Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Basra
Department of English

Corruption and Political Hypocrisy in Ernest Hemingway's "To

Have and Have Not"

Submitted by
Fatima Ali Jawad
Supervised by
Asst. Lect. Juma Sh. Al Rayhan

1444 H. 2023 M
 ‫َّللا آ ِل َهةً لَ َعلَّ ُه ْم‬ ‫ب أَفَ ََل َي ْش ُك ُرونَ (‪َ )73‬وات َّ َخذُوا ِم ْن د ِ‬
‫ُون َّ ِ‬ ‫َولَ ُه ْم ِفي َها َمنَا ِف ُع َو َمش ِ‬
‫َار ُ‬
‫ض ُرونَ (‪ )75‬فَ ََل يَحْ ُز ْنكَ‬ ‫ص َرهُ ْم َوهُ ْم لَ ُه ْم ُج ْن ٌد ُمحْ َ‬
‫ص ُرونَ (‪ََ )74‬ل يَ ْست َِطيعُونَ نَ ْ‬ ‫يُ ْن َ‬
‫قَ ْولُ ُه ْم ِإنَّا نَ ْعلَ ُم َما يُ ِس ُّرونَ َو َما يُ ْع ِلنُونَ (‪)76‬‬

‫صدق هللا العلي العظيم‬

‫سورة يس‪ ،‬األيات ‪76-٧٣‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
 Dedication
This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents, who have
been our source of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought of
giving up, who continually provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and
financial support.
To our brothers, sisters ,and my friends who shared their words of advice
and encouragement to finish this study.
And lastly, we dedicated this book to the Almighty God, thank you for the
guidance. strength, power of mind, protection and skills and for giving us
a healthy life and special thanks to Asst. Lect. Juma Sh. Al Rayhan

II
 Acknowledgement

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty,
for His showers of blessings throughout my research work to
complete the research successfully.

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my

research supervisor, Prof. Juma Sh. Al Rayhan for giving me the
opportunity to do research and providing invaluable guidance
throughout this research. His dynamism, vision, sincerity and
motivation have deeply inspired me. He has taught me the
methodology to carry out the research and to present the
research works as clearly as possible. It was a great privilege and
honor to work and study under his guidance. I am extremely
grateful for what he has offered me. I would also like to thank
him for his friendship, empathy, and great sense of humor.

I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers,

caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my
future. I am very much thankful to my sisters, brother for their
love, understanding, prayers and continuing support to
complete this research work. My Special thanks goes to my
friend Marwa for the keen interest shown to complete this
research successfully.

III
 Abstract
Nearly every element of American life saw a significant shift in the
decade that follow the Roaring Twenties. The era known as the Great
Depression. The American economy grew in the 1920s, also known as "the
Roaring Twenties." Everyone, from multibillionaires to the impoverished,
invested their money in equities on the New York City stock market, which
peaked in August 1929.
One of the best novelists and short story writers of the 20th century
was American journalist and writer Ernest Miller Hemingway. Hemingway,
who was born on July 21, 1899, at the tail end if the nineteenth century,
would experience a significant portion of that century's political unrest. By
the time of his passing in 1961, Ernest Hemingway had established himself
as a cultural icon. He was a hard-drinking, frequently married adventurer
known for his sensitive yet tenacious examples of individualism.
Hemingway was extremely exhausted as a result of a variety of illnesses
after becoming well-known as a writer after receiving the Nobel Prize in
literature. Hemingway was unable to endure the physical suffering and
mental anguish, and all masochism and bravery was lost. Around 7.30 am
on July 2, 1962, a bullet in ketchum, Idaho, in the United States, hushed
the renowned American author Ernest Hemingway's heartbeat.
The author's own fascination with death is evident in his book.
Captain Harry Morgan is the main character in the tale To Have and Have
Not. A member of the working class. In the early 1970s, American males
began to examine masculinity from new perspectives, giving birth to the
study of men and masculinities as a new direction distinct from women's
studies. Hemingway shows the helplessness and perversion of the affluent
and educated in To Have and Have Not with a horrifying eye. The
protagonist, Harry Morgan, is a poor man, yet his marriage is perfect.
There is a great deal of love between Harry Morgan and his wife. Marie
Morgan is a successful and loving. Marie's complete submission to Harry
makes their Marriage work. She is happy with her spouse, Harry, and feels
fortunate to have him. To Have and Have Not is a vehement protest against
the immorality of blatant equality as well as Political Hypocrisy, corruption
and exploitation that are all highlighted in the book.

IV
 Table of Contents
Quran Verse…………………………………………………………………………………… I
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………...II
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………...III
Abstract.....................................................................................IV
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………. V
Section One: Historical Context
1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………1
1.2 The Depression Era ………………………….. ……………… 1
1.2.1 The Economic Situation of the Era …………….. …………. 2
1.2.2 The Political Situation of the Era …………………. ……… 3
1.3 Literary Naturalism ................................................................. 4
1.4 What is Political Hypocrisy ..................................................... 5

Section Two: Ernest Hemingway as a Man an as a Writer in

American Context

2.1 Introduction....................................................................................7
2.2 Biography of Ernst Hemingway.....................................................7
2.3 Ernest Hemingway and World War....................... ........................ 8
2.4 Ernest Hemingway as a Distinct Fiction Writer........................... 10

Section Three: Corruption and Political Hypocrisy in Ernest

Hemingway's "To Have and Have Not"

1 Introduction...........................................................................................12
3.2 Corruption in "To Have and Have Not" ............................................12
3.2.1 Masculinity Bias against Females ................................................. 12
3.2.3 Poor People (Have Not) Are Better in LOVE................................ 13
3.2.4 MARRIAGE Is a Business for Rich People (Haves).................. . 14
3.3 Political Hypocrisy in "To Have and Have Not" .............................. 15
3.3.1 People Are Bought and Sold Money is the Medium of Exchange .16
3.3.2 Whiteness against Other Coloured Races................................... 17

Conclusion............................................................................................... 19
References.............................................................................................. 20

V
VI
 Section One : Historical Context

1.1Introduction
This section introduces depression era in 1.2.
While 1.2.1 deals with the economic situation of the era. 1.2.2 talks,
about the political situation of the era, and 1.3 addresses literary
naturalism, finally it addressees what is political hypocrisy in 1.4.
1.2The Depression Era
Nearly every element of American life saw a significant shift in the
decade that follow the Roaring Twenties. The era known as the Great
Depression, the Dirty Thirties, or the Hungry Thirties was marked by a
decade-long economic struggle against the worst economic and
environmental crisis since the start of industrialisation. Gone were the
prosperous days of prosperity and superficial escapism (Burri, 2012: 46 ) .
Government – enforced laws also contributed to the dire economic
situation because taxes disproportionately affected the poor and mainly
spared the wealthy, widening the income gap. The rise of the American
economy outside its borders was further hampered by rigorous export
regulations and high tariffs, which also restricted overseas trade and
export (Burri, 2012 :47).
Even though the Great Depression only lasted for ten years, the
economic collapse had far reaching and disastrous effects that were
unheard of during the industrial period. After Black Tuesday in October
1929,the jobless rate quickly increased. Nationwide, reaching its highest
point of 25% in 1932. All through the across the nation, cities were
collapsing due to unemployment, with some places with an
unemployment rate of up to 80%, the economy is on the verge of collapse
(Burri, 2012 :48).
Burri ( 2012: 49) states that farm revenue had already decreased by
more than 60% at the start of the 1930s due to the economic downturn,
and many farmers had already lost their land due to mortgage
foreclosures and evictions. Using the many regions of productive farm
land are increasingly becoming deserts due to drought, and hundreds of
in pursuit of safety, hundreds of families left their homes and journeyed

1
considerable distances. Work and possibly better opportunities(Burri,
2012 :49).
Burri (2012 :51) mentions that despite the fact that farmers benefited
from higher pricing, the idea was roundly opposed by protesters who felt
it was absurd for customers, especially the unemployed, to pay more for
food. Several in response, affluent farmers even increased their output; as
a result, they were able to price reductions for those in need.

1.1.1 The Economic Situation of the Era

The American economy grew in the 1920s, also known as "the
Roaring Twenties." Everyone, from multibillionaires to the impoverished,
invested their money in equities on the New York City stock market, which
peaked in August 1929. With time, people develop an appetite for the
quick cash provided by buying and selling stocks. To purchase equities,
many people took out bank loans. The stock market appeared to be a
foolproof investment in the future as the nation was in an upbeat mood;
it was like a fever that had spread throughout the nation( Amroune &
Baali, 2018:10).
Amroune & Baali (2018 :10) state that people panicked and were
scared by this tragedy as the stock market meltdown impacted the nation
and stock market prices fell. Most folks discovered they were deeply in
debt. The Wall Street Crash, also referred to as the Great Depression's first
cause and first warning sign, occurred during this period.
The economic system was greatly impacted by a number of factors
after being shaped by those savings or losses (Amroune & Baali, 2018:11).
A general nationwide decline in economic confidence decreased the
levels of spending and, consequently, production demand. Factories
began firing employees, and as buying power declined and earnings
plummeted, more individuals became homeless because they could pay
the rent late. As the unemployment rate increased, less money was spent
to provide assistance. Reduce the financial position(Amroune & Baali,
2018: 11).
Amroune & Baali ( 2018: 11) state that at that time, people were
unable to afford luxury products like vehicles, and the car sales. The
economy and capitalist system appeared to be saved during Roosevelt's
presidency after he instituted a number of programs, especially after the

2
unemployment rate fell in 1935. However, the economy soon started to
deteriorate once more in 1938(Amroune & Baali, 2018 :11).
According to the resolutions, key west's economic woes were caused
by nine factors, including the loss of the cigar industry, the reduction of
the island's army base, the abandoment of key west as a naval base, the
city's status as a port of call for mallory steamship lines passenger ships,
the decline in freight from key west to Cuba, and the demise of the island's
once-thriving pineapple-canning industry due to higher tar(Burwood
,1968: 211).

1.1.2 The Political Situation of the Era

Herbert Hoover presided over the country from 1919 to 1933 during
the Depression. Hoover believed that the Great Depression was merely a
temporary setback and that the nation's economic slump would soon end.
He demonstrated less concern for people during his leadership, and he
believed in the Rugged Individualism, especially for the working class, and
that Individuals should depend solely on themselves, not others or even
the government, he was opposed to assisting the public and thought that
government shouldn't meddle in people's live affairs. He was against any
government-required job projects while he was in power. Additionally, his
government adopted the laissez-faire policy. Policies implemented during
his rule(Amroune & Baali, 2018: 12).
Because American farmers were having trouble with the "Hawley
Smoot tariff", president Hoover implemented it to improve farmer
protection against agricultural imports. Rising production and falling
pricing. He thought it would be good for the economy, the administration
became nationalistic and isolationist as a result of the act's implications.
It practically ceased allowing imports of foreign items(Amroune & Baali,
2018: 12).
The Civilian Conservation Corps was founded by the president in
1933 because there were about 14 million unemployed people. (CCC),
which offered employment to unemployed adults between the ages of 18
and 25. And other more initiatives were launched to help the issue,
however during the race, there were far too many obstacles. The era's
most popular moniker was The Dreadful Thirties( Amroune & Baali, 2018
:14).

3
 President Roosevelt implemented these various programs in the
hope of bringing relief, creating jobs, and reviving the capitalist system
because he believed in the structure of American capitalism and wanted
to save it due to the desperate state of the nation's economy. He runs
programs included Agriculture; he created a variety of schemes to rescue
this field, for instance, the Farm Security Administration was established
to enhance the Farmers were given the power to buy farms and improved
their living conditions. This association provided aid to migrant laborers
who were homeless and starving by creating contemporary government
camps (Amroune & Baali, 2018: 14).
Roosevelt was a "people person" who enjoyed interacting with
others and had good public speaking skills. He cared deeply about the
working class and did everything in his power to assist the poor. People
adored him because he could deal with any situation. Addressing the
primary issues, such as hunger and unemployment. He was successful in
his early days of rule. To pass a number of laws to address the problems
caused by the Great Depression and to address popular concerns he was
able to immediately keep the working class's support because they
believed that Roosevelt took a special interest in them because he cared
about them(Amroune & Baali, 2018: 14 ).

1.3 Literary Naturalism

Ott(2002 :14) states that it's still difficult for academics to define
naturalism and use it to analyze Hemmingway. John conder stated in 1984
that there was no critical agreement on how to define literary naturalism
as opposed to literary realism". In an effort to be more precise, Donald
Pizer stated that "Naturalism is above all, social realism laced with the idea
of determinism". In 1995, Sidney Genden attempted to describe
naturalism while disputing the existence of a specific method for the
theory:
Realism is a writing technique that allows the author to accurately
and truthfully describe everyday, ordinary life. Naturalism is a
writing technique in which an author depicts life as it is in according
to Determinism, a school of philosophy. According to authors males
lack free will
(Ott, 2002 :14).

4
 West sees how Hemingway's approach complies with literary
naturalism :Hemingway generates the sense of understatement by
judiciously employing nature as a model of man's condition and by not
interpreting that example. In his 1956 publication American Literary
Naturalism. A Split Stream, written by Charles Walcutt:
The fact that contemporary public morality is a corrupt and despicable
travesty of idealism is something that (Hemingway's) early works battle
against constantly. They are because of this, idealism is shunned in its very
conception. Hemingway won't touch it because it's been so badly beaten
up. Whereas he focuses on creating certain clear, concrete, essential
specialties that he can handle without having tainted with the prevalent
Hypocrisy of the day.
)Ott, 2002:14).

1.4What is Political Hypocrisy

Examine how Victorian anti-hypocrisy and Victorian Hypocrisy relate
to the inevitable rise of democratic politics in this contentious area
(Runciman, 2008 :142).
Trollope is more aware of and sensitive to the Hypocrisies and
fabrications of politicians than he is to those of the general public. That
may exist, for example , between spouses, parents, and children are the
target audience for his more theatrical style. Trollope enjoys seeing virtue
prevail in the private world, and to view its defeat as proof of the evilness
of the opponent if it refuses to do so word, although he is aware of politics,
at least in this book. A complex situation exists. Because of this, even
though he is not a wonderful writer in general, but also a superb political
writer(Runciman, 2008 :144).
Runciman (2008 :144) mentions that also, Phineas Redux is far more
aware of the issues with political Hypocrisy than Trollope was in a previous
guise as a social critic in the vein of Thomas Carlyle.
The poisonous hypocrisy of the English political establishment is the
main target of Trollope's critique in The New Zealander. Public life in
England had turned into a battleground of exaggerated purity demands
that no one actually believed in that were supported by the worst sort of
people of impurities might grow(Runciman, 2008 :145).

5
 Runciman (2008 :146) writes that several of these topics are revisited
in Phineas Redux, particularly the hypocrisy of parliamentarians when it
came to corrupt electioneering, which they all denounced but from which
they all stood to gain. "The House had to be rented out." The general
public is aware of all electoral fraud were viewed as abhorrent by the
House Trollope penned.
By clearing up some of the lingering election scandals, the 1867
Reform Act had been intended to bridge the gap between political rhetoric
and reality; nevertheless, as Trollope well knows, it only succeeded in
creating a new one. Understood both a chasm between the democratic
politicians' dishonest goals of winning election, as well as a difference in
values between the impurities of the parliamentary system and those of
the lawmakers who devised plans to approve the bill( Runciman, 2008
:147).

6
 Section Two: Ernest Hemingway as a Man and as a Writer in
American Context
2.1 Introduction
This section introduces in 2.2 a biography of Ernest Hemingway,
while 2.3 talks about Ernest Hemingway and World War I, finally it
addresses Ernest Hemingway as a distinct fiction writer in 2.4.

2.2 Biography of Ernest Hemingway

Haddad (2015: 90) states that one of the best novelists and short
story writers of the 20th century was American journalist and writer Ernest
Miller Hemingway.
Hemingway was born in Oak Park, IIIinois, a wealthy community
outside of the expanding city of Chicago and a bastion of the Republican
party conservatism( Moddelmog, 2013 : 287).
Hemingway, who was born on July 21, 1899, at the tail end if the
nineteenth century, would experience a significant portion of that
century's political unrest, which included two world wars, a civil war in
Spain,and a revolution in Cuba, his longtime adopted country
)Moddelmog, 2013:287).
Haddad (2015 :90) writes that his father, Dr. Edmonds Clarence,
shared his love of hunting, fishing, and other outdoor pursuits with his
son. He was also a devout Christian. Mrs. Grace Hall Hemingway, his
mother, was a singer. And a music educator. The majority of the summers
the Hemingway family spent on Walloon Lake in northern Michigan.
Haddad (2015: 91) states that Ernest was involved in sports and the
school newspaper while he was a student at Oak Park High School. He
worked for the Kansas City Star as a cub reporter for seven months after
graduating from high school in 1917. Hemingway volunteered as an
ambulance driver in 1918. Throughout the First World War, he served as a
driver for the American Red Cross in Italy. July 8 of that year during that
time, a mortar shell near Italy's border with Austria gravely injured him.
Piave Fossalt. He spent the remainder of the day in a Red Cross hospital in

7
Milan after being year healing from his injuries. The Italians honored
Hemingway for his valor( Haddad, 2015: 91).
Haddad (2015 :91) states that the first of his four marriages, Hadley
Richardson, was married to him in 1921. Hemingway and Hadley relocated
to Paris on the recommendation of author Sherwood Anderson and as
aspiring writers.
He continues there to write features and occasionally covers
breaking news for the Toronto Star, but his desire to become a published
author finally lead him to resign from the Star and focus solely on writing
fiction. He travels widely while in Paris as well because he admires outdoor
and daring pursuits like skiing, hunting, and fishing. Any of these in his
fiction at a later time (Haddad, 2015 :91).
Haddad (2015 :92) writes that Hemingway traveled to key West,
Florida, in 1928 after leaving Paris. His father's suicide on December 6,
1928, was a significant occurrence. He moved back to Paris in 1929, where
his second book, A Farewell to Arms, was published. The narrative
contains elements of both war and love.
Hemingway relocated to Cuba in 1939. He wrote his internationally
renowned and best selling work For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), which is
a history of the Spanish Civil War, after divorcing Pauline Pfeiffer and
getting married to Gellhorn. The novel follows an American volunteer who
joined a bridge will be destroyed by a mountainous guerilla group
(Haddad, 2015:93).
By the time of his passing in 1961, Ernest Hemingway had
established himself as a cultural icon. He was a hard-drinking, frequently
married adventurer known for his sensitive yet tenacious examples of
individualism. Even six prominent biographers who spent years
researching Hemingway were less aware of his political views
(Moddelmog, 2013 :287).
Haddad (2015 :94) mentions that he used a shotgun to end his life
on July 2, 1961, at his house in ketchum, Idaho.

2.3 Ernest Hemingway and World War I

Donehoo (2018 :4) states that in the fall of 1915, Ernest Hemingway
stated his junior year of high school in Oak Park, Illinois. In September

8
1915, his spending "totaled $3.25, including 50 cents for a baseball ticket
and 50 cents for Caesar's Gallic Wars," according to his receipts. World
War I had been raging for over 14 months across the Atlantic Ocean.
Hemingway, a member of the Oak Park High School Junior Debates team,
would contend that" the United States government should establish for a
citizen army modeled after that of Switzerland" in 1916 as Woodrow
Wilson ran for reelection under the campaign slogan " He Kept Us Out of
War". Even though America had not yet joined the conflict, it was obvious
that Hemingway was still thinking about the conflict and what he might
do to further the cause. America joined the war in April 1917, a year later.
Hemingway felt inspired to serve his nation as many of the lads he knew
from Oak Park and his classmates sighed up for service (Donehoo, 2018
:4).
Donehoo (2018 :5) writes that in stating that the young Hemingway
was "too young to join the armed forces without parental authorization,
which his father and mother were unable to offer," Steven Florczyk
reaffirms this fact. Hemingway was too young to enlist and failed the
physical examination for enlistment due to his myopia. Hemingway once
said," But I'll make it to Europe some way in spite of this optic, "which a
Baker recalls. I can't stand by and watch a show like this without getting
involved. Hemingway, who was" ineligible for recruitment according to
army regulations" because of his young age, lack of parental permission,
and what Florczyk regards to as his "defective vision", was unable to
participate not the "show" and chose to take a job instead. In the fall of
1917 at the Kansas City star.
After submitting his application to the American Red Cross in
February 1918, Hemingway "did not enter Italy until June 7, 1918,"
according to Florczyk. Hemingway was injured in the front on July 8, 1918,
one month and one day after arriving in Milan, but not while operating an
ambulance but rather while volunteering for the canteen service. A"
canister" approximately the size of a five-gallon tin that was "containing a
supply of cigarettes, chocolate, and postcards for the soldiers" was thrown
across the river, exploded upon impact, "spread its contents at ground
level," and injured the young Hemingway, according to Baker (Donehoo,
2018:6).

9
 On July 16, 1918, two days following Brumback's letter to the
Hemingway family, Hemingway himself wrote a letter home, stating that
he had been wounded in the legs by a trench mortar but that his injuries
were walk again. The young and injured Hemingway's innocent optimism
about his predicament, however, would soon vanish, as he claimed in a
letter to his family on August 7, 1918, almost a month after being in bed:
"I've been in bed a month tomorrow and it is becoming pretty dang
boring. Nonetheless, I should return in a month so that I can use crutches
(Donehoo, 2018:7).
Because Hemingway was able to give and intimately comprehend the
thesis for A Farewell to Arms a thesis that may also serve as the thesis for
all of American Literary Modernism_through his "formative" experiences
during World War I: "The world breaks everyone, and then many grow
strong where the world has broken" (Donehoo, 2018 :8).

2.4 Ernest Hemingway as a Distinct Fiction Writer

Bhakat (2016 :4) mentions that new vitality in civilization's social,
cultural, aesthetic, and creative life began in the early 20th century. Old
values are replaced by the new process in every element of life, taking into
account theory growth, ideologic change, social economic reality, and
political realism following the World Wars. Young Americans' perceptions
of World War I were severely damaged by its frustration and
disillusionment, which had an impact on the writing produced after the
war.
Bhakat (2016 :4) states that according to Hoffman, Ernest
Hemingway's Fiction has been deemed to be the most typical of all the
Fiction that resulted from the war and the post-war experiences. The 20th
century's pain and disillusionment were depicted by Ernest Hemingway to
an unmatched degree, and these feelings were inspired by experiences
after the First World War.
Bhakat (2016 :4) states that for true authors, honesty in language
continues to be paramount. Ernest Hemingway put a lot of effort into
crafting a truthful statement with epochal flair. It is Baker's writing, not
Hemingway's career as a man of action, which deserves a biography, even
though the majority of his activities eventually found their way into his
writing. The majority of Hemingway's works, which are classified as

10
"roman de clef" (novels in which actual persons or events are depicted
using fictitious names), are based on his own experiences, which have
generated a lot of debate in literary circles over the years. Three published
in 1923, served as his debut literary work (Bhakat, 2016 :4).
Legendary characters are among Hemingway's best creations. Nick
Adams is born in In Our Times, which debuted in 1925 and has stories set
in Michigan with the "Great Two – Hearted River." The character gains
experience while exploring the world in various novels starting with The
Sun Also Rises in 1926. The character learns about writing from journalism
and receives guidance from F. Scott Fitzgerald and Gertrude Stein. In later
books like A Farewell to Arms in 1929, To Have and Have Not in 1937, For
Whom the Bell Tolls in 1940, Over the River and into the Trees in 1950 and
The Old Man and the Sea in 1952, the character develops with time
(Bhakat, 2016 :5).
Hemingway was extremely exhausted as a result of a variety of
illnesses after becoming well-known as a writer after receiving the Nobel
Prize in literature. Hemingway was unable to endure the physical suffering
and mental anguish, and all masochism and bravery was lost. Around 7.30
AM on July 2, 1962, a bullet in ketchum, Idaho, in the United States,
hushed the renowned American author Ernest Hemingway's heartbeat.
From that point on, Hemingway continued to write for himself and lived
forever through it, leaving behind his greatest cinematic portrayal in
American literature and an eternal form of expression for future
generations (Bhakat, 2016 :5).

11
 Section Three :Corruption and Political Hypocrisy in Ernest
Hemingway's "To Have and Have Not"
3.1 Introduction
This section introduces corruption in "To Have and Have Not in 3.2,
while 3.2.1 deals with masculinity bias against femininity, 3.2.2 talks about
poor people (Have Not) are better in love, and 3.2.3 addresses marriage is
a business for rich people, whilst 3.3 introduces political hypocrisy in" To
Have and Have Not ", and 3.3.1 talks about people are bought and sold
money is the medium of exchange, finally it addresses whiteness against
other coloured races in 3.3.2.

3.2 Corruption in "To Have and Have Not"

The author's own fascination with death is evident in his book.
Captain Harry Morgan is the main character in the tale To Have and Have
Not. A member of the working class, Morgan fights against Political
dishonesty, corruption, and egregious injustice. Henry Morgan, a
notorious pirate, is the inspiration for Harry Morgan. Morgan, a brave
individualist who violates personal principles by engaging in illicit activity,
loses his own boat. Morgan gives his life in the struggle against corruption.
The book describes a man with an unwavering will who battles alone
against bank thieves and an oppressive government in Cuba.

3.2.1 Masculinity Bias against Femininity

In the early 1970s, American males began to examine masculinity
from new perspectives, giving birth to the study of men and masculinities
as a new direction distinct from women's studies. According to others, it
was a response to the rise of the feminist movement in the late 1960s.
The school is known as "men's studies" in the USA and "study of
masculinity" in Europe.
Depending on their views on women and feminism, there were three
distinct groups within the American men's movement: "profeminists",
who supported feminism, "antifeminists," who disapproved of it, and
"pro-males," who wished to establish a new masculinity among just men.
Only two of these organizations, "profeminists" and "pro-males," are
involved in "men's studies," but the "pro-males" group has little sway and
the field's dominant viewpoint is unmistakably pro-feminist.

12
 Harry's Masculinity does not seem to be called into question by
Marie because of his infirmity. In fact, when Harry makes a comparison
between it and a turtle's flipper, his stump becomes a toy in their sexual
play. This prompts Marie to inquire about the turtle's mating, which once
more suggests that she enjoys having sex.
"You're silly. I like it. Any that's you I like"
(Hemingway, 1937:86)
It's like believing that Harry's stump has developed into a sexual fetish
and genuinely makes her sexy.
"Do they really do it three days? Coot for three days?"
(Hemingway, 1937: 86)
Marie seems to think that despite having a disability, Harry retains
all of his manhood. The fact that Harry continues to pass for a man after
his body is no longer whole serves to highlight his exceptional masculine
strength. On the one hand, this could be interpreted as a possibility for
another kind of masculinity that can admit weakness without a loss of
worth, but on the other hand, it could be interpreted as a confirmation of
Harry's hard masculinity.
"Go ahead. Go ahead now. Put the stump there. Hold it there. Hold it.
Hold it now. Hold it."
(Hemingway, 1937 :87)

3.2.2 Poor People (Have Not) Are Better in Love

Hemingway shows the helplessness and perversion of the affluent
and educated in To Have and Have Not with a horrifying eye. Compared to
the rich, he has discovered that the impoverished make better partners.
While they may be the Have Nots in terms of material possessions, the
poor are the Haves in all other respects and vice versa. The rich alone are
impotent and perverted in this story, according to Theodore Bardacke.
The protagonist, Harry Morgan, is a poor man, yet his marriage is
perfect. Unlike the sexual impotence and perversion of wealthy men and
society women, he is loyal to his wife and has accomplished great things
in bed. Marie Morgan, his wife, laments the unrecoverable loss following
his passing. She acknowledges.

13
"She was so lucky all that time to have him" For her, he "was snotty and
strong and quick"
(Hemingway, 1937 :252)
There is a great deal of love between Harry Morgan and his wife.
Marie Morgan is a successful and loving wife who is a woman after God's
own heart. She claims:
"He said he never had anything like me and I know there wasn't any man
like him. I know it too damned well and now he's dead."
)Hemingway, 1937 :253)
She also acknowledges that Harry. Morgan has managed the house
successfully, so she never had to worry about money. She even goes so far
as to claim In her extreme anguish.
" I wish to Christ it was me who was dead"
(Hemingway, 1937 :254)

3.2.3 Marriage is a Business for Rich people (Haves)

Incidents in To Have and Have Not bring Hemingway's attitude toward
love into sharp relief. Marie, Harry Morgan's wife, is completely dedicated
to him and obedient to him. Marie's complete submission to Harry makes
their Marriage work. She is happy with her spouse, Harry, and feels
fortunate to have him. After a run-in with federal agents while importing
illegal alcohol, Harry lost an arm. As she considers this, she believes:
"I am glad it was an arm and not a leg. I wouldn't like him to have lost a
leg. Why'd he have to lose that arm? Its funny though, I don't mind it.
Anything about him I don't mind. I've been a lucky woman."
(Hemingway, 1937 :88)
Another illustration of male dominance is the Marriage of Richard
Gordon and Helen Gordon. The relationship between Mr. and Mrs.
Gordon is revealed in chapter XIII of To Have and Have Not. Richard
Gordon is an unreliable spouse. He neglected his marriage and had
extramarital affairs with other women. His wife makes the decision to get
married to John Mac Welsey instead of him. She intends to wed him
because, in her words:

14
 "he loves me. Because he wants me to live with him."
(Hemingway, 1937 :137)
Richard objects and remind her:
"You're married to me"
(Hemingway, 1937 :137)
The marriage of author Richard Gordon and his wife stands in stark
contrast to that of Harry and his wife. They view marriage as a business
transaction devoid of genuine affection and Gordon plays the intelligent
man. He too enjoys a comfortable lifestyle as a Have, but he is not a true
lover. He also makes out with other ladies, something his wife frequently
accuses him of doing. On one occasion, she argues that:
"You have lipstick on your shirt," she said." And over your ears"
" What about this?"
" What about What?"
(Hemingway, 1937 :180)
The same is true for Helen Gordon, who has lost faith in love due to
her unfaithful husband. Helen once loved her husband enough to get
married, and she went above and beyond for him, but to her husband, she
was just something to be kept on his side while he had other affairs, which
he referred to as experience, which was like giving Helen a backhand for
everything she had done. She also desires to wed Mac Wesley in an effort
to spare herself from impending catastrophe because at least he accepts
her for who she is. She is referred to as an aggressive woman since she
had the guts to end her business oriented marriage to an infidel and leave
him.

3.3 Political Hypocrisy in "To Have and Have Not"

To Have and Have Not is a vehement protest against the immorality of
blatant equality as well as Political Hypocrisy,
corruption and exploitation that are all highlighted in the book. "Although
Hemingway's feelings in this regard are kind and good, he struggled to give
them a Political undertone. If hating authoritarianism was " natural" for a
libertarian individualist, then embracing left-wing collectivism was not

15
"natural". And it is because of this resulting confusion about one's Political
identities that To Have and Have Not has been relatively unsuccessful.

3.3.1 people Are Bought and Sold Money is the Medium of

Exchange
In his novel To Have and Have Not, Ernest Hemingway present an
economic moral society. In this universe, people may be bought and sold,
and the worth of the character is determined by how useful they are.
Money is the means of exchange in friendship, business, and romantic
relationships, but the market rate varies depending on the time, business
smells like a shady deal or a double cross, and the poisonous
repercussions of this corrupt environment have a negative impact on
people's lives. Other, who lack the ability to corrupt moral standards and
whose moral worth already registers in the debit column of a social
balance sheet, will move through this world unaware that they
themselves are debased or corrupt. Some people find themselves denying
the relevance of moral or ethical standards as the general state of society
influences their behavior. Harry Morgan, the protagonist in Hemingway's
works, falls into the latter group and neither his actions nor character
stand up to close examination.
In this world, one should expect to see bums and beggars when
awake. The first line presumes a relationship with the reader, who should
"Know how it is"
(Hemingway, 1937 :137)
Likely because he has firsthand knowledge of both the Cuba
Hemingway describes and his own reality, which includes financial
hardship and economic hardship. The third sentence's use of the
ambiguous pronoun" three of them," which contrasts the Cubans Harry
will meet with the beggars and the bums, is hidden by Hemingway's
distinctive intimacy of style. Despite being referred to as wealthy, these
three Cubans are in fact reduced to pleading with Harry Morgan for favors.
" A thousand apiece"
(Hemingway, 1937 :4)

16
 While Harry mulls over the particulars of their bargain, one remarks,"
Put a price on their live. "As a result, Hemingway utilizes an economic
metaphor on the first page of the book to illustrate the moral bankruptcy
of a time when people's lives can be bought and sold.

3.3.2 Whiteness against Other Coloured Races

almost seems invisible how evident it is that the protagonist
in To Have and Have Not is white. Whiteness is the standard; black people
and Chinese people are outliers. All the other main characters and the
majority of the supporting Characters in the book are white.
But do the blacks and the Chinese in the book serve any purpose
other than realism, or do they play a more significant role in the story?
They may also function as a contrast to the background against which the
white figures, particularly the main character, are situated, which is my
suspicion. Blacks what being white and, more specifically, what it means
to be a white male, is not.
In Hemingway's book, a black man only makes an important
appearance twice. The first time is as a nameless hired helper in Harry
Morgan's fishing boat. The second black man, Wesley, is also a hired
employee helping Morgan transport alcohol out of Cuba on his boat.
Wesley and the unnamed black man might actually be the same person,
but I'll treat them separately for the purposes of this essay.
It is customary to refer to the first black man we never hear his name
as a "nigger." His responsibility is to look after the baits required for deep-
sea fishing. He is occasionally granted extra authority and also serves as
the boat's captain. In the first chapter of the book, Harry Morgan, the
narrator, portrays the black man as follow:
"He's a real black nigger, smart and gloomy, with blue voo-doo beads
around his neck under his shirt, and an old straw hat. What he liked to
do on board was sleep and read the papers. But he put on a nice bait
and he was fast."
(Hemingway, 1937 :15)
The way Morgan describes him has a few significant characteristics.
The mere mention of the man's skin tone suggests that whiteness is the

17
normal and accepted, but a divergence from the norm needs to be
mentioned. Richard Dyer draws attention to the fact that whiteness in the
West is rendered non-racial due to its concealment in spoken and written
language. White individuals rarely talk about their own whiteness;
instead, they tend to talk about how black or Asian other people are.

18
 Conclusion
The author's own fascination with death Is evident in his book.
Captain Harry Morgan is the main character in the tale To Have and Have
Not. A member of the working class, Morgan fights against Political
dishonesty, corruption, and egregious injustice. Marie seems to think that
despite having a disability, Harry retains all of his manhood. The fact that
Harry continues to pass for a man after his body is no longer whole serves
to highlight his exceptional masculine strength. He has discovered that the
impoverished make better partners. While they may be the Have Nots in
terms of material possessions, the poor are the Haves in all other respects
and vice versa. The rich alone are impotent and perverted in this story.
Incidents in To Have and Have Not bring Hemingway's attitude toward love
into sharp relief. Marie, Harry Morgan's wife, is completely dedicated to
him and obedient to him. Marie's complete submission to Harry makes
their Marriage work. She is happy with her spouse, Harry, and feels
fortunate to have him. The same is true for Helen Gordon, who has lost
faith in love due to her unfaithful husband. Helen once loved her husband
enough to get married, and she went above and beyond for him, but to
her husband, she was just something to be kept on his side while he had
other affairs. In his novel To Have and Have Not, Ernest Hemingway
present an economic moral society. In this universe, people may be
bought and sold, and the worth of the character is determined by how
useful they are. Almost seems invisible how evident it is that the
protagonist in To Have and Have Not is white. Whiteness is the standard;
black people and Chinese people are outliers. All the other main
characters and the majority of the supporting Characters in the book are
white. In Hemingway's book, a black man only makes an important
appearance twice. The first time is as a nameless hired helper in Harry
Morgan's fishing boat. The second black man, Wesley, is also a hired
employee helping Morgan transport alcohol out of Cuba on his boat.
Wesley and the unnamed black man might actually be the same person,
but I'll treat them separately for the purposes of this essay.

19
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Hemingway [ Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Bharathiar University.
Burri, S. T. (2012). Silenced Women of John Steinbeck's Dustbowl Trilogy
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Donehoo, M. J. (2018). The Significance of the Game of Pool in Ernest
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Durwood Long, "Key West and the New Deal," Florida Historical Quarterly
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Haddad, N. (2015).(Struggle is the elixir of life. . . . [I]f you are not
struggling, you are dead).(unpublished doctoral dissertation). (University
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