DESARROYEAR OF PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT UNITS

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND EVALUATION

TEACHER: MILAGROS FRANCO GUEVARA

STUDENT:Guerreros Viña, Milagros Magdalena

CICLO: IV

ICA - PERÚ
2023
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Revista del Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel

versión impresa ISSN 0798-0477

INHRR v.37 n.1 Caracas ene. 2006

SUMMARY

The nervous system (SN) is the most important control system in the body and,
together with the endocrine system, performs most of the regulatory functioIn
general, the SN controls rapid activities of the body, such as contractions. muscles,
rapidly evolving visceral phenomena, and even secretions of some endocrine
glands. On the other hand, the endocrine system regulates mainly the metabolic
functions of the organism.

Introduction

The nervous system is usually divided into the central nervous system (CNS),
which includes the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system
(PNS), made up of the autonomic nervous system and the cranial and spinal
nerves. It is estimated that the human CNS contains 10 to 9 neurons, without
counting the cerebellum, which would contain about 30 x 10 to 9; the approximate
number of glial cells could be from 10 to 12 (Majovski, 1989). Human behavior is
the result of the integral functioning of this set of nerve cells.

CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES

The cranial and spinal nerves appear as shiny, whitish cords. They are formed by
the set of many nerve fibers, almost all covered with myelin sheath.All cranial and
spinal nerves result from the union of fibers leaving the brain or spinal cord.
However, whereas, for cranial nerves, these fibers join directly to form the nerve, in
spinal nerves, the fibers first join in two different formations, the anterior root and
the posterior root.

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES.

Nerves are classified according to the type of impulses they carry:

somatic sensory nerve: nerve that collects sensory impulses related to the so-
called "relational life", that is, not referring to the activity of the viscera;somatic
motor nerve: a nerve that carries motor impulses to voluntary muscles;

visceral sensory nerve: a nerve that collects sensation from the viscera;visceral
elector nerve: a nerve that carries motor, secretory, etc. impulses to the viscera.In
addition, the nerves that perform only one of the four functions listed above are
called pure nerves, while those that are simultaneously somatic sensory and
somatic motor (or that are also simultaneously somatic and visceral) are called
mixed nerves.However, the nomenclature of the nerves has been established
based on the territory in which they are distributed: there will be, for example,
muscular nerves and cutaneous nerves. Muscle nerves enter striated muscles,
essentially carrying motor fibers. Each fiber divides, inside the muscle, into many
twigs, each of which reaches the motor plate of a muscle fiber. The group of
muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber is called the Sherrington motor
unit.For their part, the cutaneous nerves are those that reach the skin, picking up
its sensitivity. Each cutaneous nerve is distributed in a certain area of skin, called a
dermatome.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

It constitutes the nervous tissue that is found outside the central nervous
system,represented fundamentally by the peripheral nerves that innervate the
muscles and organs Autonomic or vegetative nervous system The autonomic

week three: Humanistic psychology: its origins and meaning

in the world of psychotherapy to half a century

ABSTRACT

The article attempts to explain the emergence of humanistic psychology in the 1960s,
highlighting their origins and distinctive characteristics, the objectives of his birth and
evaluating their achievements, as well as newly discovered psychological phenomena.
An emerging new paradigm, known as Philosophy of the Implicit created by Eugene
Gendlin, Focusing discoverer described. Finally highlights the contributions of
humanistic psychology that have endured after half a century of existence.

WORLD CONTEXT IN WHICH PSYCHOLOGICAL HUMANISM WAS BORN

The world was surprised by the ideological end of the macro war conflict of the First
World War in 1919 when its end was settled by a coup d'état in Germany of imminent
ideological inspiration. After 25 years, humanity was stunned when the advanced
scientific technology of modern physics put an end to the world conflict on that fateful
August 6, 1945, when the first atomic bomb was dropped on humanity in Hiroshima.
Since then, the world would have faced the use of nuclear weapons that made war
conflicts unfeasible, faced with a type of war never seen before, known as the cold
war, a conflict in which two exclusive ideological models of society confront each other
on the part of the major corporations. powers. The objective of the Cold War was not
to win it, but to avoid losing it, since the most successful model had to demonstrate its
superiority. Both systems were inspired by a vision of man as a being who must
conquer nature and the universe through a civilization that was extremely scientifically
developed but profoundly ineffective in resolving conflicts through dialogue. Humanity
was then faced with an era of cultural revolution at the level of change and questioning
of everything that existed. The world came to need a Psychology in accordance with a
historical development that would allow society to seek and provide a peaceful solution
to conflicts between nationals, which could no longer be resolved technologically. It
was necessary to discover a new way of conceiving this science whose prevailing
paradigm until 1945 did not have much to offer in the face of the great problems that
man has with man, in the words of Martin Buber (1878-1965).

It is necessary to understand humanism as a new Paradigm, emerging simultaneously

in the USA and Europe, after Hiroshima, and its implications for psychotherapy and
Psychology as a new science that aims to integrate a conception of man and the
supposedly more holistic therapeutic task. more philosophical, as well as scientific

EMERGENCE OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

Humanistic Psychology was officially born in the USA in 1962, when a group of
psychologists and progressive thinkers of the time declared their willingness to develop
a new approach that transcended the determinisms and fragmentation of the current
models of Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism; The desire was then to develop a new
Psychology that deals with Subjectivity and Internal Experience, with the Person as a
whole, without fragmentations such as behavior or the unconscious, or perception or
language, but rather contemplating the Person as an object. study light.

This group of thinkers was made up of singular exponents of a new cultural concern:
Kurt Goldstein, Erich Fromm, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls, Rollo May,
Karen Horney, Aldous Huxley, Herbert Marcuse, and they were also part of this
revolutionary group of contemporary thought, two young psychotherapists, they were
Sidney Jourard and Eugene Gendlin, both 26 years old, becoming the first president of
the Humanistic Association and the future discoverer of Focusing, respectively.

IN SUMMARY

What began as a movement of revolutionary thinkers in Psychology has come to

configure new paradigms that have allowed us to explore new phenomena that were
denied by traditional psychology. This permanent dynamic that discovers truths and
that is so human, and that always breaks with what is established to break into new
territories, has been articulated by that general malaise caused by a traditional
psychology without spirit, without the basic elements of humanization, without which
could not be acted upon. After half a century, the transformation has been imminent,
new repertoires of practices and concepts that speak of new phenomena and manage
to facilitate mental health in territories never before suspected.

article five : APPROACH TO THE CONCEPT OF COUPLE

SUMMARY

The concept of a couple, due to its complexity, needs to be constantly reviewed considering
that it is influenced by social, historical and cultural characteristics. Some myths and
stereotypes about couple's choice, which are gradually assimilated through the process of
socialization, are shown. In addition, different classifications about the couple's cycle are
identified, which allows to conclude that there is no an unique criterion to determine it, and
that each cycle could be considered acceptable depending on the researcher's perspective.
Also, seven phases of formation of the couple are proposed, pointing out the most
significant aspects. Finally, the similarities and differences between the homosexual and
heterosexual couples are reviewed, promoting the identification of general aspects as well
as the specific characteristics of the couple we are working on within the psychotherapeutic

Introduction

The couple relationship is one of the most complex forms of interaction because biological,
psychological, interactional, social and cultural aspects are involved, so if we are going to
talk about a couple, it is necessary to specify from which perspective it is going to be
approached and in what context.

Couple concept

From various areas of knowledge (Anthropology, History, Biology, Sociology, Literature,

Psychology) the couple has been studied at different moments and stages of development,
in situations of conflict or well-being, as well as the factors that can intervene in their
formation. and the aspects that favor the adequate or inadequate development of its
members

From the point of view of psychology, some perspectives from which the study can be
approached are: focused on the couple, on the structure, on the interaction or on the
children, on conflicts or their solution, on the learning and developing skills that allow them
to establish a better relationship with themselves and with others.

ARTICLE SIX: WHAT IS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT?

SUMMARY

Cognitive development is the process by which a person acquires knowledge about what
surrounds them and thus develops their intelligence and abilities. It begins from birth and
continues throughout childhood and adolescence.

PIAGET'S THEORY

To determine the different stages of development that a person goes through, the
psychologist Jean Piaget and his theory of cognitive development are the most used
references.

Sensorimotor stage

From the moment he is born until he is two years old, the baby acquires a better perception
of his surroundings as well as his own movements. This is already born with a series of
reflexes that allow it to begin to understand the cause and consequences of things from its
first month of life.

Preoperational stage

This stage ranges from two to seven years old. Mental representations are especially
developed and thinking in general is much faster and more efficient. The child is capable of
thinking not only about the immediate and present, but also about more timeless thoughts.

Stage of concrete operations

It occurs from ages seven to 11. The child's thinking increasingly resembles that of an
adult, and he begins to establish relationships between objects, to reflect logically.
Stage of formal operations

From the age of 12 and during adolescence. The child is already capable of thinking
abstractly. Reasoning and reflection, therefore, begin to be really effective when it comes to
understanding the world around them. With them they reach more complex deductions
about reality than before.

ARTICLE SEVEN:

THE THOUGHT OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Summary

Currently, Social Psychology is made up of diverse theoretical-methodological positions

that receive unequal attention. This is the motive that leads the authors to highlight one of
these forms of thought: collective psychology, which began as such in the 19th century.
XIX with the manifest interest of various authors in the study of the masses and the public

The oppositions soul-body, individual-society, mind-culture, have been part of Social

Psychology, not only of Psychology as such. In the same way, the demand to adhere to
express norms to validate the co* Professor of the Faculty of Psychology and the Doctorate
in Political and Social Sciences, knowledge, the denial of the historicity, its location in a
classification of fields of knowledge, sometimes with rejection of some and others

The future of the study of social thought.

The generation,The accumulation and transmission of knowledge has been a collective

practice inherent to the development of human societies, which is has been done through
communication and language, allowing build meanings and meanings in our future. This
psychosocial process is what has made cultures as forms of construction and transformation
of social realities.

Forms that have becomefrom magical-religious formulations, practical sense, experience

and tradition, to more sequential and systematized styles such as The science

article eight

¿POR QUE EL GRUPO EN LA PSICOLOGÍA SOCIAL?

INTRODUCTION

Man's belonging to a certain society does not presuppose the existence of a automatic,
simplified, rectilinear determination of your individual conscience. Considering your life
and immediate experiences, the life of each man It takes place along a vital journey through

different groups and institutions and in contexts specific social (Fuentes, 1990)

The social psychology of intergroup relations is the area of psychology that studies the
causes and consequences of the actions and perceptions that individuals have about
themselves and others as members of different social groups. Sherif and Sherif (1979)
defined this field of research as the analysis of those behaviors and attitudes that arise from
concrete or desired membership in a human group. This line of work then deals with the
intergroup behaviors of the subjects, that is, with the similarities and uniformities in the
behavioral patterns that emerge from the perception of oneself and others in terms of their
affiliation to a social group.

norms, principles and mechanisms, which are different from individual behavior. In
general terms, when there is an interrelationship between two groups, there are two models
that prevail: cooperation or conflict.An example of cooperation would be two countries that
collaborate to face a crisis, whether economic, environmental, health, etc.
On the other hand, an example of conflict between groups would be a war between two
countries or a war between the same country (civil war).

The social psychologist Muzafer Sherif and his collaborators carried out a well-known
social experiment called “the den of thieves” in 1954:The experiment was carried out
without the knowledge of the children participating in it, but with the consent of the
parents. In this, two groups of children about eleven years old camped near each other
without either knowing the existence of the other group.

article ten MENTAL DISORDERS

The celebration of October 10 as World Mental Health Day can serve as an auspicious occasion to
have a moment of reflection on the main mental health problems, so that we can acquire awareness
of its dimension, as well as review various recommendations proposed by international
organizations with the purpose of achieving improvements in this field.There is no doubt that
mental disorders, also called neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders, have been become a real
concern for people who suffer from them, for themselves. The causes of mental disorders include a
combination of biological, genetic, psychological, emotional, psychosocial, cognitive,
environmental and social. The approach model currently used is biopsychosocial that includes
biological and psychosocial factors. The biological component includes alterations in some areas of
the brain and the psychosocial component, alterations in interpersonal functioning.

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER :The essential characteristic of this disorder is the

presence of recurrent obsessive thoughts or compulsive acts. Obsessive thoughts are ideas, images
or mental impulses that break into the individual's mental activity again and again, in a stereotyped
way. They tend to always be unpleasant (due to their violent or obscene content, or simply because
they are perceived as meaningless) and the sufferer usually tries, usually without success, to resist
them.

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: The essential characteristic of this disorder is a generalized

and persistent anxiety, which is not limited and does not even predominate in any particular
environmental circumstance (it is a free floating anxiety )

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER: It is a transient disorder of significant severity that appears

in an individual without another apparent mental disorder, in response to exceptional
physical or psychological stress and that generally resolves within hours or days. The
stressor can be a devastating traumatic experience that involves a serious threat to the safety
or physical integrity of the patient or loved one or persons (for example, natural disasters,
accidents, battles, robberies, rapes) or a sudden and threatening change in rank. or the
individual's social environment (for example, loss of several loved ones, house fire, etc.)

Articles

CONTRIBUTIONS ON SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF-ESTEEM. IT'S NEVER TOO

LATE TO ACCEPT YOURSELF

Summary

Talking about self-concept or self-esteem can be a bit tricky, since it entails a psychological

aspect of the person where not everyone likes what they are, who they are, and even what

their inner Self means in their life and environment; However, in the stage of adolescence,

this process of self-knowledge and acceptance can mean big problems and even existential

crises from which not everyone manages to escape safely.

SELFCONCEPT

What do we understand by self-concept and what is the background of this term? It has

been defined as: the individual's perceptions of himself, which are based on his experiences

with others and on the attributions that he himself makes of his own behavior, as well as the

concept that the individual has of himself as a be physical, social and spiritual; The
importance of self-concept basically focuses on its relationship to the construction of

personality, since it is linked to social competence, influencing how the person feels, how

they think, how they learn, how they value themselves, their general behavior

SELF-ESTEEM

is a concept strictly related to the topic at hand, since it refers to a predisposition to

experience an ingredient to face life's challenges and as worthy of happiness.