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HSPTA Physical World
KANNUR HIGHER SECONDARY PHYSICS
XI

Chapters
8. Gravitation
1. Physical world 9. Mechanical properties of solids
2. Units and measurement 10. Mechanical properties of fluids
3. Motion in a straight line 11. Thermal properties of matter
4. Motion in a plane 12. Thermodynamics
5. Laws of motion 13. Kinetic Theory
6. Work ,Energy and Power 14. Oscillations
7. Systems of particles and Rotational motion 15. Waves

Chapter: 1

PHYSICAL WORLD
1. Introduction
2. Scope and excitement of physics
3. Physics, technology and society
4. Fundamental forces in nature
5. Nature of physical laws
6. Model questions

“Learn from yesterday,

live for today,
hope for tomorrow.
The important thing is
not to stop questioning.”

-Albert Einstein

[HIGHER SECONDARY PHYSICS TEACHERS ASSOCIATION KANNUR]


1. Introduction
Science - Knowledge gained through careful
observation and logical reasoning.
The word science is derived from Latin word measurements in physics.
scientia which means to know.
Physics-
1. Branch of science that deals with nature and
natural phenomena.
2. Study of matter and radiation.
It is also known as “Science of measurement”
because in physics more importance is attached
to measurements.
Measurements in physics are not subjective.
Measurements in physics have high precision
and accuracy. Hence physics is called an exact
science.
2. Scope and excitement of Physics
Scope of physics is wide, covering
tremendous range of magnitude of physical
quantities such as length, mass, time, force,
energy etc. Immense excitement is involved in
Physics, since it explains every natural
phenomenon with a set of rules, so that clear
understanding can be achieved.
Basically there are two domains -
macroscopic and microscopic.
➢ Classical Physics deals with macroscopic
domain.
➢ Quantum Physics include microscopic
domain of Physics which deal with
elementary particles such as electrons,
photons etc.
3. Physics, technology and society
Physics in relation to other Sciences
➢ With Mathematics: Study of physical variables
led to the idea of differentiation, integration
and differential equations.
➢ With Chemistry: The concept of x -ray
diffraction and radioactivity has helped to
distinguish various solids and to modify the
periodic table.
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Scientific apparatus are used for taking
Scientific method (Scientific approach)
Scientific method involves the following steps.
1) Systematic observations.
2) Controlled experiments.
3) Quantitative and qualitative reasoning.
4) Mathematical modeling.
5) Prediction, verification and falsification
of theories.
Classical Physics includes
• Mechanics - It deals with motion of particles ,rigid
and deformable bodies, rocket propulsion,
propagation of water waves and sound waves.
• Electro Dynamics - It deals with electric and
magnetic phenomena associated with charged and
magnetic bodies.
• Optics - It deals with the phenomena involving light.
• Thermo Dynamics - It deals with changes in internal
energy, temperature, entropy etc. of the system
through external work and transfer of heat.
➢ With Biology: Conceptual study of pressure and
its measurement helped us to know blood
pressure and hence the functioning of heart.
Electron and optical microscopes have
revolutionalised the study of Medical science.
➢ With Astronomy: Optical telescopes abled man to
explore the space around.
➢ With technology and society: Advancement in
Physics has led to new technologies and vice
versa. Physics possess a dominant influence on
society. Development of digital communication
systems
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4. The Fundamental forces in nature.

𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
There are four fundamental forces (Basic forces)
𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
in nature. They are, F∝
𝐫𝟐
1. Gravitational force
2. Electro-magnetic force
3. Strong nuclear force 𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
F=G
4. Weak nuclear force 𝐫𝟐

1. Gravitational force:
Properties of Gravitational Force
“The force of attraction between any two
material bodies is called gravitational force” 1. It obeys inverse square law
2. It is always attractive
“The force of attraction between any two bodies 3. It is the weakest force in nature
is directly proportional to the product of the 4. It is a long range force
masses and is inversely proportional to the square 5. It is a central force and hence a
of the distance between them.” conservative force
6. It does not depend on the nature of
medium between masses

2. Electromagnetic force: Charges in motion produce magnetic effects

Electromagnetic force is the force between and a magnetic field gives rise to a force on a
charged particles. In the simpler case when moving charge. Electric and magnetic effects are,
charges are at rest, the force is given by Coulomb’s in general, inseparable – hence the name
law : electromagnetic force.
“The force of attraction or repulsion between two
point charges is directly proportional to the
product of the charges and is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between
them.”
Properties of Electromagnetic force
𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
1. It obeys inverse square law
𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
F∝ 2. It may be attractive or repulsive
𝐫𝟐
3. It is stronger than gravitational force and
weak force
𝟏 𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐 4. It is a long range force
F = 𝟒𝛑𝛜 𝟐 5. It is a central force and hence a
𝟎 𝐫
conservative force
6. It depends on the nature of medium
between charges
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3. Strong Nuclear force (Nuclear force): 4. Weak Nuclear force:

“The force between two nucleons (neutron or The weak nuclear force appears only in certain
proton) of the nucleus is called nuclear force” nuclear processes such as the β-decay of a nucleus.
In β-decay, the nucleus emits an electron and an
Properties of Nuclear force uncharged particle called neutrino.

1. It varies inversely with some higher power
of distance
2. It is an attractive force
3. It is the strongest force in nature
4. It is a short range force
5. It is a non-central force
Properties of Weak Nuclear force
1. The range of weak nuclear force is exceedingly
small, of the order of 10−16 m.
2. It is not as weak as the gravitational force, but
much weaker than the strong nuclear and
electromagnetic forces.

𝐅𝐆 : 𝐅𝐖 : 𝐅𝐄 : 𝐅𝐒 :: 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟗 : 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑 : 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 : 𝟏

5. Nature of physical laws

Conservation laws in Physics.

The physical quantities that remain
unchanged in a process are called conserved
quantities. Some of the general conservation laws
in nature include the laws of conservation of mass,
energy, linear momentum, angular momentum,
charge etc.
Conservation laws have a deep connection with
symmetries of nature. Symmetries of space and
time and other types of symmetries play a central
role in modern theories of fundamental forces in
nature.
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Problems:

1. HSE-MARCH 2016: Which of the following force is present between all objects in universe?

A. Electromagnetic force
B. Magnetic force
C. Gravitational force
D. Strong nuclear force

[Ans: C Gravitational force]

2. HSE-SEPT. 2015: Choose the WRONG statement from the following statements.

A. Electromagnetic force is the force between charged particles.

B. Electrostatic force can be attractive or repulsive.
C. Nuclear force binds protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
D. Gravitational force is the one of the strongest forces among the fundamental forces in nature.

[Ans: D Gravitational force is the one of the strongest forces among the fundamental forces in
nature.]

3. HSE-MARCH. 2015: Choose the correct answer from the brackets:

A. Weakest force in nature is …………

B. Strongest force in nature is ……………

(Gravitational force, electro-magnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force)

[Ans: A. Gravitational force B. strong nuclear force]

4. EDUMATE: Match the following.

Technologies Scientific Principle

1. Rocket Propulsion 1. Nuclear fission
2. Electric generator 2. Digital logic
3. Aero plane 3. Propagation of electromagnetic waves
4. Nuclear reactor 4. Bernoulli’s Principle
5. Radio and TV 5. Newton’s laws of motion
6. Computers 6. Conversion of gravitational PE into electrical energy

[Ans:

Technologies Scientific Principle

1. Rocket Propulsion 1. Newton’s laws of motion
2. Electric generator 2. Conversion of gravitational PE into electrical energy
3. Aero plane 3. Bernoulli’s Principle
4. Nuclear reactor 4. Nuclear fission
5. Radio and TV 5. Propagation of electromagnetic waves
6. Computers 6. Digital logic
For your valuable suggestions and corrections, please contact
1. Abhith B, St. Cornelius HSS, kolayad, Ph: 9656788960
2. Shinoj K, PHSS Parassinikadavu, Ph: 9495122440

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