Chapter 05

The Economics of Money, Banking, and
Financial Markets
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 5
The Behavior of Interest
Rates
Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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• In this chapter, we examine how the overall level of
nominal interest rates is determined and which factors
influence their behavior.
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
5.1 Identify the factors that affect the demand for assets.
5.2 Draw the demand and supply curves for the bond
market and identify the equilibrium interest rate.
5.3 List and describe the factors that affect the equilibrium
interest rate in the bond market.
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
5.4 Describe the connection between the bond market and
the money market through the liquidity preference
framework.
5.5 List and describe the factors that affect the money
market and the equilibrium interest rate.
5.6 Identify and illustrate the effects on the interest rate of
changes in money growth over time.
Determinants of Asset Demand (1 of 2)
• Economic agents hold a variety of different assets. What
are the primary assets you hold?
• An asset is anything that can be owned and has value.
• As such, items such as money, laptops, cellphones,
bonds, stocks, art, land, houses and manufacturing
machinery would be included.
Determinants of Asset Demand (2 of 2)
• Wealth: the total resources owned by the individual,
including all assets
• Expected Return: the return expected over the next
period on one asset relative to alternative assets
• Risk: the degree of uncertainty associated with the return
on one asset relative to alternative assets
• Liquidity: the ease and speed with which an asset can be
turned into cash relative to alternative assets
Theory of Portfolio Choice (1 of 2)
• Holding all other factors constant:
1. The quantity demanded of an asset is positively

related to wealth
related to its expected return relative to alternative
assets
3. The quantity demanded of an asset is negatively
related to the risk of its returns relative to alternative
assets
related to its liquidity relative to alternative assets
Theory of Portfolio Choice (2 of 2)
Summary Table 1
Response of the Quantity of an Asset Demanded to Changes in
Wealth, Expected Returns, Risk, and Liquidity
Variable Change in Variable Change in Quantity

Demanded
Wealth 
upward arrow

upward arrow
Expected return relative to 

upward arrow 
upward arrow
other assets
Risk relative to other assets 
upward arrow

Downward arrow
Liquidity relative to other


upward arrow

upward arrow
assets
Note: Only increases in the variables are shown. The effects of decreases in the variables on the quantity demanded
would be the opposite of those indicated in the rightmost column.
Supply and Demand in the Bond Market
• At lower prices (higher interest rates), ceteris paribus, the

quantity demanded of bonds is higher: an inverse
relationship
• At lower prices (higher interest rates), ceteris paribus, the
quantity supplied of bonds is lower: a positive relationship
Figure 1 Supply and Demand for Bonds
Market Equilibrium
• Occurs when the amount that people are willing to buy
(demand) equals the amount that people are willing to sell
(supply) at a given price.
• Bd = Bs defines the equilibrium (or market clearing) price
and interest rate.
• When Bd  Bs , there is excess demand, price will rise and
interest rate will fall.
• When Bd  Bs , there is excess supply, price will fall and
interest rate will rise.
Changes in Equilibrium Interest Rates
• Shifts in the demand for bonds:
– Wealth: in an expansion with growing wealth, the demand curve
for bonds shifts to the right
– Expected Returns: higher expected interest rates in the future
lower the expected return for long-term bonds, shifting the
demand curve to the left
– Expected Inflation: an increase in the expected rate of inflations
lowers the expected return for bonds, causing the demand curve
to shift to the left
– Risk: an increase in the riskiness of bonds causes the demand
curve to shift to the left
– Liquidity: increased liquidity of bonds results in the demand curve
shifting right
Figure 2 Shift in the Demand Curve for
Bonds
Shifts in the Demand for Bonds (1 of 2)
Summary Table 2
Factors That Shift the Demand Curve for Bonds
Change in Quantity
Demanded at Each Shift in Demand
Variable Change in Variable Bond Price Curve
 
Upward arrow Upward arrow
Wealth
A line graph depicts the right shift in the demand curve. The vertical axis is labeled, P and the horizontal axis is
labeled, B. The line for demand B to the d power sub 1 slopes downward. A line parallel to this line on the right side
displays the new demand line, B to the d power sub 2. A right arrow pointing from B to the d power sub 1 to B to the d
power sub 2 depicts the right shift.
 
Upward arrow Downward arrow
Expected interest rate

A line graph depicts the left shift in the demand curve. The vertical axis is labeled, P and the horizontal axis is
labeled, B. The line for demand B to the d power sub 1 slopes downward. A line parallel to this line on the left side
shows the new demand line B to the d power sub 2. A left arrow pointing from B to the d power sub 1 to B to the d
power sub 2 depicts the left shift

Expected inflation 
A line graph depicts the left shift in the demand curve. The vertical axis is labeled, P and the horizontal axis is
power sub 2 depicts the left shift.
Shifts in the Demand for Bonds (2 of 2)
Summary Table 2 [Continued]
Change in Quantity
Demanded at Each Shift in Demand
Variable Change in Variable Bond Price Curve

Riskiness of bonds 
relative to other assets A line graph depicts the left shift in the demand curve. The vertical axis is labeled, P and the horizontal axis is
power sub 2 depicts the left shift.
Liquidity of bonds  
relative to other assets
A line graph depicts the right shift in the demand curve. The vertical axis is labeled, P and the horizontal axis is
labeled, B. The line for demand B to the d power sub 1 slopes downward. A line parallel to this line on the right side
displays the new demand line, B to the d power sub 2. A right arrow pointing from B to the d power sub 1 to B to the d
power sub 2 depicts the right shift.
Note: Only increases in the variables are shown. The effects of decreases in the variables on demand would be the
opposite of those indicated in the remaining columns.
Shifts in the Supply of Bonds (1 of 2)
• Shifts in the supply for bonds:
– Expected profitability of investment opportunities: in
an expansion, the supply curve shifts to the right
– Expected inflation: an increase in expected inflation
shifts the supply curve for bonds to the right
– Government budget: increased budget deficits shift
the supply curve to the right
Shifts in the Supply of Bonds (2 of 2)
Summary Table 3
Factors That Shift the Supply of Bonds
Change in Quantity Supplied

Variable Change in Variable at Each Bond Price Shift in Supply Curve
 
Profitability of
investments A line graph depicts the right shift in the supply curve. The vertical axis is labeled, P and the horizontal axis is labeled, B. The line
for supply B to the s power sub 1 slopes upward. A line parallel to this line on the right side displays the new supply line B to the s
power sub 2. A right arrow pointing from B to the s power sub 1 to B to the s power sub 2 depicts the right shift
Expected inflation  
A line graph depicts the right shift in the supply curve. The vertical axis is labeled, P and the horizontal axis is labeled, B. The line
power sub 2. A right arrow pointing from B to the s power sub 1 to B to the s power sub 2 depicts the right shift.

Government deficit 
A line graph depicts the right shift in the supply curve. The vertical axis is labeled, P and the horizontal axis is labeled, B. The line
power sub 2. A right arrow pointing from B to the s power sub 1 to B to the s power sub 2 depicts the right shift.
Note: Only increases in the variables are shown. The effects of decreases in the variables on the supply would be the
opposite of those indicated in the remaining columns.
Figure 3 Shift in the Supply Curve for
Bonds
Figure 4 Response to a Change in
Expected Inflation: The Fisher Effect
Figure 5 Expected Inflation and Interest Rates
(Three-Month Treasury Bills), 1953–2020
Sources: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED database: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TB3MS ;
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL/ . Expected inflation calculated using procedures outlined
in Frederic S. Mishkin, “The Real Interest Rate: An Empirical Investigation,” Carnegie-Rochester

Conference Series on Public Policy 15 (1981): 151–200. These procedures involve estimating
expected inflation as a function of past interest rates, inflation, and time trends.
Figure 6 Response to a Business Cycle
Expansion
Figure 7 Business Cycle and Interest Rates
(Three-Month Treasury Bills), 1951–2020
Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED database: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TB3MS .
Supply and Demand in the Market for Money:
The Liquidity Preference Framework (1 of 2)
Keynesian model that determines the equilibrium interest

rate in terms of the supply of and demand for money.
There are two main categories of assets that people use to
store their wealth: money and bonds.
Total wealth in the economy = Bs + Ms = Bd + Md
Rearranging: Bs − Bd = Ms − Md
If the market for money is in equilibrium (Ms = Md ),
then the bond market is also in equilibrium (Bs = Bd ).
Figure 8 Equilibrium in the Market for
Money
Supply and Demand in the Market for Money:
The Liquidity Preference Framework (2 of 2)
• Demand for money in the liquidity preference framework:

– As the interest rate increases:
▪ The opportunity cost of holding money increases…
▪ The relative expected return of money
decreases…
– …and therefore the quantity demanded of money
decreases.
Changes in Equilibrium Interest Rates in
the Liquidity Preference Framework (1 of 4)
• Shifts in the demand for money:

– Income Effect: a higher level of income causes the
demand for money at each interest rate to increase
and the demand curve to shift to the right
– Price-Level Effect: a rise in the price level causes
the demand for money at each interest rate to
increase and the demand curve to shift to the right
• Shifts in the supply of money:

– Assume that the supply of money is controlled by the
central bank.
– An increase in the money supply engineered by the
Federal Reserve will shift the supply curve for money
to the right.
Summary Table 4
Factors That Shift the Demand for and Supply of Money

Change in Money
Demand (M d ) or Supply
M to the d power Change in
Change in (M s ) at Each Interest
M to the s power Interest
Variable Variable Rate Rate Blank

upward arrow M to the d power, upward arrow upward arrow
Income  Md 
A line graph depicts the shift in
the demand curve of money. The
vertical axis is labeled, i and the
horizontal axis is labeled, M.
The line for supply M to the s
power is a vertical line from a
point on the horizontal axis. The
line for demand M to the d power
sub 1 slopes downward from the
upper left corner to the lower
right corner intersecting the
supply line at interest rate. A line
parallel to the line for M to the d
power sub 1 to the right displays
the new demand line M to the d
power sub 2. An arrow from M
to the d power sub 1 to M to the d
power sub 2 depicts a right shift
in the demand.
upward arrow M to the d power, upward arrow upward arrow
Price level  M  d 
the demand curve of money. The
power is a vertical line from a
point on the horizontal axis. The
line for demand M to the d power
sub 1 slopes downward from the
upper left corner to the lower
right corner intersecting the
supply line at interest rate. A line
parallel to the line for M to the d
power sub 1 to the right displays
the new demand line M to the d
power sub 2. An arrow from M
to the d power sub 1 to M to the d
power sub 2 depicts a right shift
in the demand.
Summary Table 4 [Continued]
Change in Money
Demand (M d ) or Supply
M to the d power Change in
Change in (M s ) at Each Interest
M to the s power Interest
Variable Variable Rate Rate Blank
upward arrow downward arrow

to the s power upward arrow
 
M
Money supply Ms 
the supply curve of money. The
power sub 1 is a vertical line
from a point on the horizontal
axis. A line parallel to the line for
M to the s power sub 1 to the
right displays the new supply
line M to the s power sub 2. An
arrow from M to the s power sub
1 to M to the s power sub 2
depicts a right shift in the supply.
The line for demand M to the d
power slopes downward from
the upper left corner to the lower
right corner intersecting the line
M to the s power sub 1 at
interest rate equals i 1 and M to
the s power sub 2 at interest
rate.
Note: Only increases in the variables are shown. The effects of decreases in the variables on demand and supply
would be the opposite of those indicated in the remaining columns.
Figure 9 Response to a Change in
Income or the Price Level
Figure 10 Response to a Change in the
Money Supply
Money and Interest Rates
• A one time increase in the money supply will cause prices
to rise to a permanently higher level by the end of the year.
The interest rate will rise via the increased prices.
• Price-level effect remains even after prices have stopped
rising.
• A rising price level will raise interest rates because people
will expect inflation to be higher over the course of the year.
When the price level stops rising, expectations of inflation
will return to zero.
• Expected-inflation effect persists only as long as the price
level continues to rise.
Does a Higher Rate of Growth of the
Money Supply Lower Interest Rates? (1 of 2)
• Liquidity preference framework leads to the conclusion

that an increase in the money supply will lower interest
rates: the liquidity effect.
• Income effect finds interest rates rising because
increasing the money supply is an expansionary influence
on the economy (the demand curve shifts to the right).
Does a Higher Rate of Growth of the
Money Supply Lower Interest Rates? (2 of 2)
• Price-Level effect predicts an increase in the money

supply leads to a rise in interest rates in response to the
rise in the price level (the demand curve shifts to the
right).
• Expected-Inflation effect shows an increase in interest
rates because an increase in the money supply may lead
people to expect a higher price level in the future (the
demand curve shifts to the right).
Figure 11 Response over Time to an
Increase in Money Supply Growth
Figure 12 Money Growth (M2, Annual Rate) and Interest
Rates (Three-Month Treasury Bills), 1950–2020
Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED database: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2SL ;
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TB3MS .

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The Economics of Money, Banking, and

1. The quantity demanded of an asset is positively

Variable Change in Variable Change in Quantity

Expected return relative to 

Liquidity relative to other

• At lower prices (higher interest rates), ceteris paribus, the

Expected interest rate

Upward arrow Upward arrow

Change in Quantity Supplied

Upward arrow Upward arrow

Sources: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED database: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TB3MS ;

https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL/ . Expected inflation calculated using procedures outlined

in Frederic S. Mishkin, “The Real Interest Rate: An Empirical Investigation,” Carnegie-Rochester

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED database: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TB3MS .

Keynesian model that determines the equilibrium interest

Total wealth in the economy = Bs + Ms = Bd + Md

If the market for money is in equilibrium (Ms = Md ),

then the bond market is also in equilibrium (Bs = Bd ).

• Demand for money in the liquidity preference framework:

• Shifts in the demand for money:

• Shifts in the supply of money:

Factors That Shift the Demand for and Supply of Money

upward arrow M to the d power, upward arrow upward arrow

upward arrow downward arrow

• Liquidity preference framework leads to the conclusion

• Price-Level effect predicts an increase in the money

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED database: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2SL ;

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