S.

Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University

Discipline: Information and communication technologies

Lecture 4
The theme: Review the main
structure of the computer system.
Evolution developing of computer
systems

Senior teacher Koxegen A. E.

 Computer Systems
Computer Systems are formed by several subsystems, namely,
hardware, software and network. Knowledge of how these subsystems
work together allows understanding the whole process of work of a
computer system.

A computer is an electronic machine that performs input,

processing, storing, and output operations according to programmed
instructions to carry out specific tasks. Formerly, computers were used
primarily to do arithmetic computations. Let’s consider the primitive form of a
computer - a calculator. For example, if you need a calculator to perform such
an operation as “3+5=”, you input numbers and perform the arithmetic
operation. Then the calculator processes arithmetic expression by adding 3
and 5, stores the result - 8, and outputs the result onto the display
Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software
and hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system
or platform. In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer
system is designed and what technologies it is compatible with.

The example of a very good explanation of computer architecture is

Von Neumann architecture, which is still used by the most types of
computers nowadays. It describes the design of an electronic computer
with its CPU which includes the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers,
memory for data and instructions, an input/output interface and external
storage functions
Von Neumann architecture are three categories of computer
architecture:
• system Design: It includes all hardware components in the system
including data processors aside from the CPU such as the graphics
processing unit and direct memory access. It also includes memory
controllers, data paths and different things like multiprocessing and
virtualization;
• instruction Set Architecture (ISA): It is the embedded in
programming language of the central processing unit. It defines the
CPU’s functions and capabilities based on programming which it
can perform or process. This includes the word size, processor
register types, memory addressing modes, data formats and the
instruction set that programmers use;
• micro architecture: It is known as computer organization. This type
of architecture defines the data paths, data processing and storage
elements, as well as the way they should be implemented in the ISA;
 The modem computer acts in a similar way. A Keyboard or a mouse
is used to input data. Then computer handles the input, stores result, and
displays it via the monitor, speakers, printer, or other output devices.
History of the
development
of the computer

История развития ВТ
 Brief History
1200s - Manual Calculating Devices
1600s - Mechanical Calculators
1800s - Punched Cards
1940s - Vacuum Tubes
1950s - Transistors
1960s - Integrated Circuits (IC) 1
970s to Present- Microprocessor

As commerce developed in earlier societies, people began to

realize necessity for a bookkeeping system to enable them to add,
subtract, and record simple transactions. To facilitate the
bookkeeping process, counting devices were developed. At first,
people used fingers, stones, and sticks to count. Later on,
mechanical calculators emerged, but they were slow and bulky.
When electricity was discovered, electronic components replaced
the bulky mechanical parts and enabled smaller, faster computing
devices. Computers are continually evolving towards faster
computations; capacity of storage devices is increasing, sizes are
becoming smaller, thus they are in great demand
 1200s - Manual Calculating Devices
Manual calculating devices required the use of hands to
move components on the device. The first calculating device, the
abacus, was used in China. It involved manually moving beads for
calculations.
 1600s- Mechanical Calculators Mechanical calculators used
wheels, gears and counters.

Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, which is a

mechanical calculator. The machine used some
principles of the abacus, as well as the wheels to move
counters.
 1800s - Punched Cards
Punched cards used holes following a specific pattern to represent
the instructions given to the machine or store data. The idea of storing data
and program instructions on punched cards came from the Jacquard loom. It
used pasteboard cards with patterns of punched holes to produce large
quantity of fabrics weaved in a variety of patterns. Each punched card
represented a pattern and the punched card could be fed through the
Jacquard loom to produce weaved fabrics of the pattern repeatedly.
Similarly, different program instructions could be stored on separate
punched cards, which could be fed through the computing machine
repeatedly. Using punched cards, program instructions and data could be
stored.
 1833 – 1834 Analytical Engine

Analytical Engine, which is the ancestor of modern computers. It included

the essential components of present-day computers, which are input,
process, storage, and output of data. Babbage’s assistant, Augusta Ada
King, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of English poet Lord Byron,
created the instruction routines stored on punched cards to tell the
machine what to do. Instruction sequences used by the computer are
known as “computer programs.” Thus, she was the first female computer
programmer, and in her honor, the U.S. Defense Department named the
programming language ADA.
 1890 - Electronic punched card tabulating device

Herman Hollerith designed an electronic punched card tabulating

device that enabled the U.S. Census Bureau to tabulate the 1890
census in six months, which would have otherwise taken more than
7 years. Hollerith’s machine used punched cards to store data
instead of instruction routines.

1896 - Hollerith thought the business world could benefit from the
electronic punched card tabulating device, and founded Tabulating
Machine Company, which later became International Business Machines
(IBM) in 1924
 1940s - Vacuum Tubes or Electronic Valves
Vacuum tubes are used to control
the flow of electrons. Since vacuum
tubes worked faster than mechanical
components, faster computations were
possible. But the tubes consumed a lot
of power and burned out quickly.

The creation of vacuum tubes or electronic valves

marked the beginning of a new era in computing.
It gave rise to the development of electronic
computers. Computers began to develop and now we are
already working at the computers of the fifth generation.
 Five Generations of Computers

First Generation. (1945-1956)

1945 - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

ENIAC was the world first successful

electronic computer which was develops
by the two scientists namely J. P. Eckert
and J. W. Mauchy. It was the beginning
of first generation computer. There early
digital designs were composed of
thousands of pairs of electronic valves
each one similar in size and appearance
to a small light bulb.
 The first commercially successful computer, UNIVAC,
was developed by Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (later
acquired by Remington Rand).
The machine was 14.5 feet long, 7.5 feet high, and 9 feet
wide. It could read 7,200 characters per second. It cost $930,000.
Another important development was the invention of the compiler
by Admiral Grace Hopper who was working at Eckert-Mauchly
Computer Corporation at that time. A compiler enabled program
instructions to be written in English and then translated into a
language that was understandable for machine. This invention
made the programming task easier and faster
 Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)

By 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly

changed the computer's development. The
transistor was at work in the computer by 1956.

Transistors make use of the properties of a special group of elements

called Semiconductors. The two main Semiconductors used in electronics are
germanium and silicon.
Transistors performed functions similar to vacuum tubes but
they were smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Additionally, they
consumed less power. The ability of transistors to replace vacuum
tubes was first demonstrated in AT&T’s Bell Laboratories.
Transistor-based computers could perform 200,000 to 250,000
calculations per second.
Transistors were also used in other electronical devices such as the
radio.
 The main Characteristics of a second generation computer are
1.Second generation computer machines were based on transistor technology.
2.Second generation computers were smaller as compared to the first generation
computers
3.The computational time of  Second generation computers was reduced to
microseconds from milliseconds.
4.Second generation computers were more reliable and less prone to hardware failure.
Hence, such computers required less frequent maintenance.
5.Second generation computers were more portable and generated less amount of heat.
6.Assembly language was used to program Second generation computers. Hence,
programming became more time-efficient and less cumbersome.
7.Second generation computers still require air conditioning.
8.Manual assembly of individual components into a functional unit was still required.
 Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
1960s - Integrated Circuits
Technology of developed computers, full circuits
containing more than one transistor could be fabricated onto a
thin chip of semiconductor. These miniscule but nonetheless
powerful circuits are called “integrate circuits” (IC
An integrated circuit, also called a “microchip” or “chip,”
is a thin slice of silicon packed with microscopic circuit elements
such as wires, transistors, capacitors, and resistors. It was
developed in 1958 by Jack Kilby at Texas.
 Fourth Generation
1970s to Present - Microprocessor
‘Micro processor’ is the main concept behind this generation of
computer. The first general-purpose microprocessor was the
Intel 4004. It was developed in 1971 by Ted Hoff. The Intel 4004
enabled microprocessor-based computer systems to become
faster, smaller, and less expensive than before
The First personal computer is Alitair which made 1974.

First Micro
processor
 Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated
(VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it
possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact,
reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC)
revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed
operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++,
DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

Many advances in
the science of computer
design and technology are
coming together to enable
the creation of fifth-
generation computers.
 The Different Types of Computers

Tablet Computers: These use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and

navigation. Tablet Computers: These use a touch-sensitive screen for
typing and navigation.
A server is a computer that "serves up"
information to other computers on a
network.

Mobile Phones: Many mobile phones

can do a lot of things a computer can
do, such as browsing the internet or
playing games. These phones are often
called smart phones.
 Types of Computers
Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing
power. Some types of computers are presented in Table