely-knit Catholic family, was He bitterly assailed and criticized in publications the apparent
educated in the foremost Catholic schools of the period in the backwardness of the Spanish ruler’s method of governing the
elementary, secondary and college levels; logically, therefore, country which resulted in:
he should have been a propagator of strictly Catholic 1. the bondage and slavery of the conquered ;
traditions. However, in later life, he developed a life 2. the Spanish government’s requirement of forced labor and
philosophy of a different nature, a philosophy of a different force military service upon the n natives;
Catholic practice intermingled with the use of Truth and 3. the abuse of power by means of exploitation;
Reason. 4. the government ruling that any complaint against the
Why the change? authorities was criminal; and
5. Making the people ignorant, destitute and fanatic, thus
discouraging the formation of a national sentiment.
Rizal’s guiding political philosophy proved to be the study and
application of reforms, the extension of human rights, the
training for self government and the arousing of spirit of
discontent over oppression, brutality, inhumanity,
sensitiveness and self love.
It could have been the result of contemporary contact,

companionship, observation, research and the possession of
an independent spirit. Being a critical observer, a profound
thinker and a zealous reformer, Rizal did not agree with the
prevailing Christian propagation of the Faith by fire and sword.
This is shown in his Annotation of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas.
Rizal did not believe in the Catholic dogma that salvation was Ethical Philosophy
only for Catholics and that outside Christianity, salvation was The study of human behavior as to whether it is good or bad
not possible even if Catholics composed only a small minority or whether it is right or wrong is that science upon which
of the world’s religious groups. Nor did he believe in the Rizal’s ethical philosophy was based. The fact that the
Catholic observation of fasting as a sacrifice, nor in the sale of Philippines was under Spanish domination during Rizal’s time
such religious items as the cross, medals, rosaries and the like led him to subordinate his philosophy to moral problems. This
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
trend was much more needed at that time because the
Spaniards and the Filipinos had different and sometimes
conflicting morals. The moral status of the Philippines during
this period was one with a lack of freedom, one with
predominance of foreign masters, one with an imposition of
foreign religious worship, devotion, homage and racial habits.
This led to moral confusion among the people, what with
justice being stifled, limited or curtailed and the people not
enjoying any individual rights.
To bolster his ethical philosophy, Dr. Rizal had recognized not
only the forces of good and evil, but also the tendencies
towards good and evil. As a result, he made use of the practical
method of appealing to the better nature of the conquerors
and of offering useful methods of solving the moral problems
of the conquered. To support his ethical philosophy in life,
Rizal:
4. social constant;
1. censured the friars for abusing the advantage of their
5. social justice;
position as spiritual leaders and the ignorance and fanaticism
6. social ideal;
of the natives;
7. poverty and wealth;
2. counseled the Filipinos not to resent a defect attributed to
8. reforms;
them but to accept same as reasonable and just;
9. youth and greatness;
3. advised the masses that the object of marriage was the
10. history and progress;
happiness and love of the couple and not financial gain;
11. future Philippines.
4. censured the priests who preached greed and wrong
The above dealt with man’s evolution and his environment,
morality; and
explaining for the most part human behavior and capacities
5. advised every one that love and respect for parents must be
like his will to live; his desire to possess happiness; the change
strictly observed.
of his mentality; the role of virtuous women in the guidance of
Social Philosophy
great men; the need for elevating and inspiring mission; the
That body of knowledge relating to society including the
duties and dictates of man’s conscience; man’s need of
wisdom which man's experience in society has taught him is
practicing gratitude; the necessity for consulting reliable
social philosophy. The facts dealt with are principles involved
people; his need for experience; his ability to deny; the
in nation building and not individual social problems. The
importance of deliberation; the voluntary offer of man’s
subject matter of this social philosophy covers the problems of
abilities and possibilities; the ability to think, aspire and strive
the whole race, with every problem having a distinct solution
to rise; and the proper use of hearth, brain and spirit-all of
to bolster the people’s social knowledge.
these combining to enhance the intricacies, beauty and values
Rizal’s social philosophy dealt with;
of human nature. All of the above served as Rizal’s guide in his
1. man in society;
continuous effort to make over his beloved Philippines.
2. influential factors in human life;
3. racial problems;
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
“The way he’s taught to us in school makes him appear almost
WEEK 12- COMMENTS/ISSUES ON perfect. He aced his academics, was popular with the ladies,
THE HEROISM OF RIZAL fulfilled our #TravelGoals, and had prominent friends. He was
a practicing eye doctor, writer, scientist, and artist. He was a
This lesson provides a discussion on the issues and multi-hyphenate before we even came up with the term. Plus,
controversies surrounding the heroism of Dr. Jose Rizal. It he was a nationalist.
examines the various issues and controversies about his As children, we were spoonfed all of his achievements and
heroism and his stature as the national hero of the Philippines. virtues. This is no sin in itself, except for the fact that he
The module also examines the arguments and perspectives becomes saintly—even godlike—in the uncritical mind.
from different camps that either support or question the Rereading essays on Rizal made me realize one very important
heroism of Rizal. thing. It’s a simple fact we tend to gloss over when studying
In the Philippines, students are required to take up a course on our nation’s history: Jose Rizal is very, very human. He was
the life and works of the country’s national hero Jose Rizal. This petty (he dissed a Spanish historian’s comments on Filipino
was mandated by Republic Act. 1425 which was authored by food); he was insecure (he made up for his short stature by
former senator Claro M. Recto and supported by the being an overachiever); and he does not, in the strictest sense,
freemasons, surviving veterans of the 1896 Revolution, Alagad accurately represent the race some claim he saved.
ni Rizal (Followers of Rizal) and the Book Lovers (a book club). What he does represent, though, is the Filipino spirit. Rizal
However, the law had its opposition from the Roman Catholic remains foremost among our people’s heroes simply because
Church, established in the Philippine archipelago since the he embodies what we (should) humanly aspire to be.”
arrival of the Spanish conquistadores over four hundred years Rizal, the hero
ago, and its affiliates such as the Knights of Columbus, Catholic Philippine Daily Inquirer / 05:27 AM December 30, 2018
Action of the Philippines, Catholic Teachers Guild and the “Jose Rizal is, in the annals of heroism, an anomaly. He was a
Congregation of Missions. man of science, a scholar and writer, and to many young
The author’s rationale for the law was to instill in the minds of Filipinos is idealized as a model son and something of a ladies’
the youth a sense patriotism and nationalism in the 1950s man.”
when American neocolonialism in the country was strong and Unlike other national heroes, he did not bear arms or lead an
Soviet socialism and aggression had to be opposed somehow. army. Indeed, he preached against an armed rebellion,
However, the Church was not on the same page. Jose Rizal was believing his countryfolk were yet unprepared for battle and
the author of novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo that so concluded that a revolution was bound to fail. But neither
gave the Church a bad name in the country. He caricatured its was he a milquetoast. While in Madrid, he challenged fellow
priests, the Spanish provincial ones specifically, as being propagandist Antonio Luna to a duel after Luna disparaged
arrogant greedy, manipulative, and lustful. It should be no Nellie Boustead while in a drunken rage. Nellie apparently
surprise that the Church did not want its reputation to be favored Rizal over Luna, and hearing the young lady maligned,
tainted if not destroyed by the mass education of the Filipino Rizal challenged Luna to a gun duel. The gunfight did not
youth on its oppressive and decadent past. proceed, fortunately, after Luna sobered up. Reports have it
http://www.joserizal.ph/ph01.html#:~:text=Rizal's%20guidin that, while a superior swordsman, Luna was not as good with
g%20political%20philosophy%20proved,inhumanity%2C%20s a pistol as Rizal was.
ensitiveness%20and%20self%20love. Rizal also challenged to a duel Wenceslao Retana, a minor
Getting reacquainted with Rizal official in the Spanish colonial bureaucracy who became the
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
foremost opponent of Filipino propagandists in Spain. In an The Philippines During Rizal's Time
article in an anti-Filipino newspaper in Madrid, Retana claimed Rizal passed the criteria during the American period
that the reason Rizal’s family and friends were ejected from • a mythological or legendary figure often of divine
their Calamba properties was that they failed to pay rent. It descent endowed with great strength or ability
was an injustice that rankled Rizal deeply, especially since • an illustrious warrior
stories reached him that his beloved mother was paraded • a man admired for his achievements and noble
before the townsfolk with her hands in shackles. It is believed qualities
to have sparked Rizal’s simmering anti-Spanish sentiment. • one who shows great courage
And so an incensed Rizal challenged the Spaniard to a duel, a • the principal male character in a literary or dramatic
challenge left unmet after Retana retracted his claims in a later work
article. The Spaniard would later become an ardent devotee, • the central figure in an event, period, or movement
and after the hero’s death wrote the first book-length • a person who is admired for great or brave acts or
biography of Rizal. fine qualities
Proud and quick to take offense, sensitive to slights and • a person who is greatly admired
determined to prove by personal example the superiority or at • PENINSULARES were pure-blooded Spaniards
least the equality of Filipinos to any other peoples on earth, occupying the highest positions in the government.
Rizal was uniquely situated to take on the mantle of national
• INSULARES were the Philippine born Spaniards,
hero.
given lower administrative positions in the
Some have claimed that Rizal was nothing more than a
bureaucracy.
“creation” of the American colonial powers who deemed the
• SPANISH MESTIZOS or KASTILA those born of Spanish
scholar-writer a safer and thus more palatable model of
and native parentage were discriminated against by
heroism than the more volatile Andres Bonifacio, whose
full-blooded Spaniards.
enduring image is, despite contrary scholarship, the firebrand
• TOWN RULING CLASS was composed of
in peasant wear holding aloft a bolo and the Katipunan flag.
gobernadorcillos, cabezas de barangay & native
Read more: https://opinion.inquirer.net/118510/rizal-the-
families of means.
hero#ixzz792GGHq8i
• CHINESE MESTIZOS were children of Chinese & Indio
What is a HERO?
parents controlled the local economy, they were the
WEEK 13- QUALITIES AND CRITERIA ladowners, artisan, merchants, masons, retailers
IN MAKING RIZAL AS A HERO wholesales, etc.
• INDIOS or MASSES were the landless peasants &
poor tenants. Mistreated & were called "barbaros",
"bastos", "sin verguenza" & "ignorante".
• Colonizers forced us to accept foreign culture that
are new & advanced from Mexico & Europe.
• We became Catholics that we never completely
understood by that time.
• We lost our ancestral lands through Encomienda
System.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
• We lost our freedom / independence. his grievances against the Catholic church. Later, the narrative
• He must be Filipino. centers on how his supposedly trusted allies turned out to be
• He is already dead. catalysts to his downfall in society, and later, his demise.
• He displayed unconditional love for his country. Rizal Sa Dapitan (1997)
• He was a low temper.

• He had died dramatically.
Why did Rizal became the National hero?
• he fought from freedom in a silent but powerful way
• he expressed his love for the Philippines through his
novels, essays, articles & poems rather than a force
of aggression
• he was humble, fighting for reforms through his
writings instead of through a revolution
• he used his intelligence, talents and skills in a for
more peaceful way
This award-winning movie was directed by Tikoy Aguiluz, with
https://prezi.com/037n_nx9zopz/qualities-and-criteria-in-
the screenplay written by Jose F. Lacaba, and co-
making-rizal-as-a-hero/
written/produced by Vic Torres, Noel Vera, Lualhati Bautista,
Mirana Medina-Bhunjun, and Tikoy Aguiluz. It stars Albert
WEEK 14-15- FILMS PRODUCED
Martinez as Dr. Jose Rizal and Amanda Page as his wife
ABOUT JOSE RIZAL
Josephine Bracken. Rizal Sa Dapitan is a clever take on a ‘what
if’ premise, with a more empowered Rizal at the helm.
José Protasio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda (June 19, 1861
However, the story remains faithful to the main events in the
– December 30, 1896), we look back at how we’ve
hero’s timeline, which culminates at his departure for his final
commemorated his contribution to our heritage through the
stop, Dapitan.
eyes of some of our accomplished filmmakers.
Jose Rizal (1998)
Jose Rizal: Ang Buhay Ng Isang Bayani (1996)
Out of late director Marilou
Directed by Butch
Diaz Abaya’s brilliant mind
Nolasco, and starring Pen
came Jose Rizal, a
Medina and Joonee
biographical retelling of
Gamboa, Jose Rizal: Ang
Rizal’s plight while
Buhay Ng Isang Bayani is
imprisoned under Spanish
one of the earlier modern
authorities. It follows his
cinematic works that
internal struggle throughout
depict the ill-fated hero’s
Andres Bonifacio’s battle of
life story.
Katipunan, his friendship
The movie focused on
with Luis Taviel de Andrade, and his final trial, all of which lead
two main themes: rebellion and betrayal, emphasizing how
to his last fevered attempts to fictional alter ego Crisostomo
Rizal used his powerful writings and connections to publicly air
Ibarra to life in his novel El Filibusterismo.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
The story doesn’t stop at Rizal’s execution, but proceeds to the and Jonathan Guillermo, and produced by Jourdan Sebastian.
uprising that ensues afterwards, honoring the heroism of Rizal Through a series of discussions with prominent authors,
and Bonifacio as equals. educations, and historians, the film explores Rizal’s
Jose Rizal stars Cesar Montano as Jose Rizal, Jaime Fabregas as revolutionary pursuits, values, and mindset against an
Luis Taviel de Andrade, and Gardo Versoza as Andres oppressive society that has initially lauded him as anything but
Bonifacio. a hero.
Bayaning 3rd World (1999) This movie paints a more human version of Rizal, forgoing his
usual idealized version and instead, encouraging the audience
to look upon him as a multifaceted individual with glaring flaws
and virtues, all of which have ultimately made him the man
that stands for every Filipino.
https://metro.style/culture/spotlight/looking-for-rizal-in-the-
movies-start-with-these/9885
Male Characters
Another major character in El Filibusterismo is
Directed Kabesang Tales, who was a former cabeza de barangay of the
Mike de Leon Sagpang. He resurfaces as the most feared bandit in Luzon
and written by named Matanglawin.
De Leon and
Clodualdo Don Custodio is a well-known journalist who is asked
del Mundo Jr., Bayaning 3rd World recounts Rizal’s life through about Academia de Castellano by the pupils. Don Custodio
a different approach, investigating the impact of his married a wealthy woman in order to become a member of
controversial views against the Roman Catholic church during Manila's upper crust.
the Spanish occupation, and how he retracted them from

circulation. The story is told through a series of supposed Isagani is Basilio's friend who took the explosive lamp
interviews with his friends, family, and finally Rizal himself. from Kapitan Tiyago's residence, preventing Simoun from
The film stars Ricky Davao and Cris Villanueva as the carrying out his plot to blow up the Kapitan's house.
investigative reporters conducting the interviews, and Joel

Torre as Dr. Jose Rizal. Female Characters
Jose Rizal: The First Hero (2012) Paulita Gomez is the girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Dona
Victorina, who is a Peninsular.
Macaraig is a classmate of Isagani at the University of Santo

Tomas and a rich student who serves as the leader of students
who wish for the construction of the Academia de Castellano.
Presented as a documentary on Vimeo, Jose Rizal: The First Father Florentino is Isagani’s godfather and is a seculiar priest
Hero was directed by Paolo Abella, written by Christian Vallez who was engaged to be married.
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Other Characters
Other characters of Jose Rizal’s El Filibusterismo are Dona REFERENCES:
Obias, R. W., & Mallari, A. (2018). The Life and Works of Jose
Victorina, Father Florentino. Juli San Jose, Juanito Pelaez,
Rizal. C & E Bookshop, Inc.
Father Camorra, Ben-Zayb, Placido Penitente, Hermana
Zaide, G., & Zaide, S (2008). Jose Rizal: Life,
Penchang, Tiburcio de Espadana, Father Irone, Quiroga, Don
Timoteo Pelaez, Tandang Selo, Father Fernandez, Sandoval,
Hermana Bali, Father Millon, Tadeo, Leeds, Tano, Pepay,
Pecson, Pecson and Father Hernando de la Sibyla.
El Filibusterismo (The Subversive) is the second novel

by José Rizal (1861–1896), national hero of the Philippines.
Like its predecessor, the better-known Noli Me Tangere, the
Fili was written in Castilian while Rizal was traveling and
studying in Europe. It was published in Ghent in 1891 and later
translated into English, German, French, Japanese, Tagalog,
Ilonggo, and other languages.
Its importance as a social document of the late-
nineteenth-century Philippines is frequently highlighted in this
nationalist novel by an author who has been dubbed "the first
Filipino." After the Fili was declared subversive by the Spanish
authorities, copies were smuggled into the Philippines for
many years.
Characters from the Noli (Basilio, Doa Victorina,
Padre Salvi) return, while others are introduced for the first
time: Simoun, the transformed Ibarra; Cabesang Tales and his
fight for justice; the nationalist student Isagani; and the Indio
priest Padre Florentino.
The colonial milieu is broadened through them,

including its officialdom, education, legal system, power plays,
and social patterns, and understood in a new light as a
backdrop for conflict and insight. Soledad Lacson-Locsin is the
first translator to use facsimile editions of the original
manuscripts in her work.
The result is the most authoritative and faithful

English translation to date, one which attempts to preserve in
English the cadence and color of the original.

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1

The Life and Works of Jose Rizal

CREDIT UNITS: 3 TOPIC 1- R.A. 1425: THE RIZAL LAW WEEK

COURSE DESCRIPTION: TOPIC 2 -BACKGROUND ON THE SOCIO-POLITICAL

SITUATION OF THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL’S TIMES.

TOPIC 13- FILMS PRODUCED ABOUT JOSE RIZAL

WEEK NO 1–2: REPUBLIC ACT 1425

The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and

Growth and Development of Nationalism

SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

The Trials of the Rizal Bill

Jose P. Laurel - Father of Rizal Law

Senate Bill 448 hopes to give people knowledge about the

works and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal

3 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

• Rizal visits her mother alone in prison without

Rizal studied Philosophy, Physics, Chemistry and Natural

At the age of 14, Rizal enters as a boarder in Ateneo.

Rizal enrolled in Metaphysics in St. Tomas University.

• Rizal's first heart break for realizing that he and Segunda

NARCISA RIZAL (1852- 1939) PACIANO RIZAL

JESUITS SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

Students were divided into two groups:

STUDENT AT THE ATENEO (1872-1877) red banners.

prison. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal - a college under rank.

Letran, and passed them. His father was the

POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO THE UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS (1877- 1882)

El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes ( The Departure:

Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And

• Rizal took the course on Philosophy and Letters.

• He excelled in all subjects in thesurveying course in Ateneo.

FINISHES SURVEYING COURSE IN ATENEO

9 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)

CHAMPION OF THE FILIPINO STUDENTS

Basilio Teodoro Moran- publisher of Diariong Tagalog. RIZAL AS A MASON

RIZAL IN PARIS, CAPITAL CITY OF FRANCE

RIZAL AS LOVER OF BOOKS RIZAL’S SALUTE TO LUNA AND HIDALGO.

CONTINUED STAY IN EUROPE 1885-1887 IN WILHELMSFELD

12 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

13 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

FIRST RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES 1887-1888

THE CONTROVERSY OVER THE NOLI

15 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

17 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

18 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

19 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

• Twice did Rizal wrote a letter addressed to Governor General

• Despite the many oppositions from friends and relatives, he

• Instead of having the protection he desired, Rizal and his

20 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

23 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

Publication history Ibarra is also María Clara's fiancé. Several sources

34 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

Bruno and Tarsilo – a pair of brothers whose father was killed

WEEK 10-11- THE IDEALS AND

personalities, Jose Rizal is a fit subject whose life philosophy

37 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

It could have been the result of contemporary contact,

41 The Life and Works of Jose Rizal-A.Y 2021-2022-First Semester

• He displayed unconditional love for his country. Rizal Sa Dapitan (1997)

• He was a low temper.