• Odoo is a Belgian suite of business management
software tools including, e-commerce, billing, IBM, developed his first fully functional computer, called
accounting, manufacturing, warehouse, project
management, and inventory management.
• The main Odoo components are the framework,
about 30 core applications (also called official
modules), and thousands of community
modules.
• A study on experimental learning suggested that
Odoo (then known as OpenERP) provides a
suitable alternative to proprietary systems to
supplement teaching.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Abacus (1100 BCE)- earliest known calculating device, a
digital device that represents values discretely. A bead is
either in one predefined position or another,
representing unambiguously, say, one or zero.
Logarithms (1614)- John Napier, a Scottish
mathematician, published his discovery of logarithms. It
transformed of a multiplication problem into an addition
problem.
Pascaline (Arithmetic Machine) – 1642- first calculator or
adding machine to be produced in any quantity, designed
and built by the French mathematician-philosopher
Blaise Pascal. It only do addition and subtraction, with
numbers being entered by manipulating its dials.
Jacquard Loom (1804-1805)- invented by Joseph Marie
Jacquard. Textile weaving loom called first practical
information processing device.
Difference Engine- introduced by Charles Babbage. It
calculates whole series of calculations. Not more than a
simple calculator.
Analytical Engine (1833)- general purpose computing
machine. It would be able to perform any calculations
before it. Consists of four components: mail, store,
printer, reader.
The First Programmer (1843)- Lady Lovelace, become
the only person express on the process of sequencing
instruction in the punch cards. She became first world’s
first programmer.
Herman Hollirith’s Census Tabulator ( august 30 1890)-
consists of 40 data recording dials. Each dial consists of
data item.
Harvard Mark I (1939-1942)- Aiken, in collaboration with
Harvard Mark I. The machine, like Babbage’s, was huge:
more than 50 feet (15 metres) long, weighing five tons,
and consisting of about 750,000 separate parts. For input
and output it used three paper-tape readers, two card
readers, a card punch, and two typewriters.
Turing Machine (1936)- Inspired by David Hilbert. Alan
Turing designed a universal computing machine which
can do anything that a special- purpose computing device
could do. Not limited to doing arithmetic.
Colossus Mark I (Dec 1943 - Jan 1944)- was built under
the direction of Sir Thomas Flowers and delivered in
December 1943 to the code-breaking operation at
Bletchley Park, a government research centre north of
London. First electronic digital computer and key
stepping stoneENIAC (February 15, 1946)- still the most
powerful calculating device built to date. It has
conditional branching—the ability to execute different
instructions.
Transistor (1947)- second generation computers. The
transistor was invented in 1947 by three scientists J.
Bardeen, H.W. Brattain and W.
UNIVAC (March 1952)-(-Universal Automatic
Computer)- commercial data-processing computer,
intended to replace the punched-card accounting
machines of the day. It could read 7,200 decimal digits
per second.
IBM 360 (April 7, 1964)- early 1960s IBM began designing
a machine that would take the best of all these disparate
lines, add some new technology andnew ideas, and
replace all the company’s computers with one single line,
the 360.
Minicomputer (1965)- Small and relatively inexpensive,
designed for easy connection to scientific instruments
and other input/output devices,
Microcomputer (PC) – 1973- big computer companies
overlooked the opportunity to bring computing
capabilities to a broader market, paving the way for the
discovery of new generation of microcomputers or
personal computers.
The Creation of Microsoft (April 4, 1975)- Created by
childhood friends William (“Bill”) Gates and Paul Allen.
They create a version of the programming language
BASIC that could run on the new computer. They licensed
their version of BASIC to MITS and started calling their
partnership Microsoft. Dr
The Creation of Apple Inc. (April 1, 1976)- Two whiz kids,
Stephen G. Wozniak and Steven P. Jobs, shared an
interest in electronics. It also published well-written and
carefully designed manuals to instruct consumers on the
use of the machines.
Graphical User Interface (1979)- replaced the typed
command lines common on previous computers with
graphical icons on the screen that invoked actions when
pointed to by a handheld pointing device called the
mouse.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
A computer is a device that transforms data into
meaningful information. It processes the input according
to the set of instructions provided to it by the user and
gives the desired output.
Computers are of various types, and they can be
categorized in two ways:
1. Size
2. Data Handling
SUPERCOMPUTERS- first developed by Roger Cray in
1976. The biggest and fastest computers (in terms of
speed of processing data). It can calculate up to ten
trillion individual calculations per second, this is also the
reason which makes it even faster. It used in the stock
market or big organizations. It is used in scientific
research areas.
MAINFRAME COMPUTER- that they can support
hundreds or thousands of users at the same time. It
supports multiple programs simultaneously. Ideal for big
organizations like banking, telecom sectors. An expensive
or costly computer. can process a huge amount of data
(like data involved in the banking sector) very quickly.
MINICOMPUTER- a medium size multiprocessing
computer. has two or more processors, and it supports 4
to 200 users at one time. used in places like institutes or
departments for different work like billing. smaller than a
mainframe computer but larger in comparison to the
microcomputer. Because of its low weight, it is easy to
carry anywhere. Less expensive than a mainframe
computer.
WORKSTATION COMPUTER- designed for technical or
scientific applications. It consists of a fast microprocessor,
with a large amount of RAM and a high-speed graphic
adapter. Single-user computer. It is expensive or high in
cost. It is also used to handle animation, data analysis,
CAD, audio and video creation, and editing.
PERSONAL COMPUTER- known as a microcomputer.
computer designed for individual use. consists of a
microprocessor as a central processing unit (CPU),
memory, input unit, and output unit. In this, limited
number of software can be used. It is the smallest in size.
It is designed for personal use. It is easy to use.
SERVER COMPUTER- are combined data and programs. it
does not solve a bigger problem like a supercomputer but
it solves many smaller similar ones. provide high
processing power to clients as the available computer
resources add up in the client-server framework.
EXAMPLES:
Web servers are designed to run websites and apps
through client programs (web browsers).
Mail servers facilitate email storage and management for
clients. It uses different protocols for sending and
receiving emails.
Application server provides an environment that helps
develop, process, and run web-based applications,
irrespective of their functionality.
File server refers to a machine that provides shareable
disks that can be accessed by the workstations on a
network.
Gaming servers connect the global online gaming
community.
Print servers connect printing devices to clients on a
network.
Analog Data- Continuous data that changes continuously
and cannot have discrete values are called analog data. It
used where we don’t need exact values. It measures the
continuous changes in physical quantity. which operate
only with numbers, or quantities. Analog computers are
mostly mechanical or electrical machines that can
perform tasks like addition, multiplication, subtraction,
and division.
DIGITAL COMPUTER- they can easily perform
calculations and logical operations at high speed. It only
understands the binary input 0 and 1. can store a large
number of data and can retrieve data in a fraction of a
second. These computers can perform multi-tasking
without any human interference and hence they are very
flexible and versatile.
HYBRID COMPUTER- a combination of both analog and
digital computers e fast like analog computers and have
memory and accuracy like digital computers it has the
ability to process both continuous and discrete data.
component usually acts as a controller and prepares 4. Internal
logical and numerical operations. Components
TABLET AND SMARTPHONES- easy to carry; these are
handy. Devices have better hardware capabilities,
extensive operating systems, and better multimedia INPUT DEVICES
functionality. can perform multi-tasking without any
human interference and hence they are very flexible and • Camera
versatile. • Scanner
• Touch Screen
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE • Mouse
HARDWARE SOFTWARE • Keyboard
BASIC Hardware is a Software is a set • Microphone
DEFINITION physical part of
of instructions • Trackhall
the computer that tells a OUTPUT DEVICES
that causes the
computer
processing exactly what to • Monitor
data. do. • Printer
DEVELOPMENT manufactured Developed and • Speaker
engineered • Headphone
DEPENDENCY Hardware Cannot be • Projector
cannot perform executed • GPS
Any task without
without hardware COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES
software • Memory Cards
Process of Electronic and Created by • Hard Disk drive
Creating other materials utilizing a
are used to computer INTERNAL COMPONENTS
create language to
hardware. write • Hard Drive
instructions. • CPU
TANGIBLE Hardware is Software is • Memory
tangible as intangible as we • Motherboard
hardware is a can HARDWARE SOFTWARE
physical see and also use VIRUS EFFECT Hardware is not Software is
electronic the software affected by affected by
device, that can but can’t touch computer computer
be touched. them viruses viruses.
DURABILITY Hardware The software TRANSFER It cannot be It can be
typically wears does not wear transferred transferred via
out over time. out with time. from one place a network
However, it may to another means.
contain flaws electrically
and glitches. through the
TYPES It has four main It is mainly network.
categories: divided into MACHINE LEVEL Only machine- The program
two : LANGUAGE level language accepts human-
1.Input Devices is known to be readable
2.Output 1. System understood by input,
Devices Software hardware. interprets it in
3. Storage 2. Application machine-level
Devices Software
 language, and • Protection against intrusion by keeping firewall
sends it to active.
hardware for • Protecting the system memory against malicious
additional access.
processing. • Displaying messages related to system
REPLACEMENT If the hardware If the software vulnerabilities.
is damaged, it is is damaged, its
replaced with a backup copy Job Accounting- operating system Keeps track of time
new one. can be and resources used by various tasks and users, this
reinstalled. information can be used to track resource usage for a
FAILURES Dust, Overloading, particular user or group of users.
overheating, systematic Secondary Storage Management- is used as an extension
humidity, and error, major- of main memory in operating systems. Secondary storage
other factors minor devices can hold the data permanently. Storage devices
are commonly version error, consist of Registers, Cache, Main-Memory, Electronic-
responsible for and other Disk, Magnetic-Disk, Optical-Disk, Magnetic Tapes.
hardware factors are
failures. commonly Networking- OS provides network connectivity and
responsible for manages communication between computers on a
software network. It also manages network security by providing
failures. firewalls and other security measures.
Coordination between Other Software and Users-
FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM Operating systems also coordinate and assign
interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other software
Process Management- operating systems involves a to the various users of the computer systems.
variety of tasks, including creating, scheduling, and
terminating processes.
Memory Management- operating system manages the
Primary Memory or Main Memory.
Main memory is made up of a large array of
bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a
certain address. Main memory is fast storage and it can
be accessed directly by the CPU.
File Management- An Operating System carries out the
following file management activities. It keeps track of
where information is stored, user access settings, the
status of every file, and more.
Device Management- An OS manages device
communication via its respective drivers. It performs the
following activities for device management. Keeps track
of all devices connected to the system.
Security- The operating system uses password protection
to protect user data and similar other techniques. It also
prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.
Following security measures are used to protect user
data:
• Protection against unauthorized access through
login.