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 ECS Transactions, 107 (1) 17309-17321 (2022)
10.1149/10701.17309ecst ©The Electrochemical Society

Development of Low Cost and Multi-Material Sensing Approach

for MQ135 Sensor

Auday Shaker Hadi a, Mohamed Alsaker b, Ahmed Eshoom c, Monaem

Elmnifi d, Mohammed A. Alhmode e, Laith Jaafer Habeeb f
a
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
b
Sirt Oil Company,Libya.
c
Ras Lanuf Oil and Gas Production Company, Libya.
dDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Bright Star University, Libya.
e
Training and Workshop Center, University of Technology, Baghdad,Iraq.
e.mohammed.alsaker@gmail.com,

Gas tracking systems in factories and companies have

become very critical; the most effective and most important
element in these systems is the gas sensor. In this study,
MQ 135 (Butane and Smoke) modified to sense common
and harmful gases using a low-cost approach. The
processor modified the sensor response unit to respond to
Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide, and Chlorine gases. Due to
variation in physical properties between these gases mainly
density, the gas rise on the air to the detector is different;
and consequently, the response time for detection was
different. It takes 9, 15, 33, 36 Sec. for Butane, Hydrogen,
Carbon Monoxide, and Chlorine gases, respectively. The
cost reduction of the MQ 135 sensor reduced by 80%.
Key words: Material sensor development, Technology in
Safety, MQ 135.

Introduction
Gas tracking from household appliances, air conditioners, electric chimneys, and
oil plants is very important; and the systems of tracking and sensing these gases,
especially in the factories and oil companies it has become very sensitive and
dangerous, and all precautions should be taken, the most effective and important
element in these systems is the gas sensor, which resembles the human nose, and
in turn, works to interact with the components of gas in the oceans, if the
concentration of the gaseous state is increased at the location of the sensor, a
simulation of the existing control system will be carried out to deal with the signal
by issuing a warning sound to be evacuated from the place for the specialists to
deal with the problem. What can the gas detectors detect combustible, flammable,
and toxic gases, and can detect if oxygen is depleted in the ocean, there are many
formulations, and their uses are numerous and each of these sensors has certain
gases that can react and sensitize them.
In the late 1930s. Swiss Physicist Walter Jaeger invented a sensitive
poison gas assume that the gas will enter the sensor will bind with the ionized air
molecules, in this way the electric current changes in the meter. The device does
not reach it is desired purpose. Because the low gas density did not affect the

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sensitivity of the sensor and is a frustrating way, Jaeger lit a cigarette and was
stunned when saw the meter in the scale record meter decrease in current the
smoke particles of his cigar seems to have done what poisonous gas should have
done, the Jaeger experiment is one of the breakthroughs that has paved the way
for modern gas detectors, in 1939. Swiss Physicist Ernest Milley invented a sensor
with an ionizing chamber capable of detecting combustible gases in the mines he
also invented a cold – air – cooled tube that amplifies the small signals generated
by the detection mechanism with sufficient force to activate the alarm.
The technology developed and developed the sensor in 1976 and replaced
the cold cathode tube with solid electrons, which are the circuits or devices that
are completely built of solids and which are electrons or charge carries (free
particles, unconnected, such as electrons) completely confined within the solids,
this conversion significantly reduced the detector area. As research emerges,
scientists have developed unique gas sensors that act as radionuclides
(Radioactive activity) and have been used by radioactive material Americium 241
to ionize the air inside the sensitive ionization chamber, where they sensitively
placed two ionizing chambers in the air and the other retro chamber that did not
allow the particles to enter [5]. The radiation source releases an alpha particle in
both chambers, which ionizes the air molecules, and released the electrical voltage
between the electrical pairs in the two chambers; cutting off the circuit and thus,
the sensor is causing an alarm.

Gas sensor MQ135

MQ135 as shown in Figureure 1 is a sensor known to detect butane gas and
smoke. The sensor modified by adding an additional unit of sensitivity to ionizing
its components and absorbed by this sensor. This absorption worked to generate
elements that sent to the tip of the processor in the form of current, and thus give a
signal to warn of the presence of leaking gas.

Figure.1Show the appearance of the MQ135

gas sensor.

Gas physical properties

The basis for the operation and developments of the MQ135 sensor were linked
with the properties of the gases as the gases flies on air by the law of physics;
these properties are shown in table 1.
Table I:Physical properties of tested gases.
Material Electrolyte Pauling Density Ionization Energy
𝑔 𝑘𝐽⁄
scale ⁄𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Chlorine 3.16 3.2 1251.2
Hydrogen 2.20 0.089 1312.0

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CO 1.88 1.250 11600

One of the problems raised in the development of MQ135 is to link the

duration of inhalation of poisonous gas with its response.This study uses [1] to
reach the maximum results and determine the risk of inhalation. These restrictions
are shown in table 2.
Table II: Selected gases and their effect on the working environment.

Material Deadly Effective Number

quantity if inhaled power(mg) caution
with (mg)
Chlorine 60 7500 75
CO 80 7000 -

These quantities estimated based on a human being. Assuming T is the

deadly time in minutes that takes someone to inhale toxic gas, m is the amount of
the harmful gas in milligrams per one cubic meter. The product of T × m is what
we call the effective force. For example, if the effective force of a given material
is 100, this means the continuation of 100 milligrams of this substance per cubic
meter will cause death in one minute. Consequently, one cubic meter of air is one
milligram of the substance mentioned that death causes after 100 minutes. For
example, if we want to compare B & A, we should first know the effective force
for them. If A is 500 and B is 450, it is sufficient to have 450 milligrams of B
substance per cubic meter to cause death is one minute later. Therefore, substance
B, whose active strength is 450, is more potent than substance A.

Problem Statement
In this project, an economical and safe approach used to develop the MQ135
sensor to be sensitive to several dangerous gases such as chlorine and carbon
monoxide, and hydrogen after the sensor was only sensitive to butane and smoke.
Experimental approach
It is known that each sensor has certain properties and in response to
certain gases. These experiments use the MQ135 sensor, who is only susceptible
to the detection of butane gas and smoke. The sensor response unit known as the
ionization chamber consists of a pole and an electroplating board at the top and
the bottom. The middle part of the radioactive material is called Amricium 241,
This material is heated by an electrically voltage-operated coil emitted from the
material Amrizium 241 radiation.
It consists of small particles called alpha particles (Alpha Particles) where
the alpha particles exist from the capsule in which the substance consists in
Amrizium 241 to Chamber [4], and it breaks the air in them and divides it into
negative electrons and positive ions. Upon the separation occurs to the air
molecules, the electrons reach one of the electrodes and conducted by the positive
part of the voltage source. The ions accelerate to the negative pole to settle in.
This process occurs again and again as soon as the alpha particles are released and
the air molecules are separated. The sensitized alpha molecules and their release
from the capsule were replaced by adding tungsten filaments to increase and raise

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the temperature in it. Thus, we have increased the output of radioactivity to alpha
and therefore the sensor became sensitive to many gases.

Figureure.2shows the tungsten filaments assembled in the ionization

The drawing of the MQ135 gas sensor is not only in its external or internal
appearance, but the most complex question is the layout and detection of the
complex network detected inside it, and we have been able to draw these parts to
simplify their image and understanding, as in Figureure7,in addition, we will
explain all the sensitivity details step by step. To remove this complexity and to
explain how it was developed, Figureure 4, 5 illustrates the internal appearance of
the sensor in general, and the Figureure6 shows the wire and beans,Which in turn
generate the difference of voltage, and this voltage is generated as a result of the
release of the chemical radiation found inside it, Amersom 241, as mentioned
above, and this rumor or radiation is released as a result of raising the
temperature of the metal wire located inside the ionization chamber and then they
ionize the gases inside it and increase the electrical resistance and thus decrease
the current passing through the parties, giving a warning signal or voice that the
proportion of gas increased by itself, as in Figureure3 shows the dimensions and
structures of the small device and this is what distinguishes it from other.

Figure.3 the dimensions of the external device and its input structures

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Figure.4 the protective metal casing of the ionization chamber

Figure.5 the appearance of the ionization chamber from the inside and the metal
wire bound to it

Figure.6 the appearance of the ionization chamber

Figure.7 the layout of the internal device

Explain parts
In order to explain the parts of the sensitive device, we begin to explain and
explain the most important part of it is the processor or the respondent that
converts gas ionization to a digital or acoustic signal, which is more complex than
other parts, However, in general, each gas sensor has four legs (GND). The legs

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installation may be different in some sensors, but always the installation of these
legs is one symbol (VCC) means negative and the( DO) symbol means positive,
the digital data exit symbolizes it (AO), and the analog data exit symbolizes it
(AOUT), and positive and negative input as shown in Figureure 8is to feed the
integrated circuit located in the voltage sensor (5V), The output of the analog data
(AO) is usually given from 0 to 4.2 volts, and the amount of voltage outside it
depends on the proportion of gas that is detected directly, that is, all that increased
the proportion of gas increases the amount of outside voltage, and the output of
digital data (DO) gives voltage of either 0 or 5 volts depending on the ratio of gas,
and can control the sensitivity ofthe device only if the use of digital data (DO) by
the variable resistance on the inside of the sensor, and therefore choose at any rate
of exit becomes (5V) and at any rate the gas becomes (0V).

Figure.8 the legs in the MQ135 sensors

Often in development projects, the analog data output (AO) is used to read
the amount of gas that is present accurately. Of course, after converting it from
voltages, the sensor used for development is MQ135, which is sensitive to
detecting smoke and butane gas that is usually found in kitchens or sometimes
used for heating and located in the oil companies produced by it. The amount of
leaking gas is read by reading the amount of voltage outside the output (AO) and
converting it to a fixed number from 0 to 1024 to appear on the screen, as in
Figureure 9,and in the normal case, the absence of gas is not a condition that you
get out No. 0 on the screen and be processed during the next period and research
work based on that, but if you appear from 5v and above means, the presence of
gas leaks and all the above must be linked with the Arduino panel as shown in
Figureure 10, and when you install a display screen, take with your backup a close
resistance to your display screen or better take variable resistance to protect the
screen from damage, and for the clarity of data from the screen, and we have
taken in this development resistance of 220 ohms to be associated with our
display[8].

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Figure. 9 the display screen for the amount of gas in voltages

Figure. 10 the connection of the sensor to the Arduino panel.

Note: Most gas sensors need from 2 to 3 minutes at the beginning of
operation to be equipped to measure the level of gas in the oceans [3].
All the equipment's in experiments
We also said that the gas sensor MQ135 is one of the most important gas sensors
currently exist, which we have developed, and in order to be fully developed, to
the fullest, it must be available the following parts or parts related to the operation
and use of the sensor, the following table (3) shows all parts and parts used in the
development of the MQ135 sensor, in form and name.

Table III: shows the parts used to operate the MQ135 sensor
Figureure Name
Arduino Uno

Gas sensor MQ135

Bread
LEDs×2

3222×ΩResistor

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Piezo buzzer

Jumper wires

LCD Module

Results
The developed sensor became sensitive to the most dangerous gases such as
carbon monoxide and chlorine gas by adding to the sensitivity of hydrogen gas
fast-blast or fast explosion and was connected to the plate of the Arduino from the
entrance (Digital),so only given one signal. Table 4 showed the gases and the
sensitivity of the response and the time when the alarm was given.
Table IV: Time responses for different gases.
Response Time (s) Element
High 9 Butane
High 15 Hydrogen
Medium ΩΩ CO
Medium Ω6 Chlorine
Average Time : (23:25) s , Part of Second

NOTE:that the experiment for the sensitive response velocity of different

gases and the frequency of ten times per gas records the highest response to
natural gas and it is different properties from other target gases in the device also,
these experiments, when placed on a diagram (1) as in showed the extent of
variation in gases, but the reaction rate was standard for most gases, which made
the MQ135 sensor and unique and distinct from other sensors.
40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Butane Hydrogen CO Chlorine

Tiem (s)

Diagram (1): showing the difference in sensitivity response time for different
gases

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The study did not stop here alone, but we have conducted tests especially
for the natural gas and the resulting gas chain. the results are very encouraging
and it is the subject of a future study. the diagram (2) shows the gases used in the
experiment. It also shows where installed the location of the sensor in the rooms
and in the factories. andit is another place where the sensor is installed, sensitive
installation is very important. there are heavy gases such as chlorine do not rise
immediately when they leak, and there are light gases that fly directly up.

Figure.10: Response rate and sensor location

The results obtained by the MQ135 sensor experiments were correlated
with the calibration of the device for the gases used as a whole.It was
programmed by the alarm limits as shown in Table 5. The Simulink program was
used to link between Arduino and Mat lab to take accurate results.
Table V: The exposure limit for gases used and their results
(The Book of Toxic Gases in Wars,2013,75)

Gas Gas Unit Weighted Short term Low High

Calibration average exposure
(Balance) limit
Methane atm52/ Ppm - - 12 22
Butane atm/35 Ppm 4.5 12 14 17
Hydrogen atm/70 Ppm 7.5 14 19 22
CO atm/50 Ppm 15.4 22 25 Ω5
Chlorine atm/10 Ppm 17.Ω 22 Ω2 46
Ammonia NH3 atm/50 ppm 24.7 Ω2 42 62

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Theaddition of the tungsten wire released the radiation at a faster time;

thus, responses to the highly explosive hydrogen, chlorine and carbon monoxide
gases. The difference in time response between these gases is due to the nature of
the gases themselves and not to the role of the sensor. The variation when the
gases are leached for a continuous period on the sensor, as in chlorine gas are
shown in Figureure11.

Figureu.11 Stability of chlorine gas when it leaks to the sensor.

The software results have been a successful development of this sensor.

An amendment to the sensitive software was very complicated, especially that
dismantling the previously known sensitive software was impossible to solve, but
after using some software experts and in collaboration with us we were able to
solve these puzzles. To recognize each sensor according to the information of the
degree of its ionization, volatilization, natural temperature and any other
indicated.
The basis of the project was to reduce the cost of these sensors. Prior to the
start of the project, the total price of sensors for these gases with Arduino plates,
displays, resistors, and wires was estimated at USD 550. After development, the
sensitivity of these gases was only USD 113.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study showed the importance of the sensors in general
andgas sensors in particular. This study succeeded in developing and upgrading
the MQ135 sensor to adopt and sense gases such as highly explosive hydrogen,
chlorine and carbon monoxide. In addition to that, the experimental approach used
to develop this sensor was also economical where it cut around 80% of the cost.

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