This is basically a list of things I remember being mentioned in the

exam. It’s a mess of terms, names and definitions and may not be
helpful. Remember that your exam may be different.

Art
Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.

Picasso was a Cubist painter.

Rembrandt was a Baroque painter.

Degas, Renoir, Monet, and Manet were all Impressionist painters.

Music
Verdi and Puccini both composed Romantic period operas.

Literature
Aristophanes wrote Lysistrata.
John Bunyan wrote Pilgrim's Progress.

Tolstoy wrote Anna Karenina.

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby.

Othello was a tragedy.

Twelfth Night was a comedy.

Milton - Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained

Victor Hugo - Les Miserables, The Hunchback of Notre Dame

Alexander Dumas - The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo

Jules Verne - 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea

James Joyce - Ulysses, Finnegan's Wake

--

Merry Wives of Windsor - (Comedy) Falstaff, TWO wives, Shallow and

Slender (drinking buddies)

Tempest - (Comedy) Prospero, Ferdinand, Miranda, Caliban (slave), Ariel

(sprite)

Twelfth Night - (Comedy) Viola/Cesario, Olivia, Malvolio, Orsino, Sebastian

The Two Gentlemen of Verona - (Comedy) Proteus, Valentine...in love with

Silvia

--

Renaissance - da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli (calm, simple

faces)

Mannerism - El Greco (more detailed, rejected perfectionism, "warts 'n all")

Baroque - Rubens, Vermeer, Rembrandt (dramatic, emotion and

movement, often religious theme)

Romantic - Millet, Delacroix, Constable, Goya (nature, the past,

melodramatic, tragic)
Impressionist - Degas, Renoir, Monet (candid glimpses, effects of different

light on the same painting)

Post-impressionist - Cezanne, Van Gogh, Modigliani

Fauvism - Matisse (extreme colors)

--

Bach - (Baroque...Counterpoint) Toccata and Fugue, Brandenburg

Concertos, Well-Tempered Clavier

Vivaldi - (Baroque) The Four Seasons

The Pavane and the Polonaise - court dances.

Mozart - (Classical) Magic Flute, Cossi fan Tutte (remember Saliere)

Joseph Haydn - (Classical) Surprise Symphony (he taught Beethoven and

Mozart)

Richard Strauss - (Romantic) Don Juan, Also Sprach Zarathustra

--

Serge Diaghilev - Ballet Russe

Martha Graham - Ballet dancer. She is remembered as the “mother of

dance.”

Danilova - Prima Ballerina in the Ballet Russe

Champion and Tharp - Choreographers

--

Apollo - (Greek) God of Shepherds and Muses

Dionysus - (Greek) God of wine and fertility

Poseidon - (Greek) God of the sea

Mercury - (Roman) God of speed

Vulcan - (Roman) God of Fire and Crafts

Neptune - (Roman) God of the sea

what family do these instruments belong to? what does this musical
symbol mean?
Walden and Thoreau came up a few times as did Chaucer and Canterbury
Tales.
Know who the god of forge is Hephaestus (greek), Vulcan (roman)

Know what an Amphora is

Find the common theme of the homes Lloyd Wright designed: use of

two-foot-square blocks

Who wrote Faust - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Theater in the round

Beethoven and Schiller have what in common – Schiller wrote Ode to Joy,

which Beethoven used in his Symphony No. 9

Know what a euphony is – pleasant to the ear through a harmonious

combination of words.

Simile

Haiku -5 7 5

Elegy

Aristotle thought tragedy was what: tragedy has six main elements: plot,

character, diction, thought, spectacle (scenic effect), and song (music), of

which the first two are primary. Know that Aristotle thought tragedy was the

rise of the hero then the hero's eventual fall from the rise.

Existentialism

Islam

Confucianism

17th-Century Metaphysics:

James Joyce - Ulysses

Books by Ernest Hemmingway – Farewell to Arms, Sun Also Rises, Old

Man and the Sea, for Whom the Bell Tolls.

Passage from Emily Bronte, Jane Austen, Tom Sawyer, MLK, Teddy

Roosevelt, John Kennedy

Machiavelli
Harlem Renaissance

Pop Art

Scott Joplin – Ragtime (jazz for home piano)

Charles Ives – American modern composer. Songs about New England.

Aaron Copeland – Dean of American Composers. Apalachian Spring, Billy

the Kid, Rodeo

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - Nutcracker

20th century cellists- yo yo ma, pablo casel, etc..

Characters in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Beat Generation

Know Brass and woodwind instruments

Jazz was created from where – African communities in New Orleans

Which instrument will you find the most of in the orchestra - violin

Atonality writers (music that lacks a key) - Alexander Scriabin, Claude

Debussy, Béla Bartók, Paul Hindemith, Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky,
and Edgard Varèse

Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet

impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes from which many famous
dancers and choreographers would later arise.

Diaghilev wrote what - Ballets Russes.

Philip Glass – Essential American composer. Combined rock & classical;

Joan Sutherland – dramatic soprano

Michel Fokine - groundbreaking Russian choreographer and dancer

Little Tramp – Charlie Chaplin’s most famous character

stream of consciousness

Ukiyo-e – block prints Japanese

Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.
John Bunyan wrote Pilgrim's Progress.
Harlem Renaissance - refers to the flowering of African American
intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s.
Beat Generation - is a term used to describe a group of American writers
who came to prominence in the 1950s, and the cultural phenomena that
they wrote about and inspired.
Impressionism - was a 19th-century art movement that began as a loose
association of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought
them to prominence in the 1870s and 1880s.
Romanticism - is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that
originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and
gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.
17th-Century Metaphysics - The metaphysical poets were a loose group of
British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in
metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them, and
whose work was characterized by inventiveness of metaphor (these
involved comparisons being known as metaphysical conceits).
Know that the Tempest and Mid-Summers Night Dream are plays in a
fantasy setting.
Know that Hamlet deals with fratricide, conjugal, and betrayal.
Know that Macbeths deals with a heroes obsession for power which leads
to his downfall.
Know who created the character Sherlock Holmes- sir Arthur Conan Doyle
first skyscraper - Richardson and Sullivan in Chicago
Who wrote on walden pond – Henry David Thoreau - details Thoreau's

experiences over the course of two years, two months, and two days in a

cabin he built near Walden Pond,

Torah

Different movements in music

an opening sonata or allegro.
a slow movement, such as adagio.
a minuet or scherzo with trio.
an allegro, rondo, or sonata.

Jane austen

Vermeer style

Annunciation - the Christian celebration of the announcement by the angel

Gabriel to the Virgin Mary that she would conceive and become the mother

of Jesus

Flying buttress

Dialogue

Canterbury Tales – Geoffrey Chaucer

Clock expulsion – Salvador Dali

Pointillism - George Seurat and Paul Signac

influence popart

HAMLET read

OTHELLO read

Fresco – done on wet plaster. Dry Fresco done on dry plaster.

Mosaics

Nathaniel Hawthorne what did he write associate with witch hunt – The

Scarlet Letter

Africans paintings

Raisin in the sun – written by Lorraine Hansberry

Persian rug

Tapestry Bayeux rug – tells about English history:

Chalice

A reliquary – a shrine to put religious objects in:

Order of composers: Haydn, Bach, Beethoven

Pablo Picasso

Athena – Goddess of wisdom, craft & war

which novelist was a doctor and then decided to write - Robert Brian

"Robin" Cook. Writes thrillers.

art deco

fauvism – super-bright, saturated colors.

dadism – nonsense in art after WWI.

lloyd wright architecture one of the architecture found on ic

I.M. Pei architecture:

Rodin sculptures:

Gulliver travels – by Jonathan Swift

The odyssey, by Homer. Main characters: Odysseus, Telemachus,

Penelope & Athena

Dante inferno

Walden and thoureau were what - Transcendentalists

what is chiaroscuro – Light and dark in a painting

Epicureans – devoted to sensual enjoyment

obelisk – Washington Monument

Nirvana – ultimate state of peace in Hinduism and Buddhism

Islam

A madrigal – Secular music composition of the Renaissance & early

Baroque. Usually 2 – 6 voices, no instruments.

woodwind instruments

Know that Gertrude Stein wrote the Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. (They

were lovers)

Know which religious books relate to which religion (Torah - Jews, Qur'an -

Islam, etc.)

Know that Richard Wagner is associated with the leitmotif. (Repeating

themes or ‘symbols’ or flourishes in music.)

Know about Commedia dell'arte - what they do – improvised theater – uses

masks - from italty

Know that Macbeth 'sold his soul' for personal/political gain

Know that Hamlet dealt with betrayals on many levels

Know that Henrik Ibsen wrote about strong women of his time; Peer Gynt;

A Doll’s House (Nora – who runs away from her family)

Know that there was a White Rabbit in Alice in Wonderland (follow the

white rabbit)
Know that Baryshnikov was a dancer

Know that George Sand was a female writer with a male name

Know that Christopher Wren designed St. Paul's Cathedral after the original

burnt in the 1666 fire.

Be able to recognize a cubist painting and know the artist. I didn't recognize
it as a Picasso, but maybe it was... I looked up Picasso paintings this
morning and didn't see it there...

Japanese - Ukiyo-e, woodcuts -

Fresco – painting on plaster walls or ceilings

Mosaics – image created with small pieces of glass

Chiaroscuro – contrast between light and dark

Botticelli – Birth of Venus, calm, simple faces, people flying, feet not firm on

the ground

Da Vinci – Baptism of Christ, Adoration of the Magi, Horses, John the

Baptist, Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Annunciation,

Michelangelo – David, St. Peter’s Basilica, Sistine Chapel dome, Battle of

Ciscina, mannerism founder, not much color, goldish tone, everything lit

Raphael Sanzio – Italian - School of Athens, Crucifixions, lots of his

paintings are built in an arch, portraits, chapels

El Greco – Spanish/Greece, The Holy Trinity, more detail, rejected

perfection, “warts & all”

Dutch Reformation

Rembrandt – Self Portraits, Christ in Storms, dramatic, emotion and

movement, often religious theme

Rubens – Westphalia, Reuben and Elizabeth in the Honeysuckle,

movement, color and counterreformation altar pieces, mythology

Vermeer – The Milkmaid, Girl with Pearl Earrings, nobility of work and

home life

Jacques-Louis David – Napoleon on Horseback, Death of Socrates,

Napoleon in his study, (lots of Napoleon), darker tones

Impressionist - French –

Renoir, On the Terrace (lady in orange hat), Luncheon, By the Water, bright

vibrant oils, people, very impressionist

Degas

Monet (candid glimpses, effects of different light on the same painting)

Manet
Van Gogh

Georges Seurat

Cubism –

Picasso -

Pop Art – influenced by commercialism

Art deco – elegant glamorous, functional modern

Salvador Dali – The Precedence of Memory (clocks), Gala in the Window

(bronze),

Andrew Wyeth - Christina's World

Dadaism – chaos, no meaning or logic

Surrealism – unexpected, surprise

Salvador Dali – clocks melting,

Pointillism –

Seurat - distinct dots

Sculpture

Amphora –

Athena –

Rodin sculpture -
Obelisk –

Reliquary –

Chalice –‘

1.There were a few questions about women authors/poets and their works.

Women like Jane Austin, the Brontes, and Emily Dickinson.

2.There were a couple questions about anime, nothing too specific just

general knowledge.

3. Study Rodin's works.

4. Know basics about Gulliver's Travels.

5. Know Orsen Welles films – Citizen Kane

6. Know instrument basics, such as what are woodwinds ect.

7. George Eliot was a woman.

8. Know who wrote Frankenstein. Mary Shelley

Know Crescendo means gradual increase

Know Gone with the Wind is a romantic novel

Know Louis Armstrong had song called What a Wonderful World

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight –Sir Gaiwan learns that selfishness and

fear can ruin our moral constitutions.

Sinclair Lewis wrote Babbitt (about midwestern, dis-satisfied family man

who dreams about a fairy lover.)

Erich Maria Remarque wrote All Quiet on the Western Front

Robert Louis Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.

Hyde

The world’s most famous cave paintings are in – Lascaux, France

Anton Chekhov wrote the play “The Cherry Orchard” He was also a Dr.

Notre Dame Cathedral – Gothic – flying buttresses

That an English horn is not made of brass, but a tuba is

Charles Dickens - Hard Times - Industrial revolution

The early opera - L'Orfeo – was composed by Claudio Monteverdi

That Opera “Carmen” by George Bizet has a female cigar factory worker

That George Bernard Shaw wrote the play – Pygmalion

Diana – (Roman) Goddess of the hunt

Artemis – (Greek) Goddess of the hunt

Salvador Dali - Melting Clocks (identify the actual painting, the same one

as on IC)

Keefe - some flower (identify the actual painting, the same one as on IC)
There was a statue that you had to identify as which Roman God, he

appeared to have wings on his shoes so I chose Mercury

Where did manga originate from

Stephen Sondheim = Sweeney Todd, A funny thing happened on the way

to the forum.

Identify the woman who killed her kids in response to her husband

committing adultery – Jason and Medea.

Angela's Ashes - Frank McCourt, what countries related to the book, USA

& Ireland

Know what the book In Cold Blood by Truman Capote is famous for. (True
crime?)
Only a very few pictures to identify – Assuncion, Melting Clocks (Dali), Jack

in the Pulpit (O’Keefe), statue of Mercury, and a few others

Give The Canterbury Tales Prologue a read-through

Don Juan – Strauss

One question I know I missed: Guiseppi Verdi wrote the opera Falstaff

based on one of Shakespeare’s characters.

The movie The Hours (2002) based on the life of Virginia Woolf.

Founding father of Jazz - Buddy Bolden

Queen of Salsa - Celia Cruz

What play Man of La Mancha is based on Don Quixote

Who directed the Godfather – Francis Coppola

Amiri Baraka – African American writer & poet. Known for Dutchman.

Jacob Lawrence – African American Painter:

Sir Jacob Epstein – British sculptor. Pioneered modern sculpture:

Grant Wood’s paintings

Nocturne: Blue and Gold - James McNeill Whistler:

Louise Nevelson: Feminist Art : Wood Cut-out Sculptures

Rauschenberg – Pop Art

The Firebird Suite (French title: L'oiseau de feu) – By Igor Stravinsky –

Included “Rite of Spring”

Angels in America - A Gay Fantasia on National Themes is a play in two

parts by American playwright Tony Kushner. The work won numerous

awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, the Tony Award for Best

Play

Rondo

Dies Irae – Fransciscan Latin hymn. Gregorian chant.

Carpe diem - Latin aphorism, usually translated "seize the day", taken from

book 1 of the Roman poet Horace's work Odes (23 BC)

Pagoda
Know who wrote the color purple -- Alice Walker
 Drama

At the end of _____________, the only character left standing is Horatio.

Hamlet. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, after the death of the King, Hamlet Sr., the King’s brother
Claudius seizes the throne and weds his brother’s widow, Gertrude. When Gertrude’s son
Hamlet Jr. reappears in Denmark, the ghost of the dead King informs him that Claudius
murdered him and is committing many other dastardly deeds. To make matters worse, Norway
launches a hostile military takeover of Denmark.

______ tricks Othello into believing that his wife Desdemona is being unfaithful, so that Othello
murders her for her alleged crimes.

Iago. Othello’s trusted lieutenant and right-hand man, Iago shows no motive for wanting
Desdemona dead-—but shows no remorse, either.

________ ____ ________ is about the feuding Montagues and Capulets.

Romeo & Juliet. After surmounting many obstacles to be together, Romeo (of the Montague
family) and Juliet (of the Capulet family) both end up committing suicide after learning of the
other’s death (Juliet was at first wrongly considered dead, and then ended her life upon
discovering Romeo lifeless).

After disbelieving his youngest (and only well-behaved) daughter, ______ ______ leaves his
fortune to his evil eldest two girls.

King Lear. In typical Shakespeare style, King Lear is promptly removed from the throne so his
evil daughters can enjoy their newfound fortunes. The local Earl of Gloucester finds himself in a
similar quandary, blind and with two evil sons.

__________ murdered Julius Caesar.

Brutus. Originally Caesar’s closest friend, Brutus struggles through Shakespeare’s (largely
biographical) play over whether to remove the quasi-tyrannical Caesar from power, or spare the
life of his friend.

The author of A Doll’s House was ___________.

Henrik Ibsen. Known for his uncanny ability to portray the inner-strength of the
nineteenth-century woman, Ibsen’s other dramatic works include Ghosts and An Enemy of the
People.

The playwright ___________ wrote many farces, including The Doctor in Spite of Himself,
Sganarelle, and George Dandin.

Jean Baptiste Moliere. Also an actor, director, and stage manager, this Frenchman wrote many
amusing pieces for the pleasure of the court. Born in 1622, his comedies included The Learned
Women, which poked fun at intellectuals, and the set The School for Husbands and The School
for Wives.

French dramatist _____________ wrote The Romancers and The Woman of Samaria.

Edmond Rostand. Most of Rostand’s plays are light, with no dark themes—-he reserved that for
his poetry, like Cyrano de Bergerac. His story Chantecler was brought to the United States in
1910.
_____________‘s play The Importance of Being Earnest debuted in 1905.

Oscar Wilde. Full of paradoxical situations, Wilde’s other plays include Lady Windermere’s Fan,
A Woman of No Importance, and An Ideal Husband.

Author of Waiting for Godot, ______________ wrote his original scripts in French and then
translated them himself into English.

Samuel Beckett. Winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize for Literature, he also wrote the drama
Endgame.

______________ wrote many avant-garde plays, including The Bald Soprano.

Eugene Ionesco. Much of his work delves into the absurdity of the proletariat and the bourgeois,
including La Lecon, Les Chaises, and Rhinoceros.

Playwright Eugene O’Neill’s autobiographical work, ___ ______ _______ _________ into Night,
was discovered after his death in manuscript form.

A Long Day's Journey. Prior to his death, O’Neill won a Pulitzer Prize for Strange Interlude,
about an infertile woman coming to terms with her sexuality, and wrote The Iceman Cometh in
1946.

Tennessee Williams won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1947 play ____ ______________ _________
________, about sisters Blanche and Stella.

A Streetcar Named Desire. Out of his over 70 plays, A Streetcar Named Desire and The Glass
Menagerie stand out as two of his finest (and earliest) works.

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof was written by _______________.

Tennessee Williams. Among his many plays, Williams also wrote Night of the Iguana, The Milk
Train Doesn’t Stop Here Any More, The Seven Descents of Myrtle, In the Bar of the Tokyo
Hotel, and Small Craft Warnings.
In Greek theaters, the ground the actors stood on was called the _______________.

Proscenium. The proscenium was elevated to help establish an upstage and downstage area
for the audience. The background (traditionally three houses with three doors, and an entrance
on either side) was called the skene, while the chorus stood in the orchestra.

_________ is a transparent fabric used as a drop in the theater to create special effects of lights
or atmosphere.

Scrim. It is sometimes also lit from the back so that you can see a silhouette.

The start of Greek tragedy, a _____________ was performed by the chorus to the god
Dionysus.

Dithyramb. This hymn to Dionysus involved the chorus singing back and forth with a lead singer.
The practice eventually led to more advanced forms of tragedy.

The lead singer of a dithyramb is called the ____________.

Thespis. Credited as the father of tragedy, he introduced this additional lead singer to bring
dialogue into theater, so the character was named after him.

In Greek theater, the priest or priestess who spoke on behalf of the gods was known as the
___________.

Oracle. Greek heroes frequently consult oracles to learn their fate or the next step in their
journey, although the news isn’t always to their benefit (think Oedipus).

The fifteenth-century play Everyman is a prime example of a __________ play.

Morality. Popular from the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries, morality plays depicted the
battle between good and evil through characters that each represented one of the two values.

____________ killed his father and married his mother.

Oedipus. When it was prophesied that King Laius would be killed by his own son, the King
abandoned Oedipus in a field. The baby was rescued by local villagers, and Oedipus believed
them to be his true parents. When Oedipus was told he was fated to kill his own father, he fled,
and on the way killed a man-—King Laius. Oedipus was then given the chance to win the hand
of the dead king’s widow, which he did-—thus unwittingly fulfilling the prophecy.

The Oedipus trilogy is composed of Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, and _____________.

Antigone. The daughter of the incestuous affair between Oedipus and his own mother, Antigone
and her sister flee to exile with their father in Oedipus at Colonus. When their brothers murder
one another, a funeral service is forbidden, but Antigone chooses to perform one
regardless—and is buried alive for her crime.

Daughter of Zeus and Leda, _______ ___ ______ was considered the most beautiful woman in
existence.

Helen of Troy. When Helen was selecting a suitor, her surrogate father Tyndareus made each
potential mate swear to protect whoever Helen chose with their life. Though she chose
Menelaus, she was kidnapped by Paris and taken to Troy—which started the Trojan War. She is
often dubbed “the face that launched a thousand ships” for her influence.

William Shakespeare wrote historical accounts of King ________ the IV, V, VI, and VIII.

Henry. The succession of plays follows Henry IV and his descendents through wars to protect
their homeland, England.

The final three tragedies of Aeschylus are known as the ___________.

Oresteia. The three plays are Agamemnon, The Choëphoroe, and The Eumenides. Eugene
O’Neill later rewrote the trilogy in American-style as Mourning Becomes Electra.

_____________ ________ is a bold attack by Aeschylus against the vengefulness of the gods.

Prometheus Bound. It is important to note, however, that Prometheus Bound was intended to be
a trilogy, but the latter two parts have never been found. Aeschylus may have redeemed the
gods in later sections.
Greek playwright Aristophanes wrote _____________, where Athenian women boycott their
spouses in order to end the war.

Lysistrata. Aristophanes was both conservative and skeptical, writing satirical plays while
denouncing the works of Socrates and the like. He wrote The Clouds as a satire about
Socrates, and The Wasps, a satire about the Athenians being sue-crazy.

In ____ _______ ______ of Windsor, Shakespeare resurrects Sir John Falstaff, who keeps
company with two women simultaneously that eventually discover one another.

The Merry Wives. Rest-assured, the not-so-merry wives get together and trap Falstaff in the
woods, with their children dressed as ghouls to scare him.

Antonio is arrested and threatened with losing a pound of flesh when he reneges on a loan in
"The __________ ____ _________".

Merchant of Venice. Bassanio, in an attempt to win the hand of Portia by selecting the right
treasure chest, borrows money from the merchant Antonio, who in turn borrows the money from
Shylock—-with a pound of his flesh as a guarantee. When Antonio's wealth is reported lost at
sea, Shylock has Antonio arrested and tries to claim his right to the pound of flesh-—and
Antonio's life. At the last minute, Antonio is saved by a lawyer (actually Portia in disguise), who
points out that the contract is flawed since the deal is that Shylock gets a pound of flesh, but he
can't take that without taking some of Antonio's blood.

In The Tempest, ____________ creates a thunderstorm to trap his brother Ferdinand into
coming to the island he and his daughter Miranda have been stranded on for twelve years.

Prospero. Once the King of Naples, he was tricked by his brother (the heir to the throne) into
staying on this deserted island. When Ferdinand arrives at the island, he does so on the side
opposite of Prospero, and woos Miranda (his niece). Things are complicated by the running off
of Prospero’s slave, Caliban, and the mischievous spirit, Ariel.

In __________ ______, Viola dresses as a man after the (supposed) death of her twin brother,
only to be pursued by Olivia.

Twelfth Night. This tale is only made more complicated when Sebastian, the presumed--dead
brother, returns and meets Olivia-—who is currently in love with Viola, a woman.
Close friends Proteus and Valentine are separated in _____ ______ ____________ of Verona.

The Two Gentlemen. The two friends then meet up in Milan, where they fall for the same
woman, Silvia. Though Valentine and Silvia are prepared to elope, Proteus interferes every step
of the way in an attempt to gain her for himself. When Julia comes to Milan in search of her true
love, Proteus, Proteus comes to his senses and apologizes to all involved.

An African-American woman raised in Chicago, Lorraine Hansberry wrote the play __ ________
___ ____ ____.

A Raisin in the Sun. The play was a cross between a comedy and a drama, focusing on the
everyday lives of an average black American family. Hansberry died of cancer five years later,
having written only one other (and far less successful) play, The Sign in Sidney Brustein’s
Window.

French dramatist ____________ wrote the tragedies, Cinna, and Polyeucte.

Pierre Corneille. A seventeenth-century writer, Corneille’s greatest work was Le Cid in 1637.
However, a critical essay by Jean Chapelain called Corneille a plagiarist with poorly constructed
work, and thereafter he stayed with more traditional pieces.

In Greek and Roman tales, women who roamed the forests adorned in animal skins and
worshipping Dionysus were called ___________.

Bacchae. They may also have been referred to as maenads. These women were said to have
danced themselves into wild frenzies and torn apart wild animals with their bare hands in the
excitement.
Note that Dionysus is the god of wine and fertility and drama in Greek mythology.

In Greek mythology, ______________ was said to have stolen fire from the gods and given it to
man when Zeus mistreated them.

Prometheus. Credited with creating humankind out of clay, he took it upon himself to teach
many skills to humans so they could better themselves.
 Poetry

Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote

The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licour
Of which vertu engendred is the flour;

These lines were written by:

Geoffrey Chaucer. These are the opening lines to Chaucer’s most famous work, The Canterbury
Tales.

The words “bark,” “bow-wow,” and “Cock-a-doodle-doo” are examples of:

Onomatopoeia. William Shakespeare’s Come unto these yellow sands, from The Tempest, uses
onomatopoeia (words that sound like their meaning) to further emphasize the noises referred to
in the song. Denotation refers to the dictionary definition of a word. Alliteration is a number of
words in succession beginning with the same sound—as in “strain of strutting.” A limerick is
strictly for humorous verses, which this song is not. Euphony is a pleasant-sounding
arrangement of words; the hard “k” sound in “bark” and “Cock-a-doodle-doo” prevents these
words from sounding euphonic.

The dictionary definition of a word is its ____________.

Denotation. The denotation of a word or phrase is what it literally means. This is in contrast to
connotation, which is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing. For
example, a cigarette ad might have connotations of masculinity, strength, etc.. Connotations are
things which are implied or associated, whereas denotations are specific meanings.

____________ is the repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the
beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in “on scrolls of silver snowy sentences”.

Alliteration. A couple of examples from poetry of alliteration:

Behemoth, biggest born of earth, upheaved His vastness. --Milton.
Fly o'er waste fens and windy fields. --Tennyson.

The poem Death, be not proud was written by

John Donne. John Donne (1572-1631) was an English poet known for his religious symbolism
and elaborate metaphors. Although he spent much of his life renouncing the Catholic faith, he
was forced to join the ministry by the King. Ironically, he was such an engaging preacher that he
was to be made bishop at the time of his death. Donne’s other poetic works include The Calme,
A Hymn to God the Father, Confined Love, and The Good-Morrow.

What is the theme of John Milton’s Paradise Lost?

Expulsion from Eden. Milton set out to write an epic poem to rival the Iliad, recreating the biblical
story of the Garden of Eden—with a sympathetic slant on Lucifer. Paradise Lost inspired many
later works, including Romantic poet Percy Shelley.

‘Tis not enough no harshness gives offense,

The sound must seem an echo to the sense:
Soft is the strain when Zephyr gently blows,
And the smooth stream in smoother numbers flows;

Identify the allusion in the above passage.

“Zephyr” is the correct answer. An allusion is a reference to something from history or literature.
In Sound and Sense by Alexander Pope, “Zephyr” alludes to the Roman god of the west wind.

Born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564, he wrote The Rape of Lucrece and Venus and Adonis.
Identify this author.

William Shakespeare. Although both William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe were born
in 1564, it was Shakespeare who wrote the epic poems The Rape of Lucrece and Venus and
Adonis. Alexandros of Antioch is known for sculpting the Venus de Milo.

Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Criticism introduced which famous phrase?

“A little learning is a dangerous thing.” Mark Twain is credited with "...never let my schooling...",
while "I came, I saw..." was said by Julius Caesar (the original Latin was “Vini, vidi, vinci”). "To
be, or not to be..." is from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, while "...one small step..." was the phrase
uttered by Neil Armstrong when he first set foot on the moon.

The contrasting poems The Tiger and The Lamb were written by:

William Blake. William Blake, known for incorporating his religious visions in his work, penned
this famous pair of poems. Blake’s two major poetry compilations are Songs of Innocence and
Songs of Experience. Of the other answer choices, Ogden Nash wrote The Turtle, while Frost
and Dickinson are famous in their own rights. Mary Shelley is the author of Frankenstein.
And fare thee weel, my only luve!
And fare thee weel, a while!
And I will come again, my luve,
Tho it were ten thousand mile!
These lines are the closing stanza to which poem?

O, My Luve is Like a Red Red Rose. O, My Luve is Like a Red Red Rose was written by the
famous Scottish poet Robert Burns. He also wrote Auld Lang Syne, To A Mouse, and Tam
O’Shanter, among others. The Mill was written by Edwin Arlington Robinson, while The Sick
Rose is by William Blake and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is by Robert Frost.
10,000 Miles is a song by Mary Chapin Carpenter.

My old man’s a white old man

And my old mother’s black.
If I ever cursed my white old man
I take my curses back.
These lines open the Langston Hughes poem Cross. Identify one of the title’s connotations:

Unpleasant. The other four choices are denotations, or definitions, of the word “cross.” A
connotation, on the other hand, is an emotion a word conjures up within the reader.

What is the theme of William Wordsworth’s poem, The world is too much with us?

"Hierarchial view of nature with God at the top and man at the bottom.” Wordsworth discusses
the wastefulness and indifference of humans towards the nature that surrounds them. He is
known for incorporating the theme of nature into his poetry.

Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,

Old Time is still a-flying;
And this same flower that smiles today
Tomorrow will be dying.
These are the opening lines to which Robert Herrick poem?
"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time.” You may remember these famous lines from the movie
Dead Poet’s Society. The Sick Rose is not by Robert Herrick, but by William Blake. The
remaining choices are other selections from Herrick’s extensive collection. Herrick was an
English poet born in 1591 who mostly wrote of English countryside and (fictional) women.

The Road Not Taken, The Pasture, and Birches were all written by:

Robert Frost. Robert Frost, born in 1874, is arguably one of the most well-known poets in
history. Along with the above-mentioned pieces, Frost also wrote Stopping by Woods on a
Snowy Evening, Nothing Gold Can Stay, Acquainted with the Night, and Fire and Ice.

I felt a funeral in my brain,

And mourners to and fro
Kept treading—treading—till it seemed
That sense was breaking through.
Which of the following poems was written by the same author as the above lines?

I heard a fly buzz when I died. Emily Dickinson authored both I felt a funeral in my brain and I
heard a fly buzz when I died. Dickinson published a mere 10 poems in her life, with the
remaining 160 found and published by her sister after Emily’s death. None of her poems were
found with titles, so each of her pieces are known by their first line. The Tiger was written by
William Blake, while At the round earth’s imagined corners is by John Donne. Home Burial is by
Robert Frost, and one of his longest pieces, spanning multiple pages. in Just- is by e.e.
cummings, as noted by the characteristic initial lowercase letter.

Wilt thou seal up the avenues of ill?

Pay every debt, as if God wrote the bill.
Identify the simile in Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Suum Cuique.

“as if God wrote the bill” is the correct answer. A simile is an explicit comparison between two
things, using the words like or as. A metaphor, on the other hand, is an implicit comparison
between two things, as in line 1—“the avenues of ill.”

A comparison that uses "like" or "as" is known as a ____________.

Simile. You should be able to distinguish the difference between a simile and a metaphor. A
simile uses "like" or "as";
Identify which of the following selections from Langston Hughes’ Dream Deferred does NOT
contain a simile.
“Or does it explode?” is the correct answer. The remaining answer choices all use the word like,
which is a definite sign of a simile.

This homosexual American poet published the collection Leaves of Grass and ‘sang’ Song of
Myself.

Walt Whitman is the correct answer. Although every poet listed was an American, it was Walt
Whitman who compiled his 300 works over the course of his lifetime into Leaves of Grass.
Whitman’s poetry covers almost every subject matter, and is characteristic in its frequent
outbursts of thrilled emotion.

Alfred Lord Tennyson authored which of the following poems?

The Eagle is the correct answer. Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) was particularly sensitive to
criticism, and the mixed response he received in response to Poems caused him to stop
publishing for nine years. Poems ended up being his most successful work. Jack, eating rotten
cheese, did say was by Benjamin Franklin, while Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is
one of Robert Frost’s more well-known pieces. Both The Tiger and The Lamb were by William
Blake.

A rhyme scheme describes the pattern of rhymes in a poem. What rhyme scheme does the
following poem follow?

I saw a fairy in the wood,

He was dressed all in green.
He drew his sword while I just stood,
And realized I'd been seen.

abab. This rhyme scheme is simply abab, since "wood" and "stood" are represented in the
scheme as "a," while "green" and "seen" are "b."
Two brothers devised what at sight
Seemed a bicycle crossed with a kite.
They predicted—rash pair!
It would fly through the air!
And what do you know? They were Wright!

Limerick is the correct answer. A limerick is a fixed form with rhyme scheme aabba, used
exclusively for humorous poetry. A Shakespearean sonnet and English sonnet are the same
thing, while an octave would require eight lines—this poem is only five. A spoonerism is
transposing the initial sounds of two words (as in nixed muts for mixed nuts).

Author of the poems Sailing to Byzantium and The Second Coming, this poet believed that
every two thousand years, the current era of humanity would be replaced by its polar opposite.
Born in Dublin, this poet's writings were largely Gaelic-influenced.

William Butler Yeats is the correct answer. The remaining answer choices are all American
poets. Yeats also wrote When You are Old and To a Child Dancing in the Wind.

That’s my last duchess painted on the wall,

Looking as if she were alive. I call
That piece a wonder, now; Fra Pandolf’s hands
Worked busily a day, and there she stands.

How many grammatical caesuras are in the above lines from Robert Browning’s My Last
Duchess?

4 is the correct answer. A caesura is a pause within a line, either grammatical (noted by
punctuation) or rhetorical (a natural pause without punctuation). There are a total of four
grammatical pauses within the above lines (“alive.” “wonder,” “now;” and “day,”).

This poet wrote The Bell Jar.

Sylvia Plath is the correct answer. Many of Sylvia Plath’s later works in Ariel, Crossing the
Water, and Winter Trees were dark, macabre pieces alluding to her eventual suicide at age 30,
after a long bout with mental illness. Ernest Hemingway was not a poet, and wrote For Whom
the Bell Tolls.
What is the proper form of a haiku?

"Three lines, consisting of five, seven, and five syllables, respectively" is the correct answer.
Three lines, consisting of seven, five, and seven syllables, respectively, is an incorrect haiku,
while five lines with the rhyme scheme aabba makes a limerick. Eight lines of any length
compose an octave.

A refrain is a part of a poem repeated at the same position in each stanza as Shakespeare does
with the final three lines of each stanza in Winter. ababccdef is the rhyme scheme of the first
stanza.

Identify which of the following is an example of consonance.

"Repetition of the final consonant sound in a row of words." is the correct answer. Consonance
is the inverse of alliteration, or the repetition of the initial consonant sound in a row of words.
Repetition of a vowel sound is known as assonance.

Alliteration refers to a repeated consonant at the beginning of the word: The refurbished red roof
rocked.
Consonance plays with consonants at the end of words: sound beside the wood

The time you won your town the race

We chaired you through the market-place;
Man and boy stood cheering by,
And home we brought you shoulder-high.

These are the opening lines to A.E. Housman’s To an Athlete Dying Young. In it, Housman
____________ the runner.

"apostrophizes" is the correct answer. By writing the poem as if Housman were speaking
directly to the athlete, Housman uses apostrophe. Personification entails giving human qualities
to a non-human, but in this case, the athlete is a human. The athlete is neither referred to by
name or disparaged, and it is impossible to cacophonize a person.

The author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland also wrote which famous poem?
Jabberwocky is the correct answer. Lewis Carroll wrote Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland,
Jabberwocky, and Through the Looking Glass, although the latter was not a poem. Carroll’s real
name was Charles Dodgson, and he was a nineteenth-century English writer. Blackberry Eating
is a poem by Galway Kinnell. Where the Wild Things Are is a children’s book by Maurice
Sendak, while Where the Sidewalk Ends is children’s poetry by Shel Silverstein.

That God of ours, the Great Geometer,

Does something for us here, where He hath put
(if you want to put it that way) things in shape,
Compressing the little lambs in orderly cubes,
Making the roast a decent cylinder,
Fairing the tin ellipsoid of a ham,
Getting the luncheon meat anonymous
In squares and oblongs with the edges bevelled
Or rounded (streamlined, maybe, for greater speed).

In the above lines from Howard Nemerov’s Grace to Be Said at the Supermarket, God is a
metaphor for

Meatpackers is the correct answer. Nemerov satirizes humans for being omnivores (creatures
which eat both plants and meat), and indirectly compares meatpackers to God (a metaphor) as
they display their packaged meats for sale.

This poet wrote “I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings.”

Maya Angelou is the correct answer. Maya Angelou, an African-American poet, has also written
Million Man March Poem, read at the Million Man March, and The Rock Cries Out For Us Today,
for President Bill Clinton’s 1993 Inauguration.

Much madness is divinest sense

To a discerning eye,
Much sense, the starkest madness.
‘Tis the majority
In this, as all, prevail:
Assent, and you are sane;
Demur, you’re straightway dangerous
And handled with a chain.

Identify the paradox in the above poem.

"Insanity is good sense, while good sense is insanity." is the correct answer. A paradox is a
seemingly contradictory statement that is, in fact, true. As Emily Dickinson shows in Much
madness is divinest sense, madness is sensical, while sense is stark madness. Nowhere does
the poem imply that madness is evil.

He clasps the crag with crooked hands;

Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ringed with the azure world, he stands.

The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;

He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.

Identify the hyperbole in Alfred Lord Tennyson’s The Eagle.

“Close to the sun” is the correct answer. A hyperbole is an overstatement or gross

exaggeration—the eagle is said to be close to the sun, but in reality, he isn’t actually anywhere
near the sun. Another example of a hyperbole might be "her hips are a mile wide." The phrase
“clasps the crag with crooked” is an example of alliteration, while “like a thunderbolt” is a simile.

What type of poem is In Memoriam by Alfred Lord Tennyson?

Elegy is the correct answer. An elegy is a poem written to commemorate the dead; Tennyson
wrote In Memoriam after the death of his good friend Arthur Hallam.

The units of measurement used to measure verse are

Foot, line, stanza. Meter is what is being measured, and is not itself a unit of measurement in
verse—for example, a monometer is a piece one foot long. A foot is made up of one accented
syllable and one or two unaccented syllables, while a line is fairly self-explanatory. A stanza is a
group of lines whose metrical pattern is repeated. A hyperbole is an overstatement, not a verse
measurement, and Iambic pentameter is the fundamental pattern of an English (or
Shakespearean) sonnet.
As you can see, a Villanelle has two refrains, which are repeated in the first and last stanzas, as
well as alternated at the end of each of the stanzas in between. (Refrain is a repeated part of a
poem, particularly a rhyme at the end of a line)

An English sonnet is composed of three ____________ and one _____________.

"quatrains, couplet" is the correct answer. An English sonnet (also known as a Shakespearean
sonnet) begins with three quatrains (a quatrain is a stanza containing 4 lines) and concludes
with a couplet (two rhyming lines). It follows the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg. An English
sonnet is 14 lines long (divided into 4 stanzas), and it has no required number of caesuras, or
pauses within a line.

In poetry, a ___________ unit is a set of two or three syllables of which only one is stressed.

Metric. A poem's meter describes how it can be broken up by syllables and accents. The main
types are anapestic meter, dactylic meter, iambic meter, and trochaic meter.

Identify the most commonly used English meter.

Iambic is the correct answer. An Iambic meter is one where the majority of feet are iambs
(metrical feet consisting of one unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable).

Nature’s first green is gold,

Her hardest hue to hold.
Her early leaf’s a flower;
But only so an hour.
Then leaf subsides to leaf.
So Eden sank to grief,
So dawn goes down to day.
Nothing gold can stay.

Identify an example of alliteration.

“Her hardest hue to hold” is the correct answer. “Her hardest hue to hold” is an example of
alliteration because multiple words start with the same consonant.

Define “deus ex machina.”

"Resolution of a seemingly hopeless situation" is the correct answer. Literally defined as “god
from the machine” from the Latin, it refers to a sudden plot twist, like an army charging over a
hill, to resolve an otherwise doomed fate.

Identify the trochee from the following.

"color" is the correct answer. As you recall earlier from our question about iambic meter, trochaic
meter is made up of trochees, which means out of two syllables, the first one is accented. A
trochee--for example, "daily"--has one accented syllable (dai) and one unaccented syllable (ly).
“The moon” is an example of an iamb (accent on the second out of two syllables); “syllable” is
an example of a dactyl (first out of three syllables is accented); and “intervene” of an anapest
(last out of three syllables is accented). “Went” is a single accented syllable.

This Canadian poet and novelist is best known for the 1984 book, The Handmaid’s Tale.

Margaret Atwood is the correct answer. Margaret Atwood also wrote the poems Landcrab, Silent
Song, and In the Secular Night, and the book Alias Grace, among many other publications.
Dubbed “Medusa” by her critics, much of her work has a distinctive tongue-in-cheek style.
Margaret Sanger was a twentieth-century pioneer in making contraception legal and available to
women.

Identify the author of the poems Elegy Before Death, Thou art not lovelier than lilacs, The
Suicide, and The Little Ghost.

Edna St. Vincent Millay is the correct answer. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) is known for
her mastery of the sonnet, along with her lively tone. She won a Pullitzer Prize for her work Harp
Weaver and Other Poems.

Dante’s Divine Comedy is

"A poem divided into three parts (Heaven, Purgatory, and Hell)" is the correct answer. Dante
Alighieri’s Divine Comedy is best known by its three separate parts: Inferno (Hell), Pergatorio
(Pergatory), and Paradiso (Heaven). Much Ado About Nothing is by Shakespeare, while the
602-page Divine Comedy is significantly longer than the 14 lines of a Shakespearean sonnet.
Born in 1888, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock was his first successful published poem, and
the book of poems it inspired led to his being considered a main player in avant-garde poetry.
His most well-known compilation was The Waste Land, published in 1922. Identify this poet.

T.S. Eliot is the correct answer. Donne and Shakespeare were both seventeenth-century poets,
so they're definitely not an option. Thoreau and Baudelaire were born in the early 1800s. Eliot
was largely influenced by his mentor Ezra Pound, the Imagist poet who helped to open the
exchange between English and American poets.

Who authored Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night?

Dylan Thomas is the correct answer. Thomas wrote this famous poem about fighting against
death (“the dying of the light”). He was greatly influenced by the writings of D.H. Lawrence, and
made popular the idea of poetry readings with his American tours.

I went to the woods because I wanted to live deliberately. I went to live deeply and suck out all
the marrow of life! To put to rest all that was not life and not when I came to die discover that I
had not lived.

Henry David Thoreau is the correct answer. Thoreau, known for his works On Civil
Disobedience and On Walden Pond, actually gave up his initial attempts at poetry, feeling it was
too confining. Today, his poems are considered some of his best contributions. Thoreau and
Ralph Waldo Emerson were close friends, sharing membership in the Transcendentalist Club.
While Robert Frost wrote many poems on nature, this is a Thoreau poem, not Frost.

Italian sonnets are also known as _____________ sonnets.

Petrarchan is the correct answer. Italian sonnets are also called Petrarchan sonnets because
the Italian poet Petrarch used them so extensively. These sonnets differ from English (or
Shakespearean) sonnets. Although Italian sonnets begin with an octave, they are not referred to
as such.

Define metonymy.

"Using a related item to refer to an item itself." is the correct answer. Metonymy is defined as a
figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely
associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for
military power.

"The stairs complained loudly as we walked down them, creaking and groaning with every step"
shows an example of _______________.

Personification. Personification is giving a non-human item human characteristics. In this case,

the stairs complained and groaned, which are things humans do.

Using a part to refer to a whole is called synecdoche. The cuckoo’s noises are not just
unpleasant to the “married ear,” but to the married man—-here, ear is used in place of the word
man as a synecdoche. “Mocks married men” and “turtles tread” are both examples of alliteration
(repeating the first-letter consonants), while “Cuckoo!” is an example of onomatopoeia (a word
that sounds like its meaning).

______________ poetry is written in order to instill knowledge or values in the reader.

Didactic. Although most poems leave some feeling or message with the reader, pieces
composed expressly for the purpose of instilling knowledge or values fall under the category of
didactic poetry.
“So smooth, so sweet, so silvery is thy voice”

The opening line to Robert Herrick’s Upon Julia’s Voice deliberately uses certain pleasing
consonant combinations, or ______________, to express the appeal of the subject’s voice.

Euphony. Smooth sounding letters, including l, m, n, and r, are often used to express a soft,
gentle tone. In contrast, letters that produce a harsh sound (cacophony) can help illustrate an
unpleasant situation.

Husband of the author of Frankenstein, ______________ wrote the poem Ozymandias.

Percy Shelley. Expelled in 1811 from Oxford University for his pamphlet The Necessity of
Atheism, Percy wed Mary Shelley, the future author of Frankenstein, in 1814, when she was just
sixteen. Incredibly, Mary wrote Frankenstein when she was eighteen, shortly after the birth of
their first child. Percy was lost at sea four years later.

Dorothy Parker’s ridiculing words in One Perfect Rose are an example of ___________.
Satire. Parker pokes fun at the longstanding tradition of sending roses as a sign of affection, as
opposed to more practical and longer-lasting alternatives like limousine service. Generally, a
satire is written to bring to light how ridiculous certain things are and evoke change in the
reader; while Parker does not expect everyone to forego the florist in favor of limo service, it can
be assumed that she hopes (male) readers will think twice about sending that next bouquet and
instead substitute a more meaningful gift.

Dante’s Divine Comedy, at almost 900 pages, and Homer’s The Iliad, at close to 700 pages, are
examples of ________ poems.

Epic. Though there is no set length to differentiate an epic poem from a non-epic, these works
by Dante and Homer are two of the most well-known established epic selections. Other works
that are widely regarded as epics include John Milton’s Paradise Lost and The Odyssey, also by
Homer.

A(n) ___________ is a stanza made up of three lines.

Tercet. Stanzas can also be couplets (two lines), quatrains (four lines), quintains or cinquains
(five lines), or sestets (six lines).

Adam
Had ‘em.

The above—-Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes by Strickland Gillilan—-is one of the shortest
examples of a(n) ___________ that forms a complete poem.

Couplet. Also known as a distich, a couplet is made up of two lines that match in length, in
rhyme, or both.

“Through” and “trough” are an example of a(n) ______ rhyme.

Eye. Although the two words look like rhymes, they make distinctly different end sounds. They
are sometime referred to as sight rhymes.

An unrhymed poem written in iambic pentameter is known as ________ _______.

Blank verse. Occasionally, you will find an example of blank verse not written in iambic
pentameter. Just a refresher--iambic pentameter is an unrhymed line with five iambs or feet,
often considered to be the most powerful of all metrical forms in English poetry. Note the
following two lines in iambic pentameter from Christopher Marlowe's Dr Faustus:
Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships
And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?
Notice the pattern of emphasis when you read the lines out loud:
(weak STRONG / weak STRONG / weak STRONG / weak STRONG / weak STRONG)

“To be, or not to be--that is the question” begins Hamlet’s famous _____________.

Soliloquy. A soliloquy is where a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her
thoughts without addressing a listener. Hamlet says these lines to himself, not another
character, in order to reveal his thoughts to the reader.

The way Margaret Atwood, in her poem This Is A Photograph of Me, casually mentions that she
had drowned the day before the photograph was taken—a detail which the reader could easily
miss—is called a(n) __________.

Aside. Outside of poetry, an aside can also be words spoken on stage out of earshot of the
other players. In general, an aside is a digression that offers the audience additional insight or
clarification.

A Transcendentalist and close friend of Henry David Thoreau, _______________ wrote such
poems as Nature and The Snowstorm.

Ralph Waldo Emerson. An esteemed orator and philosopher in nineteenth-century America,

Emerson greatly influenced the future of American literature, poetry, and thought. One of the
biggest distinguishing facts about Emerson was that he believed in transcendentalism.

The poet _____________ is known for his characteristic use of only lowercase letters.

e.e. cummings. With even his name devoid of capital letters, Edward Estlin Cummings wrote
grammatically eccentric poems, many of which centered around his time in a French prison
during World War I.
___________ eloped with her husband Robert, also a well-known poet, a few years before
publishing her collection of love poems, Sonnets from the Portuguese. One of her most famous
poems starts with "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways...", which is also the title of the
poem.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning. She first began writing poetry in 1821, after seriously injuring her
back, and was almost a complete invalid by 1838—-until a heartfelt exchange of love letters
between her and Robert Browning began. Elizabeth named her publication Sonnets from the
Portuguese because Robert affectionately referred to her as “my little Portuguese,” in reference
to her dark skin color.

The ____________ of “Save the whales” is “Wave the sales.”

Spoonerism. When the initial consonant sounds of two words are inadvertently switched,
forming a new phrase, it is known as a spoonerism.

Though not a recognized poet during his life (1844-1889), ____________ was recognized as an
esteemed poet after his death for such works as The Wreck of the Deutschland and The Caged
Skylark.

Gerard Manley Hopkins. Other poems by Hopkins include Heaven-Heaven, Pied Beauty, and
God’s Grandeur.

A jazz critic on the side, ____________ was considered one of the most original poets of the
late twentieth-century, with works including The North Ship, The Whitsun Weddings, and High
Windows.

Philip Larkin. His poems were full of deadly wit, and exposed the less savory aspects of English
life. Though not widely published, he fast became one of the best-known and most-respected
poets of his time.

____________ turned to poetry in search of a greater means of expression, after a scandal

erupted over his novel Jude the Obscure regarding his openness about free sexual relations
between the sexes.
Thomas Hardy. A nineteenth-century English writer, he abandoned fiction writing altogether after
Jude the Obscure and wrote only poetry—including A Study of Reading Habits, Church Going,
and Toads. The majority of his poems revolve around the theme of man fighting against
supernatural forces.

In Edwin Arlington Robinson’s Richard Cory, the fact that Richard, a successful and revered
businessman, commits suicide is an example of ______________ irony.

Situational. When the outcome completely differs from what one expects to happen, it is known
as situational irony.

In William Blake’s The Chimney Sweeper, the young chimney-sweep constantly looks at the
brighter side of the situation, assuring his newly-bald friend that the shave will prevent his
beautiful blonde hair from being dirtied, and that “if all do their duty they need not fear harm.”
However, the life of a chimney-sweep during that time was far from pleasant—-young boys were
forced to work long hours in awful conditions, and often developed deformities and deadly
diseases. This contrast is known as ___________ irony.

Dramatic. This type of irony describes a situation where the speaker’s words and the poem’s
meaning contradict one another.

Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism is a ____________ poem outlining his position on whether
poetry should be written strictly and according to established guidelines, or freely.

Didactic. Didactic poetry like Pope’s piece is written with the intention to teach the reader
something new, or expose them to a new viewpoint.

Old Eben Flood, climbing alone one night

Over the hill between the town below
And the forsaken upland hermitage
That held as much as he should ever know
On earth again of home, paused warily.
The road was his with not a native near;
And Eben, having leisure, said aloud,
For no man else in Tilbury Town to hear:

Due to its number of lines, this excerpt is a(n) ___________.

Octave. This stanza from Edwin Arlington Robinson’s Mr. Flood’s Party has eight lines, making it
an octave.

A close friend of Percy Shelley, poet ______________ was eventually ostracized from society
after discovered to be having sexual affairs with both his sister and fellow men. Considered one
of the greatest Romantic poets, he wrote English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, The Dream, and
Don Juan.

Lord Byron. Rising from an impoverished childhood and a perpetual fear of being perceived as
lame, Lord Byron skyrocketed to fame after English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, a satire of the
Pope, was published—-although his wife’s discovery of his infidelity quickly brought him back
down to earth. Rumors of Byron having an incestuous relationship with his half-sister resulted in
him leaving England.

A poem free of conventions is _______ _________.

Free verse. Though still poetry, free verse does not follow a prescribed pattern and allows the
author more freedom when composing.

____________ wrote Those Winter Sundays, about a son finally recognizing all of the little
things his father did for him out of love

Robert Hayden. An American poet born in Detroit, his work shows a considerable talent for
irony. He wrote The Whipping, Those Winter Sundays, and Ballad of Remembrance. Ballad of
Remembrance garnered the grand prize at the 1966 World Festival of the Negro Arts.
Fiction
____________ created the character of Robinson Crusoe.

Daniel Defoe. Born around 1660, the majority of Defoe’s writings focused on defending the High
Church and the monarchy—-even when such defenses resulted in his being imprisoned by the
very people he was trying to protect. At the age of sixty, he penned The Life and Strange
Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, which is considered the first English novel.

_______________ wrote Gulliver’s Travels.

Jonathan Swift. Gulliver’s Travels was written as a satire of human existence, another in a long
line of his satirical pieces. Swift had previously written a pamphlet titled A Modest Proposal,
proposing the children of the impoverished be sold and turned into kitchen tables. It is amusing
to note that Gulliver’s Travels was later converted into a popular children’s book.

A well-known American novelist, _____________ wrote The Scarlet Letter.

Nathaniel Hawthorne. Most of his written work concerns evil and human morality, including The
House of the Seven Gables, which deals with Puritanism.

Author of Last of the Mohicans, ____________ grew to become a cynic of American society.

James Fenimore Cooper. Last of the Mohicans is second in a group of novels called The
Leatherstocking Tales, which begins with The Deerslayer. Most of his pieces involved mention
of the failings of American democracy, including encroachment upon Native American land.

Both an author and poet, ______________ wrote The Raven and The Fall of the House of
Usher.

Edgar Allen Poe. One of the most influential writers of all time, Poe’s work is eccentric yet
compelling. He also wrote the short story The Masque of the Red Death and the poems The
City in the Sea and Annabel Lee.

A renowned American author, ____________‘s greatest work was Moby Dick.

Herman Melville. The hardships Melville faced as a whaler in his early twenties inspired a
collection of novels based on the hardships faced at sea.
_____________‘s first published novels were Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby.

Charles Dickens. At age 12, he saw his father thrown in debtor’s prison and was made to work
long, difficult shifts in a factory to support his family. This experience forever marked Dickens’
life. Among his extensive collection of novels, Dickens also wrote A Tale of Two Cities, Great
Expectations, David Copperfield, and A Christmas Carol.

_____________‘s real name was Samuel Clemens.

Mark Twain. Considered the greatest American author of all time, Twain wrote The Adventures
of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and The Prince and the Pauper.

The English author _______________ wrote The Nigger of Narcissus, The Secret Agent, and
Heart of Darkness.

Joseph Conrad. Considering he did not learn English until well into his young adulthood,
Conrad’s grasp of the language and lyrical prose is particularly inspiring. Frequently writing
about the conflicts between Western and non-Western cultures, Conrad’s other works include
the novella Youth and the novels Nostromo and Under Western Eyes.

_______________ wrote Call of the Wild.

Jack London. A jack-of-all-trades during the Russo-Japanese War, London worked as

everything from a news correspondent to an oyster gatherer. His stories largely deal with
animals and nature, and Call of the Wild is considered one of the best pieces of animal literature
in existence.

The 1949 Nobel Prize Winner for Literature was _______________. Most of his novels are set
in Yoknapatawpha county.

William Faulkner. A Southern American novelist, he generously used symbolism throughout his
novels, the most well-known of which include The Sound and the Fury, and As I Lay Dying.
Born in 1896, ____________ and his wife Zelda became high society during the time of
Prohibition after his first novels became smashing successes.

F. Scott Fitzgerald. Much of Fitzgerald’s work is commentary on the boozing, wasteful lifestyle
led by American high society—even as much as he yearned to be, and was, a part of that same
culture. His storylines, particularly This Side of Paradise, are loosely based on his own life.
Fitzgerald’s greatest works include The Great Gatsby, The Beautiful and the Damned, and
Tender is the Night. He died with his last novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, unfinished.

The Irish writer _____________ wrote Ulysses, based largely on Homer’s Odyssey.

James Joyce. Each chapter in Ulysses closely parallels one of Homer’s epics, although the
novel has been reissued a number of times to correct somewhere near 5,000 mistakes. Joyce
also published a short story collection called Dubliners and the book A Portrait of the Artist as a
Young Man.

_____________ won a Pulitzer Prize for The Grapes of Wrath.

John Steinbeck. Not confined to just novels, Steinbeck’s literary portfolio includes a wide range
of materials—from the literal account The Sea of Cortez to the folk piece The Short Reign of
Pippin IV. His other novels include East of Eden and Winter of Our Discontent.

One of _______________‘s first novels was In Our Time, a collection of short stories.

Ernest Hemingway. His other published works include The Sun Also Rises, The Torrents of
Spring, A Farewell to Arms (the tragic love story between an EMT and a nurse in a time of war),
and For Whom the Bell Tolls (about brotherhood in times of war).

The ___________ sisters originally published their work as Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell.

Bronte. Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Bronte’s identities were revealed after the publication of
Charlotte’s Shirley, much to the public’s surprise.

_________ Bronte wrote Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.

Anne. Considered the least talented of the three Bronte sisters, her pieces on the tumultuous
love stories of young women are still considered excellent contributions to literature.
____________, part of a three-sibling writing trio, wrote Jane Eyre.

Charlotte Bronte. Charlotte’s published works all explore the theme of a woman’s need for both
love and independence.

___________ Bronte wrote Wuthering Heights.

Emily. Wuthering Heights is a classic love story between Catherine Earnshaw and the Gypsy
Heathcliff.

_____________ did not publish Sense and Sensibility until she was in her late thirties, despite
having finished the novel much earlier.

Jane Austen. Writing books about high society ladies was Austen’s forte; her other works
include Pride and Prejudice and Emma.

A fan of stream of consciousness, ____________ wrote The Waves.

Virginia Woolf. Along with writing from multiple consciousnesses, Woolf was also excellent at
critical essays. Her finest works include The Common Reader and The Death of the Moth and
Other Essays.

Don Quixote is considered to be the first Western _________.

Novel. Most any written work longer than a short story is today considered a novel, so long as it
outlines a story (for example, a factual biography can be a novel, but a physics textbook would
not qualify). Today’s novel is derived from both the imaginative time of the Renaissance, and the
romantic influence of the Middle Ages.

John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress is a(n) _____________ of religious salvation.

Allegory. When a story as a whole represents something else entirely through extensive use of
symbolism, it is known as an allegory. Generally, the characters in an allegory lack personally
defining characteristics, and instead exist to embody an emotion or virtue.
______ __________ reigned in Camelot and frequently consulted his court magician, Merlin, for
guidance.

King Arthur. The tale of Arthur has been written and modified innumerous times over the years,
with the first recorded account being the poem Gododdin in 600 B.C. King Arthur’s legendary
tales developed from Celtic mythology, and include other well-known characters Sir Launcelot,
Guinevere (Arthur’s wife), and Sir Tristam.

______________‘s second novel, The Red Badge of Courage trails a young man through the
hardships of fighting in the Civil War.

Stephen Crane. An American writer, Crane first published in 1893, and is widely known for his
clever use of irony and paradox, as well as complete command of the English language. He
also wrote short stories, including The Monster and Other Stories.

A close confidant to Jean-Paul Satre, existentialist ____________‘s most widely acclaimed work
was The Second Sex.

Simone de Beauvoir. A female French writer, her work stands out as excellently researched,
mostly dealing with poor social conditions throughout the ages. She wrote All Men Are Mortal,
The Mandarins, and The Blood of Others, and even edited Satre’s letters.

Asian-American author Amy Tan penned ______ ______ ______, a best-selling novel about the
multi-generational struggles of an Asian family in America.

Joy Luck Club. Tan’s novel is also known for the idea that acting as the opposite of your own
mother means raising a new version of your mother-—many people’s worst nightmare. Her
other novels include The Kitchen God’s Wife and The Hundred Secret Senses, both also about
Asian-American struggles.

A man’s lifelong, desperate pursuit for his one true love, Daisy, is chronicled in ________
_______.

Great Gatsby. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel (written for the enjoyment of his generation, and for
the enjoyment of English students of generations to come) follows Jay Gatsby as he devotes his
entire life to just being able to see Daisy one more time. Symbolism is used frequently in The
Great Gatsby and is central to understanding the plot and connections between characters.
The classic ________ ____________ is narrated by the orphan Pip, who goes on to fall for the
beautiful Stella.

Great Expectations. Written by Charles Dickens, one main theme of the novel is that one good
deed can truly pay off in the end, when an escaped convict that young Pip aids later becomes
his secret benefactor, allowing Pip to lead the life he so desires and be with Stella.

Author of the novel The Sport of the Gods and the poetry collection Lyrics of Lowly Life,
____________ was the child of slave parents.

Paul Laurence Dunbar. Dunbar also wrote short stories, including Folks from Dizie, about the
lives of Southern black families, and even folk music.

_____________ wrote The Martian Chronicles, which was made into a television miniseries in
the 1980s.

Ray Bradbury. A popular science fiction writer, Bradbury wrote The Martian Chronicles about the
corruption of Martian society by greedy Earthlings. He also wrote short stories such as The
Golden Apples of the Sun and Something Wicked This Way Comes.

____________ was known for her satirical writing style, particularly in the works The Oasis
(1949) and The Group (1963).

Mary McCarthy. While The Oasis was a satirical sketch of the Democratic party, The Group held
nothing back and satirized the entire population. McCarthy’s other writings include Birds of
America and Cannibals and Missionaries.

The French writer ____________‘s best works are thought to be The Haunted Pool and The
Master Bell-Ringers.

George Sand. A female author, she used this pseudonym (a modified version of Jules Sandeau,
her close friend and co-worker) in place of Amandine Dupin, her given name. Her first novel was
Rose et Blance, published in 1831, and other notable works include Indiana, Consuelo, and
Francis the Waif.
_____________ first began publishing Poor Richard’s Almanack.

Benjamin Franklin. Known for doing many things throughout history, Franklin had a particular
interest in newspapers—probably developed from his apprenticeship at the New England
Courant from age 10. Poor Richard’s Almanack has become a staple of American society, with
many of its sayings now seamlessly incorporated into daily speech. He later helped to frame the
United States Constitution.

_____________ is credited with authoring Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.

Jules Verne. A French science fiction writer, Verne’s other works include Journey to the Center
of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty Days, and The Mysterious Island, among some fifty
others.

Alexandre Dumas wrote _____ ________ ____________, about three revolutionaries who bond
together and save the King.

The Three Musketeers. Dumas, a Frenchman, also wrote the sequel-—Twenty Years
Later—-and The Count of Monte Cristo, later made famous by James O’Neill.
The author of The Hunchback of Notre Dame is ______________.

Victor Hugo. Hugo’s other great work is Les Miserables, which became a hit Broadway show
some years later (Hunchback of Notre Dame, originally Notre Dame de Paris, was relegated to
a children’s movie). Hugo was eventually exiled to Brussels for not supporting Napoleon III.

Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft, _____________ married her husband Percy, a poet, at the
age of 16.

Mary Shelley. She authored Frankenstein, her most well-known work, at the mere age of
eighteen for a friendly contest over which of her friends could write the best ghost story.

_____________ authored the first great feminist piece, A Vindication of the Rights of Women.

Mary Wollstonecraft. She died days after giving birth to her daughter, Mary Shelley, who later
went on to write Frankenstein. Wollstonecraft also wrote the radical (for its time) Thoughts on
the Education of Daughters.
Niccolo Machiavelli is thought to have based his written work _____ _________ on Cesare
Borgia.

The Prince. Machiavelli, an Italian and main player in the Renaissance movement, wrote The
Prince as a guideline for which a prince could raise to-—and maintain-—power over his country.
Essentially, the guidelines encourage tyranny and manipulation, which led to the development of
the adjective Machiavellian, meaning immoral and power-hungry.

______________ published both The Tropic of Cancer and The Tropic of Capricorn.

Henry Miller. An American author who usually left societal conventions behind when picking up
his pen (most of his stories revolve around free sexuality and philosophical speculations), he
almost did not publish his Tropic books because they were too obscene.

When a story is told from the perspective of a character involved in the plotline, it is being told in
_______ _________.

First person. Alternatively, a story can be told in third-person, where an outside narrator explains
the situation.

Aldous Huxley’s _______ _____ _______ is similar to Orwell’s 1984 in that it takes place in a
predicted future Big Brother society.

Brave New World. Although not as prolific as 1984, Brave New World discusses ideas of
government-mandated drugs (soma), a defined class system, and incubated unborn babies
programmed to not question their chosen class and lifestyle.

1984 was written by ___________.

George Orwell. Although much of the awe has been lost post-1984, it is important to note that
Orwell wrote this book in 1949, yet accurately predicted such things as computers that did in
fact come about in the 1980s. 1984 actually contributed to initial skepticism over the application
of computers and other government programs, in fear that Big Brother was in fact taking over
their lives. Orwell’s real name was Eric Blair.

_______________ wrote Song of Solomon.

Toni Morrison. One of the greatest African-American authors of all time, her other novels include
Beloved, Sula, Tar Baby, and Jazz, all dealing with racial tensions in the South and the quest to
understand family heritage.

The Catcher in the Rye, depicting an impoverished school boy getting by on his wit alone, is an
example of a ____________ work.

Picaresque. Generated from Spain, picaresque pieces revolve around a character of low social
status and their ability to overcome great odds through their own strength, usually comedically.

The majority of _____________‘s short stories involve the Glass family.

J.D. Salinger. Best known for writing Catcher in the Rye, Salinger’s short story collections
include Nine Stories, Franny and Zooey, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters.

Cervante’s Don Quixote is a ___________ of chivalry.

Parody. Don Quixote mocks, or parodies, the idea of a chivalrous romance. Many great poems
and stories have been parodied over the years.

__________ romances were usually horror stories set in medieval times.

Gothic. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre is a Gothic romance, a genre originally influenced by the
likes of Edgar Allen Poe and even Charlotte herself.

A Lesson Before Dying was written by _____________.

Ernest Gaines. This book is about a young black man sentenced to death by electrocution for a
crime he did not commit—-and how his lawyer helps him to come to grips with taking his final
breath.

___________ wrote A Tree Grows in Brooklyn.

Betty Smith. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn follows young Francie Nolan as she struggles to survive
and stand tall—-much like the Tree of Heaven that grows from cemented roots—-amidst difficult
family circumstances.

______ ___ ____ ______ is about a group of young boys stranded on an island, and how
violence and greed corrupts the new society they form.

Lord of the Flies. William Golding’s novel explores the line between human civilization and basic
animal instinct, as the boys slowly begin to turn on, and even kill, one another until their
eventual rescue.

____ ______ __ ____________ involves the life of 8-year-old Scout Finch and the trials her
hometown undergoes during the prosecution of a young black man for rape.

To Kill A Mockingbird. Harper Lee chooses to tell a serious, adult story from the eyes of a young
girl trying to figure out where she fits within the bigger picture.

Adulterers in _____ ________ _________ had to wear an embroidered “A” on their clothing.

The Scarlet Letter. Nathanial Hawthorne’s work explores the life of Hester Prynne, forever
forced to bear the stigma of society for bearing a child outside of wedlock.

Many of John Steinbeck’s novels take place in the _________ Valley.

Salinas. Having grown up in the area, Steinbeck chooses to describe familiar territory by
situating his characters close to home.
Billy Pilgrim is abducted by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore in ______________ ______.

Slaughterhouse Five. Kurt Vonnegut follows Billy’s character throughout his entire life, detailing
his experiences as a war prisoner forced to watch mass bombings.

_______ ___ is a war satire by Joseph Heller.

Catch 22. The majority of Heller’s characters are themselves trapped in catch-22s, like the
bomber Yassarian, who is smart enough to avoid death, but not smart enough to save himself
from life.
______________ wrote the book Clockwork Orange.

Anthony Burgess. Stanley Kubrick later made the book into a classic film.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is written by ____________.

Ken Kesey. Both a comedy and a tragedy, this novel follows the lives of patients in a mental
hospital, and serves as an allegory for preserving oneself versus the greater good of society.

Narrated by Sal Paradise, _____ ____ ______ is one of Jack Kerouac’s most well-known
works.

On The Road. This book, loosely autobiographical (as all of Kerouac’s books are), follows Sal
Paradise on a cross-country journey, exploring the basics and intricacies of life itself.

John Steinbeck explored the failures of America to cope during the Great Depression in his
book _____ ________ ___ _______.

The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck won the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for this work, which questions
government, human will, and even the very basics of capitalism.

_____________ wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

Harriet Beecher Stowe. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a chronology of a black person’s journey from
slavery through the underground to freedom.

Upton Sinclair’s ______ __________ explores life, death, and sanitation standards in an
American meat-packing plant.

The Jungle. A compelling tale of twentieth-century government standards, and a pull for
socialism, Sinclair follows immigrant Jurgis through meat-packing, living on the streets, and then
an eventual rise to management.
Nonfiction
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were both _______________, finding their
spirituality in nature and the natural world.

Transcendentalists. Emerson and Thoreau can be considered founders of Transcendentalism,

as the movement began with small meetings they held with friends, and was first expressed
publicly through written works like Emerson’s Nature and Thoreau’s Walden. Transcendentalism
impacted generations of American writers and artists, including Nathanial Hawthorne and Walt
Whitman.

Believing man to be the center of the universe can be described as a view of _____________.

Humanism. The term was originally coined during the Renaissance, when studies of the
humanities were highly encouraged. Humanism in general is a philosophy that centers around
the capabilities of man.

The last accepted pagan philosophy, _____________ was founded by Plotinus around 300 A.D.
and based upon the ideas of Plato.

Neoplatonism. Disregarding the idea of separate, opposite realms of being (such as good and
evil), Plotinus instead mapped out a logical order to life beginning with The One, who provides
the minds of every individual. Then there is the World Soul, connecting the intellectual with the
material world of Earth. The dead were then thought to be reabsorbed into The One, and the
process repeated (although not through reincarnation).

_______________ focuses on the direct relationship between the individual and the universe
and/or God.

Existentialism. Well-known existentialists include Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre, with
Søren Kierkegaard largely regarded as the father of this philosophical movement. According to
Sartre, the only true self-proclaimed existentialist in the group, there is no God and no absolute
moral necessities of mankind—man is free to live his own life as he sees fit. Kierkegaard
regarded this freedom as cause of many sleepless nights, for he did not trust mankind to
behave properly if this belief were to overtake the masses.

German philosopher ______________ wrote Being and Time.

Martin Heidegger. Influenced by the work of Edmund Husserl and considered a founding father
of existentialism, Heidegger ultimately rejected both associations. Instead, he focused simply on
“being” and examining human moods and experiences. Heidegger’s work led the way for the
modern study of hermeneutics.

A student of Martin Heidegger, ____________ wrote Truth and Method and is considered by
many to be the father of Hermeneutics.

Hans-Georg Gadamer. Gadamer largely argued that it is impossible to be unbiased in anything,

and even historical accounts are forever biased by our own experiences. As factual as a
historical summary may be, the way we interpret it is still to compare with our own life
experiences, which are not the same experiences shared by those who experienced the
historical events firsthand.

The religion of _____________, founded in second-century A.D., believed that Satan

represented all things material, and God all things of light; each human being is a composite of
matter (Satan) and godly light (God), and suffered not from sin, but from contact with matter.

Manichaeism. Founded by Mani, who believed himself a descendent of both Buddha and Plato,
Manichaeism does not endorse the notion of personal sin—to followers, sin was a physical,
tangible concept. The religion was divided into two classes—the elect, who were guaranteed a
happy afterlife due to their lifetime of celibacy and religious teachings, and the auditors, who
tended to the elect and hoped to be reborn as elect in the next life.

The religion of _________ was founded by the Prophet Mohammed.

Islam. Followers, called Muslims, go by the book of the Qur’an, the word of God as told to
Mohammed. There are five basic principles to Islam: first, there is only one God, and
Mohammed is the only mouthpiece of God; second, five daily ritual prayers; third, paying a
religious tax; fourth, fasting during sunlight during the month of Ramadan; and fifth, traveling to
Mecca to reunify the nation of Islam (a pilgrimage taken by many each year).

_____________ believe in the four noble truths: existence is suffering, suffering is caused by
need, suffering can cease, and there is a path to the cessation of suffering.

Buddhists. Though Buddhists do not believe in a god, they follow the teachings of the mortal
Buddha, who through much meditation finally discovered the Truth and sought to share the
experience with others. Buddhists follow five basic rules: no stealing, no promiscuity, no lying,
no drinking, and no killing.
The religious system of China for many years, _______________ is based on the practices of li
and jen.

Confucianism. Confucianism was based on the ethical system of being neighborly-—it stressed
healthy friendships (jen), and proper etiquette and manners when around others (li). Kind,
generous, and genuine conduct with both superiors and inferiors is the way to ensure one will
be well-treated themselves.

____________ both describes the Chinese manner of thought, and a major Chinese religion.

Taoism. Largely adopted from Buddhism, Taoism incorporates many gods, the head of which is
the Jade Emperor, with the Emperor of the Eastern Mountain serving as second-in-command. It
was developed to meet the emotional needs of the people that Confucianism was not
addressing. With the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Taoism was
denounced, but many followers exist outside of China today.

____ _____ is known as the Father of Taoism.

Lao Tzu. Sixth century B.C. philosopher Lao Tzu (or 'Old Sage') is credited with starting the
philosophy of Taoism. Some scholars believe that he was a slightly older contemporary of
Confucius.

Members of the highest caste in Hinduism are known as ____________.

Brahmans. The remaining three castes are Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (farmers/merchants),
and Shudras (laborers). Traditionally, one can only alter their associated caste by living an
excellent life and being reincarnated at a higher level.

A German philosopher born in 1844, ___________‘s work was later used by Nazi apologists as
justification for their actions.

Friedrich Nietzsche. More of a moralist than a philosopher (though his name is arguably the
most widely recognized), Nietzsche hated Western civilization with a passion and spent much of
his time denouncing it. He believed in a superman that would bring salvation, an ordinary man
who could will himself to power and live at the height of passion and creativity.

Philosopher ____________ published Phenomenology of Mind in 1807 and Philosophy of Right

in 1821, among other works.
Georg W.F. Hegel. According to the Hegelian dialectic, one thought (i.e. being) invariably leads
to a thought of its antithesis (not being), and the two must come together to form an entirely new
thought (becoming). This work affirmed logic—-specifically, the logic of language—-as the
foundation of the world.

German metaphysician ___________ began his string of successful philosophical publications

with Critique of Pure Reason in 1781.

Immanuel Kant. Kant believed that reality extended only so far as an individual’s personal
degree of “knowing,” and it is impossible to “know” things that one cannot experience firsthand.
Therefore, intangibles such as God, freedom, and immortality cannot be known or proven. After
publishing Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, he was ordered by the government to
refrain from future writings on the topic of religion.

“But human nature does not go backward, and we never return to the times of innocence and
equality, when we have once departed from them.”
This quote is attributed to which French philosopher? ____________

Jean Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau caused considerable conflict over the years with his open
expectation of the impending fall of humanity. He believed that humanity was inherently good,
but once corrupted by civilization, there was no turning back.

_______________ penned the famous phrase, “I think, therefore I am.”

Rene Descartes. Perhaps better known for his contributions to geometry than philosophy (the
Cartesian plane is named after him), Descartes is actually considered the founder of modern
rationalism.

Two Treatises on Government, written by ____________, influenced the writing of the

Declaration of Independence.

John Locke. In that same year (1690), Locke also published An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding to outline the principles of empiricism.
Seventeenth-century British philosopher ___________ argued for a strong, even brutal
government in order to keep humanity from becoming savages.

Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes wrote Leviathan, and believed that human life on its own was
“solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

______________ are a sect of hedonism (Pursuit of or devotion to pleasure) that believes that
pleasure of the mind, not just the senses, is the ultimate good.

Epicureans. Thoroughly defended by Ancient Greek philosophers, the base of this belief system
is that the goal of every action should be increased, long-term pleasure.

______________ was Alexander the Great’s tutor, and a student of Plato.

Aristotle. He disagreed with Plato that form and matter could be perceived as two separate
things, and wrote such works as Rhetoric, Poetics, and Metaphysics.

The ____________ were a radically unconventional group formed by Antisthenes in Greece in

400 A.D.

Cynics. This group considered virtue to be the only, not just the highest, good. They were
largely self-sufficient, celibate (abstaining from sexual intercourse), and ascetic (renouncing
material comforts and leading a life of austere self-discipline).

Followers of the philosophy of ____________ in Ancient Greece and Rome never showed joy or
sadness.

Stoicism. Stoics believed that restraining emotion is the key to happiness. The majority of their
beliefs are similar to the Cynics.

The Ancient Greek philosopher _________ wrote Republic and Symposium.

Plato. Plato is credited with being the most influential force on Western philosophy of all time.
He taught the likes of Aristotle, and expressed his philosophical beliefs largely through fictional
dialogues.

_______________ declared that the gods had named him the wisest of all humanity, because
he was the only one who knew how little he knew.
Socrates. Plato’s teacher, he was later condemned to death by drinking poison hemlock by
fellow Athenians for his alleged atheism.

"Anyone who trades liberty for security deserves neither liberty nor security."
Identify the speaker. _____________

Benjamin Franklin. Franklin wrote Poor Richard’s Almanack, full of popular quotes that are still
used today, and was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Paine wrote the short pamphlet ___________ _______.

Common Sense. In it, he called for the United States to immediately declare independence from
England.
A member of the British Parliament, ______________ sympathized with the Americans during
the Revolutionary War.

Edmund Burke. Though he supported the Revolutionary War (at least, as much as it was
possible for a member of British Parliament to do so), he was firmly against the French
Revolution. Thomas Paine, who fought in the French Revolution, wrote The Rights of Man in
response to Burke’s criticisms.

______________ said, “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your
country.”

John F. Kennedy. President of the United States from 1961-1963, he was assassinated during a
motorcar parade. He brought America out of the Cuban Missile Crisis, yet failed miserably with
the Bay of Pigs invasion.

_____________ [allegedly] assassinated John F. Kennedy.

Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald allegedly shot Kennedy in Dallas, TX on November 22, 1963. Two
days after the shooting, nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot Oswald in retaliation.

Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed by ____________.

John Wilkes Booth. He shot President Lincoln from behind in Ford’s Theater in Washington,
D.C. on April 14, 1865. The show that night was Our American Cousin. Booth died two weeks
later after a constant police pursuit, either from a self-inflicted gunshot wound or after being hit
by an officer’s weapon.

A widely respected British orator, ______________ said “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil,
tears, and sweat” after being appointed Prime Minister.

Winston Churchill. He was a much-respected British figure in the fight against the Nazi regime,
and a good friend to President Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. Together, the three formed
a close alliance against Germany.

_____________ received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her work with lepers.

Mother Teresa. A nun born in Yugoslavia, she dedicated her life to caring for the poor of
Calcutta. The turnout at her funeral was one of the largest ever recorded.

____________ led the 200-mile Salt March.

Mahatma Gandhi. The Salt March was in protest to high government taxes, and Gandhi led
followers to the Gujarat seacoast to make their salt illegally. Recognized for his strict adherence
to non-violent protest, Gandhi participated in many hunger strikes and was widely recognized as
a thin older man wearing nothing but a loincloth.

The ___________-______ is a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna.

Bhagavad-Gita. Written in Sanskrit, the Bhagavad-Gita serves as a foundation for the Hindu
religion. In the end, Lord Krishna reveals himself as the reincarnation of Vishnu (Lord of the
Universe).

A state of supreme bliss in Buddhism is called ___________.

Nirvana. One can achieve Nirvana in life (according to the various Indian religions) through strict
discipline and the elimination of all ignorance and attachments.

The Book of ______________ is the last book of the New Testament of the Bible.
Revelation. Written by an exile named John (arguably St. John), its writing depends largely on
sets of sevens. The story is apocalyptic, a battle between good and evil with God triumphing in
the end.

The five books of Moses are known as the ________.

Torah. Jews believe that these books (the first five of the Bible) were handed to Moses at Mt.
Sinai to establish the basic laws and standards of human conduct.

____________ coined the terms proletariat and bourgeois.

Karl Marx. A German philosopher, he was a chief designer of modern socialist and communist
practices. He wrote Das Kapital, an expose of Marxism and a foundation for socialism around
the world. Proletariat refers to the exploited working class, while bourgeois is the wealthy,
exploitative upper class.

The autobiography of St. Augustine is entitled ____________.

Confessions. First renouncing Christianity and acting out as a youth, Augustine eventually came
to find the church and wrote this deeply honest account of a convert’s journey to religion.
Augustine also wrote City of God, a defense of Christianity against pagan animosity, and On the
Trinity.

Renowned French essayist ________________ published three collections of essays, and

wrote such pieces as On Friendship.

Michel Montaigne. Allowed only to speak Latin for the first seven years of his life, his oftentimes
lively, humorous essays covered a broad range of topics.

______________ wrote Twelve Caesars, a biography of the lives of the Caesars.

Suetonius. Born in 69 A.D., Suetonius served as the private secretary of Emperor Hadrian. He
compiled much biographical information over his life, and fragments of his biographical work De
viris illustribus have been discovered.
The ______________ War, a battle between Athens and Sparta, effectively destroyed Athens.

Peloponnesian. Tensions had simmered for some time between the two nations, as Athens
frequently aided other nations in foreign policy affairs, while Spartans demanded that they act
as an oligarchy. Though the Athenians were at first winning the battle, a plague wiped out over a
quarter of their population, including the leader Pericles.

Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I have a Dream" speech at the _________ __________ in
1963.

Lincoln Memorial. A key figure in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, King led boycotts of
segregated buses, sit-ins, and other non-violent protests, while inspiring a nation with his
speeches. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 by James Earl Ray.

_____________ took over the Harper’s Ferry arsenal in 1859 in an attempt to lead a slave
uprising.

John Brown. Brown encouraged slaves to claim their freedom themselves by murdering their
owners. Though captured by Robert E. Lee before his plan went very far, he had many open
supporters, including Henry David Thoreau.

“That government is best which governs least” is a quote from Henry David Thoreau’s essay,
_________ _____________.

Civil Disobedience. Thoreau encourages people to follow their own conscience, not necessarily
the one prescribed to them by the government, but if in doing so they go against the law, they
must be prepared to handle the consequences. Thoreau spent time in jail for refusing to pay
taxes to support the Mexican War.

An eighteenth century politican, ____________‘s name has come to refer to a signature.

John Hancock. President of the Continental Congress, he was the first to sign the Declaration of
Independence, and did so with a flourishing signature. Overtime, the request for a “John
Hancock” has come to mean one’s signature.

_____________ wrote Origin of Species.

Charles Darwin. Darwin developed the theory of evolution, deducing that human beings came to
evolve over time from other animals and even, in earliest times, tiny organisms. Darwinism, as it
has come to be called, has come under harsh criticism from religious followers for denying that
human beings are direct creations of God.

The legal case in Tennessee over the teaching of evolution in the classroom was known as the
__________ trial.

John Scopes. Teacher John Scopes was prosecuted for teaching Darwinism in his biology
classroom, and the trial quickly drew national attention. Clarence Darrow became Scopes’
attorney, but the defense ultimately lost-—it sought to prove Scopes was innocent on
constitutional grounds and ignored the many legal technicalities on which he could be freed.
William Jennings Bryan, a religious leader, lead the prosecution and brought with him hordes of
followers. Scopes was eventually freed on a technicality.

_____________ began his career in publishing with the San Francisco Examiner, and his
publishing house grew to 18 newspapers and 9 magazines during his lifetime.

William Randolph Hearst. Hearst bought the New York paper Morning Journal in 1895 and
immediately engaged in a fierce battle with competitors, luring their best reporters away with
higher salaries and selling his (larger) paper for a mere penny per edition. Orson Well’s Citizen
Kane is said to be based on Hearst’s life.

_____________ made the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

Charles Lindbergh. His family made headlines in 1932 after his young son was kidnapped from
their home and murdered.

Banished from Massachusetts for her religious beliefs, ____________ helped to found Rhode
Island.

Anne Hutchinson. She believed that one could reach heaven through faith alone, and that
denying one pleasures during life or engaging in elaborate religious rituals were futile and
unnecessary. Anne and her entire family (sans one child) were eventually slaughtered by
Indians.
__________ _____ was the first English child born in America.

Virginia Dare. She and her family settled at Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke Island, the inhabitants
of which all mysteriously disappeared.

____________ wrote Etiquette, still the most-consulted source on proper manners and
procedures.

Emily Post. Her descendents, most recently Peggy Post, have continued to update her initial
work to keep up with the changing times.

_____________ appointed Thomas Jefferson his Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of the Treasury.

George Washington. The first president of the United States and a decorated war hero, he
declined initial ideas to make him King of America, fearing a monarchy in the newly established
country would turn out no better than England. Jay’s Treaty and the Whiskey Rebellion caused
him considerably controversy by his second term, and he was accused of being an aristocratic
enemy of democracy.

______________ sailed three ships across the Atlantic in 1492.

Christopher Columbus. Largely credited with discovering America, he led the Nina, Pinta, and
the Santa Maria in search of a new trade route to the East from Spain. Instead, he landed in the
Bahamas, and claimed the new land for Spain.

America derived its name from ____________.

Amerigo Vespucci. An Italian navigator, he sailed to South America a short time after Columbus
and developed an advanced system for determining longitude. As a result of Vespucci’s work,
maps of the entire planet changed radically.

Founder of Muslim Mosque, Inc., ____________ was assassinated in February 1965.

Malcolm X. Originally a member of the somewhat militant Black Muslims, a falling out with
leader Elijah Muhammed led him to found Muslim Mosque, Inc. as an alternative. Though
Malcolm decided, after a trip to Mecca, that blacks and whites could indeed live harmoniously,
he was killed before he was able to put his new ideas into action.

Feminist ____________ founded Ms. magazine.

Gloria Steinem. One of the most recognizable faces (and voices) in feminism, she helped lead
the women’s rights movement, founding the National Women’s Political Caucus, the Women’s
Action Alliance, and the Coalition of Labor Union Women. Her books include Outrageous Acts
and Everyday Rebellions and Revelation from Within.

Jacqueline Kennedy eventually went on to marry ____________ after her husband John’s
death.

Aristotle Onassis. One of the richest men in the world, Onassis controlled a major shipping
company, the Monte Carlo casino, and Olympic Airways, among many other holdings.

_____________‘s belief that the sun was at the center of the universe led to his death during
the Inquisition.

Galileo Galilei. The first to ever use a telescope to study the stars, his outspoken support for the
theory (first developed by Copernicus) that the sun, not the earth, lay at the center of the
universe resulted in his imprisonment in 1633.

_____________ perfected the assembly line.

Henry Ford. A practical man by all accounts, Ford’s mass production techniques aided him in
making the Model T available for most every American. Ford cars continue to sell in great
quantities.

___________ developed the Oedipus complex theory, and attributed most psychological
problems (particularly sexual ones) to childhood occurrences.
Sigmund Freud. Freud was very interested in analyzing dreams, and believed they were the
window to the soul. His Oedipus complex, based on Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, refers to young
children who desire a parent (usually young boys and their mothers) sexually.

According to Freud, the ___________ balances one’s instinctive desires and practicality.

Superego. One’s instinctive, aggressive desires are known as the id, and the need to conform to
societal standards is kept in check by the ego. These two concepts frequently battle one
another to cause (or prevent) certain actions, and the superego helps to balance both desires.
Freud believed that an improperly developed superego from childhood was the root of most
adult problems.

The work of ___________ led to the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear fission.

Albert Einstein. At first, after hearing that Germany had already constructed an atomic bomb,
Einstein urged President Roosevelt to develop atomic weapons for the United States. However,
his opinion changed soon after the bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and he spent much of
his later life educating the world on the dangers of nuclear weapons, wracked with guilt over
what he had helped to create.
Visual Arts
Traditional Japanese painting methods were developed during the ______ period (710–784).

Nara. Statues and other figures of Buddha done in wood and bronze were very popular during
this time, and began assuming enormous proportions during the eighth century.

The Japanese hanging scroll known as a ___________ could be unrolled to display an

illustrated narrative.

Kakemono. Once unrolled, the scroll itself is known as an emakimono. A traditional form of
Japanese painting, the scroll was usually silk, with Chinese ink.

The Yamato-e form of painting was characteristic of the _____________ period (898–1185) in
Japan.

Fujiwara. The Yamato-e form focused on subjects with a Japanese, not Chinese, style, as
previous periods had done. Tale of the Genji, the famous scroll by Lady Murasaki, was made in
this time. Kanaoka was the most well-known artist of the Fujiwara period.

The Edo Period in Japan introduced a new form of wood-block art known as _______-__.

Ukiyo-e. Harunobu, Kiyonaga, Utamaro, Hokusai, and Hiroshige were all well-known ukiyo-e
artists, a style initially appealing only to those of low social status with enough money to spend
on art. Overtime, these pictures of the “fleeing” world gained international renown during the
Edo Period (1615–1867).

French artist ________ (1834–1917) created such pieces as Woman with Chrysanthemums
and Absinthe.

Edgar Degas. Both painter and sculptor, his work was a blend of classical art and
impressionism. Though a perfectionist, his works are purposefully off-centered, with sections of
certain subjects cut-off. Other works include Two Laundresses and Foyer of the Dance.
A neo-Impressionist, _____________ (1859–1891) developed the pointillism, or divisionism,
technique.

Georges Seurat. Some of his greatest works include Un Dimanche à la Grande Jatte and
Sunday Afternoon on The Island of La Gra.

Black-and-white illustrator _____________ (1872–1898) contributed to such works as Wilde’s

Salome (1894), Aristophanes’ Lysistrata (1896), and Pope’s Rape of the Lock (1896).

Aubrey Beardsley. Editor of the famous Yellow Book, Beardsley also wrote his own fiction, with
Under the Hill, a collection of his work, published posthumously in 1904. He died at the age of
25 from tuberculosis.

American painter _____________ (1861–1909) completed over 2,700 pieces of writing and art
during his lifetime, most revolving around life in the developing West.

Frederic Remington. His paintings of cowboys, Indians, and horses were drawn from his real-life
experiences as a Hearst war correspondent during the Spanish-American War.

A highly decorated container for religious relics is known as a ______________.

Reliquary. Richly adorned with gold, jewelry, and artistry, they largely hold items belonging to
saints. Famous reliquaries include Peter Vischer’s Reliquary of St. Sebald, and Charles
Wuorinen’s Reliquary for Igor Stravinsky.

A(n) _________ depicts the Virgin Mary cradling the body of her dead son.

Pieta. Derived from the word piety, meaning familiar love, Michelangelo created one of the most
famous pietas in Saint Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican.

An opaque watercolor work is known as a(n) ____________.

Gouache. This term can also refer to the process by which such an artwork is created. Opaque
watercolor projects an added luminance not present in transparent watercolors.
A Trompe L´oeil is often confused for a(n) _____________ instead of a painting.

Photograph. Meaning “deception of the eye,” the term is used to refer to extremely realistic
works.

Depicting subjects as true to their natural appearances is ____________.

Verism. Salvador Dali and Yves Tanguy were both verists, unlike many of their contemporaries,
who perfected or distorted their subjects. It is largely found in Renaissance pieces.

In Roman mural painting, ________ ________ works included fantasies depicted against a
monochromatic background.

Third Style. From 20 B.C. to 20 A.D., the movement was from the illusion of depth and realism
to fantasy.

A round work of art, including painting and sculpture, is known as _________.

Tondo. The most famous is Michelangelo’s Doni Tondo (1504).

Renaissance painter _____________ made The Birth of Venus.

Sandro Botticelli. Among other works, Botticelli illustrated Dante’s Divine Comedy, and made the
pieces The Adoration of the Magi and Madonna of the Pomegranate.

Swiss artist _________ created The Twittering Machine and Viaducts Break Rank.

Paul Klee. Famous for his whimsical, colorful images, Klee also produced Fish Magic and Head
of a Man (Going Senile).

_______ is said to have painted Saturn Devouring His Children, Witches’ Sabbath, The Dog
and The Three Fates.
Goya. These dark, haunted works were found on the walls of his villa after his death. Some
years later, controversy developed over whether they were painted by Goya himself, or his
grandson. Along with paintings, Goya (1746–1828) also did many etchings.

Started in 1912, the ___________ movement described lyrical, shimmering chromatic effects in
paintings.

Orphism. Though short-lived, its major players included Robert Delaunay, Frank Kupka, the
Duchamps, and Roger de la Fresnaye.

Twentieth-century __________ _______ did not begin painting until she was well into her
seventies.

Grandma Moses. Once retired from farm work, Grandma Moses (1860–1961) began painting
scenes of farm life in the style of primitivism. Her works included A Beautiful World and The Old
Checkered House in Winter.

_____________ attempts to recreate the style of children’s art.

Primitivism. Also emulating the style of primitive cultures, its main players included Grandma
Moses and Henri Rousseau.

The Peaceable Kingdom was painted by ____________.

Edward Hicks. A Quaker, the majority of Hicks’ works were on signposts and carriages. He
completed more than 100 versions of The Peaceable Kingdom.

English painter _____________ was well-known for his landscape scenes, including View on
the Stour (1819) and The Hay Wain (1821).

John Constable. With his poetic approach towards his landscapes, Constable (1776–1837)
received little acclaim during his life, but later greatly inspired such artists as Delacroix and
Bonington. Other works include Salisbury Cathedral and Dedham Vale.

English painter _____________ connected French and English landscape artists, rapidly
painting watercolors like Coast of Picardy.
Richard Bonington. Though he produced few works in his short life (1802–1828), his
watercolors and lithographs are celebrated at the Louvre and other art museums.

The golden age of Buddhist art in India was the _________ period.

Gupta. Attention to detail because more important to artists, as reflected in bronze and stone
statues from the time.

Three-dimensional protrusions from a flat surface is known as ___________ sculpture.

Relief. Greeks and other nations used relief sculpture to decorate door and window frames, as
well as walls, altars, and other areas. There are three degrees of relief sculptures: alto-relievo
(high protrusion), mezzo-relievo (medium protrusion), and basso-relievo (low protrusion).

A relief sculpture that is carved inwards instead of outwards is known as ___________.

Intaglio. More frequent in jewelry than large-scale art, it is the opposite of relief sculpture.

One who is interested in viewing the fine arts, but not participating, is known as a
____________.

Dilettante. The term can be more broadly applied to anyone who dabbles in many different
subjects without seriously committing to one.

Increasing loudness in a musical score is known as a(n) ___________.

Crescendo. Generally, the term is used to refer to the loudest section, or climax, of a piece.

______________ is the national anthem of France.

The Marseillaise. Written during the French Revolution, it was given its name for first being sung
by the soldiers of Marseilles when they entered Paris.

The lifestyle of artists is often stereotypically described as ______________.

Bohemian. Less accepted of an idea today than in earlier times, the term describes a lifestyle
giving preference to art over material goods, and money in general. Bohemians are generally
thought of as unclean, unkempt, and somewhat immoral.

A musical section within a larger work that has its own unique tempo is known as a(n)
_____________.

Movement. Each movement is recognized by its own number in the sequence of the piece. An
undivided musical piece is one movement.

The direction to perform a musical piece very softly is ______________.

Pianissimo. The opposite of pianissimo is fortissimo, or playing a musical piece very loudly.

_______________ wrote the song “This Land Is Your Land.”

Woody Guthrie. A 1930s songwriter and folk singer, he also wrote “So Long, It’s Been Good to
Know Yuh.” Most of his work is about the difficulties of living during the Great Depression.

______________ glass, created by an artisan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, is worth substantial amounts of money today.

Tiffany. Created by Louis Tiffany, the glass forms are of an art nouveau style, with iridescent
colors. Another term for the work is favrile glass. The style has been extensively imitated over
time.

The American patriotic song "_________ _______ of the Republic" shares the same tune as
John Brown’s Body.

Battle Hymn. Julia Ward Howe wrote the song after visiting Union soldiers.

A(n) ___________ sponsors a ballet, opera, or symphony.

Impresario. The term can also apply to a producer of such works.

The __________ performances by Pablo Casals at the United Nations in 1958 and White
House in 1962 were very well-received.

Cello. Spanish cellist Casals is particularly known for his solo cello interpretations of Bach. He
was exiled from Spain in 1939 for protesting the government, and moved to France.

Expensive-looking artwork that is shoddily done is known as ___________.

Kitsch. The term can also apply to furniture. Plaster reproductions of famous busts and cheap
Mona Lisa imitations qualify as kitsch.

____________ performed “Hound Dog” and “All Shook Up.”

Elvis Presley. Originally, Presley’s (1935–1977) characteristic hip thrusts were considered too
obscene to televise his performances. Along with his music career, he also appeared in such
films as Love Me Tender (1956) and Jailhouse Rock (1957).

The Star-Spangled Banner was written by ___________.

Francis Scott Key. He wrote it while held prisoner on a British ship during the War of 1812, and it
later became the American national anthem. He was inspired by watching the bombing of Fort
McHenry, and how the American flag continued to wave amongst the chaos.

A ____________ is a recurring melody associated with a certain person, place, or event, used
in opera.

Leitmotif. The term is derived from the German for “leading theme,” and is most common in
Wagner’s works.

And Oh, you’ll take the high road,

I’ll take the low road,
And I’ll be in Scotland before you;

These are the opening lines to the song ______ __________.

Loch Lomond. The tune is a popular Scottish folksong about separated lovers.
______________ wrote Camptown Races.

Stephen Foster. His other works include “Oh! Susanna,” “The Old Folks at Home,” “Jeannie with
the Light Brown Hair,” and “Beautiful Dreamer.”

A(n) _____________ is a particularly slow tempo.

Adagio. It is slower than andante, and faster than larghetto.

A(n) _______ _________ is a black and white flag with a skull-and-crossbones.

Jolly Roger. It is most frequently seen hanging on pirate ships.

The ____________ school in Germany was founded by Walter Gropius and contemporaries to
bring together architects, technologists, and traditional artists so that they might learn from one
another.

Bauhaus. The school was eventually shut down by Nazi control, though its members continued
to spread their ideas. Among those the school helped to influence were Lucio Costa, Lyonel
Feininger, and Marecel Breuer.

______________ was a form of architecture designed to anticipate future needs of a structure.

Functionalism. Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe were among those who
frequently used these principles in their work. Their buildings were adapted to both current and
potential future needs.
____________ music was jazz-style pieces written primarily for the piano at the beginning of the
1900s.

Ragtime. Scott Joplin and Irving Berlin were two well-known ragtime artists. The music style
enjoyed a revival in the 1970s, and the term inspired a book and Broadway musical.

The male singing voice can be broken down into three ranges: bass (lowest), ____________
(middle), and tenor (highest).

Baritone.
The female singing voice can be broken down into alto (lowest), _______-__________ (middle),
and soprano (highest).

Mezzo-soprano.
 Music

____________ _______ are traditional Latin worship music in the Roman Catholic Church.
Gregorian chants. Sung in unison, most chants hold a single syllable across multiple notes.

Fourteenth through seventeenth century Europe was known as the _______________.

Renaissance. Major players during this time include Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, and William
Shakespeare.

_____________ was a music style popular from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century,
introducing harmony and replacing modes in church music.

Baroque. Initially begun as an alternative to get away from polyphony (several melodies woven
together as one, with no part taking precedence), the Baroque music period led to the
development of major and minor tones that replaced outdated modes in music. Bach was a
major Baroque composer.

A _____________ is an unharmonized chant, frequently called a Gregorian chant.

Plainsong. Originating from Greek music theory, plainsongs were the basis for polyphony. The
official music of the Catholic Church, Mass and the Psalms are sung as plainsongs.

How many modes served as the foundation for plainsongs? ______

Eight. These modes, or arrangements of notes in a scale, were eventually rearranged as major
and minor modes in the sixteenth century.

___________ music is monodic, with tones equal to one-fourth of a full Western tone.

Hindu. Melodies are based on ragas, specific outlines for improvisation. The drum and the sitar
are generally the two main accompanying musical instruments. In India, accompanied music is
considered the greatest type of music.

Developed in India, the _________ has three to seven gut strings and 12 wire strings.

Sitar. Since the 1960s, the sitar has also become a widely-used instrument in Western music.
With its characteristic modal homophony and rhythm, __________ music increased to 12 tones
in the eleventh century and 17 tones in the thirteenth century.

Arabic. The nauba is the main musical form, with instrumental solos leading to vocal sections.
The main instruments of Arabic music are the tanbur, a long-necked lute, and the ud, a
short-necked lute.

Mainly using the organ, ______________ music was originally considered a spin-off on Greek
music, but was then recognized as its own independent form.

Byzantine. Along with the organ, the Greek instruments the kithara and the aulos are also
frequently used as accompaniment. Instead of eight modes, Byzantine music has eight echoes.

The main Byzantine hymn, the _________, is made up of nine odes to reference the nine
canticles of the Old and New Testaments.

Kanon. Although there are supposed to be nine odes, most kanons only have eight.

A series of tones ordered by pitch is called a ________.

Scale. Each type of music has its own unique identifying scale system, most of which continue
to change as composers discover new needs.

There is usually a word at the beginning of a piece of classical music telling the performer the
approximate speed the piece should be played at. Allegro and Presto are two different
instruction words generally indicating a _______ speed.

Fast. Allegro indicates a quick, lively speed. Presto indicates an even faster speed. On the other
hand, Adagio or Andante would indicate a slow, or leisurely speed.

_____________ refers to the work system of a piano tuner.

Temperament. Particularly important with keyboard instruments that all must sound exactly alike
in performance, temperament is the distribution of impurities to bring the instrument’s sound as
close to others’ as possible. “Equal” temperament divides the octave into 12 equal half-steps.
To indicate a piece uses the C major scale, one says it is in the ______ of C major.

Key. This concept was not developed until the seventeenth century.

Using two, or more, keys at the same time is known as ______________.

Polytonality. This technique was popular with many twentieth-century composers. Alternately, no
key is referred to as atonality.

Avoiding a tonal center in a musical piece is known as ___________.

Atonality. After composers like Wagner and Strauss developed such complicated pieces that the
key was all but lost underneath, later composers decided to abandon tonality altogether,
including Webern and Ives.

Composer ____________ created the tetralogy Der Ring des Nibelungen.

Richard Wagner. Beginning with Das Rheingold and Die Walkure in 1857, Wagner, a German
Romanticist, did not finish the third installment of Siegfried and Götterdämmerung until 1874. He
built a theater especially for their performance.

Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg was Wagner’s only ___________ opera.

Comedic. Wagner composed this piece after abandoning Der Ring des Nibelungen, believing
the collection would never be performed.

___________ created the symphonic poem, and composed The Faust Symphony and The
Dante Symphony.

Franz Liszt. A Hungarian composer, he began studying at age nine with the likes of Salieri.
Though he wrote symphonies, the vast majority of his work was symphonic poems, including
Les Preludes and Mazeppa. His daughter later married composer Richard Wagner.

Mozart once claimed that rival composer ____________ tried to poison him.

Antonio Salieri. The duo’s feud was dramatized for the motion picture Amadeus, and in a
nineteenth-century opera, Mozart et Salieri, by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Salieri served as court
conductor in Vienna, and Mozart’s poisoning claim was never substantiated.
The piano composer ____________ had a stormy affair with author George Sand, during which
time he wrote 24 preludes

Frederic Chopin. The first to establish the piano as an instrument in its own right, free to be
separate from the rest of a symphony, most of Chopin’s work was highly romanticized. Because
of this, the majority of his pieces are known by names he did not give them. Chopin’s finest
works include piano concertos in E Minor and F Minor, along with sonatas in B Flat Minor.

Legendary Italian violinist ____________ revived the practice of scordatura.

Niccolo Paganini. Scordatura is a diverse tuning of the strings designed to optimize each note.
A child prodigy, Paganini is also credited with perfecting double and triple stops.

French composer _____________ debuted Symphonie fantastique in 1830, and later composed
Romeo and Juliet and Benvenuto Cellini.

Louis-Hector Berlioz. His work differed from traditional symphonies with its deeply personal
style. Berlioz also composed the operas The Damnation of Faust and The Trojans, both of
which are considered masterpieces today.

____________ music tells a story and requires a textual accompaniment for the audience to
understand.

Program. It is called such because the text is usually delivered to the audience in the form of a
program. In contrast, absolute music is not written to follow a story.

An instrumental piece with no vocal accompaniment was first known as a __________.

Sonata. A piece with both voice and instruments is a cantata. Developed in Italy, over time the
term sonata came to mean pieces with one keyboard.
German composer _____________ had a distinctly romantic style that shows in Don Juan
(1888) and Death and Transfiguration (1889).

Richard Strauss. Beyond these symphonic poems, Strauss was also well-known for his operas,
which include Salome, Electra, Der Rosenkavalier, and Arabella. He was briefly chief of Musical
Affairs for the Nazis from 1933 to 1935.

____________‘s first operatic masterpiece was Wozzeck.

Alban Berg. Influenced by his friend Arnold Schoenberg, Berg practiced atonality and adopted
Schoenberg’s 12-step tone system. In Lyric Suite and the opera Lulu, he perfected this musical
style.

The first harmonic of a tone is perceived as _________.

Pitch. Today, pitch is symbolized by a letter name and represents the frequency of vibrations the
instrument should make.

A musical composition with a chorus, orchestra, and solo parts is a __________.

Oratorio. An oratorio volgare also utilizes a narrator to explain the ongoing story to the
audience. Giacomo Carissimi is credited with first finalizing this terminology.

A(n) ____________ is a musical introduction to a ballet, opera, or other show.

Overture. Frequently, an overture is a musical montage of all the forthcoming pieces in the
show, as in West Side Story.

Born in 1685, ___________ composed St. John Passion and Well-Tempered Clavier.

J.S. Bach (Johann Sebastian). His other works include The Art of the Fugue, Magnificat,
Passacaglia, and Fugue in C Minor. Bach began a career as an organist in 1707, and musical
director for Prince Leopold of Anhalt in 1717.
A famous technique of Bach, _____________ is the integration of independent melodies into a
homogenous sound.

Counterpoint. There are five types of counterpoint: note against note, two notes against one,
four notes against one, syncopation, and florid counterpoint (the latter of which is a combination
of the first four types).

An eighteenth-century response to the Baroque period, ____________ was a graceful style

largely utilizing the keyboard.

Rococo. Those who adopted this style include Francois Couperin, Jean Philippe Rameau, and
Bach’s sons. This style also influenced Haydn and Mozart.

The text of an opera is known as the ___________.

Libretto. Generally, a libretto covers factual details, while emotions and expressions are left to
be felt within the music. Ottavio Rinuccini was the first known librettist.

A(n) __________ is a parody of an opera.

Operetta. As opposed to the slight difference between a novella and a novel, an operetta is
always light-hearted and generally comedic, taking stabs at real opera storylines and music.

George Gershwin's only opera is ________ ____ _______.

Porgy and Bess. Sung in English, it chronicles the love story between the crippled Porgy and
the beautiful, but taken, Bess.

A famous present day opera singer is African American soprano _____________, who has
earned five Grammy awards.

Kathleen Battle. She has recorded for Sony Classical throughout her career, and has performed
with the world's great orchestras.

Founded in the nineteenth-century, examples of ___________ opera include Glinka’s A Life for
the Czar and Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin.
Russian. Nearly all Russian operas deal themselves with Russian history and literature, though
Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov notably created fantasy operas like May Night and The Snow Maiden.

______________ composed The Nutcracker.

Peter Tchaikovsky. Among his large body of works, the Russian composer also created the
operas Vakula, the Smith and The Queen of Spades, along with the symphonies Romeo and
Juliet and The Sleeping Beauty.

_____________ wrote the operas Otello and Falstaff, based on plays by Shakespeare.

Giuseppe Verdi. His body of work, characterized by enchanting, sustained melodies, includes Il
Travatore, Aida, The Sicilian Vespers, and Don Carlos.

Verdi's ____ _________ was based on Alexandre Dumas' play, Camille.

La Traviata. Alexandre Dumas is associated with works such as Three Musketeers, and the
Counte of Monte Cristo. Verdi also did Rigoletto based on Victor Hugo’s work, The King’s Jester.
Victor Hugo is known for The Hunchback of Notre Dame, and Les Miserables.

____________ wrote the opera Madama Butterfly in 1904.

Giacomo Puccini. Initially, Madam Butterfly met with harsh criticism, but it soon took off in
popularity after a few months. Prior to Butterfly, Puccini put on the smash opera successes La
Boheme and Tosca.

Under pressure to write an American opera, Puccini put together The Girl of the __________
_______.

Golden West. In Italian, La Fanciulla del West was an acceptable success and led the way for
Puccini’s final opera, Turandot.

Beethoven’s sole opera was entitled _____________.

Fidelio. The opera outlined the struggle between political power and personal autonomy. Ludwig
van Beethoven (1770-1827) is one of the greatest European composers of all time, with some of
his most famous pieces including his Ninth Symphony, Grosse Fuge, Piano Concertos 4 and 5,
and the 1806 Violin Concerto.

Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony includes which famous piece by Friedrich von Schiller? _____
___ _____

Ode to Joy. Schiller, a German historian, also wrote Don Carlos, which was later turned into an
opera by Verdi. His literary works ranged from novels to songs like Ode to Joy.

____________, known for his optimistic, instrumentally brilliant pieces, taught both Mozart and
Beethoven.

Franz Joseph Haydn. Initially undiscovered, he began a thirty-year career as musical director for
the Princes of Esterházy beginning in 1761. In his later years, he composed such symphonies
as The Farewell Symphony, The Surprise Symphony, and The Military Symphony.

The rattle, tambourine, and xylophone are all examples of _____________ instruments.

Percussion. Other percussion instruments include the bell, castanets, and drums. Percussions
make sound when they are struck, like a drum is hit with a stick.

The violin and the guitar are both members of the __________ group of instruments.

String. Other strings include the viola, cello, and bass.

____________ instruments include the oboe and the flute.

Woodwind. The bassoon, saxophone, and the English horn are also woodwinds. The French
horn, trombone and trumpet are examples of brass instruments.

The _________ is slightly larger than the violin and shares the same notes as the cello.

Viola. Still small enough to be played on one’s shoulder, it is in the middle register of the string
family.
The _______ is roughly 150-200% larger than the cello, but remains in the string family.

Bass. The bass plays the widest variety of music out of the string category. It is also the
heaviest and plays the lowest notes.

The difference between an oboe and a clarinet is that an oboe has a _________ ______.

Double reed. The oboe is mainly a classical instrument, while the clarinet is many times used in
jazz as well. Aside from the double reed, the two instruments look very much alike.

Jazz musician Miles Davis played the fugelhorn and the ___________.

Trumpet. Davis helped ease jazz into popular culture in the 1940s, and his Kind of Blue album
remains a best-seller.

Born in 1926 and a close friend of Miles Davis, _____________ was a renowned soprano and
tenor saxophonist.

John Coltrane. Some of his best-known recordings include A Love Supreme, Ascension, and
Interstellar Space. Coltrane’s work was largely influenced by African music.
The famous duo _________ _____ __________ began working together in 1871 on Thespis,
and continued until 1896 with The Grand Duke.

Gilbert & Sullivan. Sir Arthur Sullivan (the composer) and Sir William Gilbert (the librettist) wrote
everything from dramas to comedies together. When they ended their working relationship after
a heated argument, neither enjoyed anywhere near the degree of success they did as partners
from then on.

Andrew Lloyd Webber’s production of _______ was the longest-running Broadway show in
history.

Cats. Based on a collection of poems by T.S. Eliot, Cats ran on Broadway for ten years. The
song Memory from the show has been recorded by many artists and is considered a musical
staple.
Andrew Lloyd Webber composed the scores for Jesus Christ, Superstar and Joseph and the
Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat with lyricist ___________.

Tim Rice. Rice has also collaborated with the likes of Elton John on the scores of Lion King and
Aida.

The score to Phantom of the Opera was composed by _____________.

Andrew Lloyd Webber. Webber’s long run of hits began with Joseph and the Amazing
Technicolor Dreamcoat and in 2000 he became the dominant player in the London theater
district after purchasing ten additional theaters.

_____________ wrote the songs White Christmas and Easter Parade.

Irving Berlin. Berlin also composed God Bless America and There’s No Business Like Show
Business, and worked on such musicals as Annie Get Your Gun.

_____________‘s most well-known musical production was West Side Story.

Leonard Bernstein. His other musical credits include Candide, Wonderful Town, and On The
Town, and the opera Trouble in Tahiti.

______________‘s first solo musical score was A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the
Forum.

Stephen Sondheim. Previously, Sondheim had collaborated with Leonard Bernstein on West
Side Story and with Jule Styne on Gypsy.

Originally starring Angela Lansbury, the Broadway show ___________ _______ had characters
clamoring to buy meat pies actually made from dead humans.

Sweeney Todd. One of Stephen Sondheim’s more popular productions, Sondheim went on to
write the scores for Merrily We Roll Along, Sundays in the Park with George, and Into the
Woods.
The pair _________ _____ ____________ created such musicals as Oklahoma!

Rodgers & Hammerstein. The success of Oklahoma! was followed by Carousel, South Pacific,
and The King and I.

In the musical ____ _______ ____ __, an English teacher is brought to teach the children of the
King of Siam, and the two eventually fall in love.

The King and I. The work of Richard Rodgers & Oscar Hammerstein, it includes such musical
numbers as I Whistle a Happy Tune, Getting To Know You, and Shall We Dance.

The songs All I Ask of You and Angel of Music are from the Broadway musical __________ ___
_____ _______.

Phantom of the Opera. Originally starring Sarah Brightman and Michael Crawford, the musical
score was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber.

The Broadway musical _______ _________ was based on the opera Madama Butterfly.

Miss Saigon. Adapting the original story to fit the Vietnam War, and taking such risks as landing
a real helicopter on the stage during performances, Miss Saigon was a popular hit on Broadway
for many years.

In music, __________ is faster than allegro but slower than prestissimo.

Presto. This usually describes explanatory song, that is necessary for the audience to
understand, but hurried enough to not take away from the remainder of the performance.
____________ music is written for an ensemble, with one unique part for each player.

Chamber. This style of music became popular with the introduction of concert halls in the
nineteenth-century. Haydn and Mozart both fine-tuned chamber music into a predominantly
quartet-based form.

Puccini, Verdi, and Wagner were all ____________ composers.

Romantic. Artists of this period were less concerned with rigid form and more interested in
expressing emotions.
Bach and Vivaldi were both composers during the ____________ period.

Baroque. Work from this period was overly complex and highly dramatic, with a great deal of
juxtapositioning of elements to convey emotions.

The ____________ period brought us Mozart, Salieri, and Haydn.

Classical. This time period, from the late eighteenth to early nineteenth century, concerned itself
with balance and clarity.
Performing Arts
Largely considered the best film of all time, ____________ ______ was directed by Orson
Welles.

Citizen Kane. Welles also starred in the film, which many believe is based on the life of
newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst.

Editors often use ___________ in film to convey the passing of time, combining images from
the different periods that are being covered.

Montage. In addition to expressing the passage of time, montages can also be used to quickly
highlight the life of a person, couple, or family. For example, over the course of two minutes,
important snippets of film from significant points in a dead person’s life (their birth, high school
graduation, wedding, etc.) may be combined in a memorial montage.

_____________, the Russian-American ballerina, she joined Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe in 1924,
and was prima ballerina of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo from 1938 to 1958.

Alexandra Danilova. After her time as prima ballerina ended, she formed her own company and
taught at the School of American Ballet.

______________ founded Ballets Russes with Fokine, Bakst, and Benois.

Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev. Beginning his career as a Russian art critic and founder of the
journal The World of Art, he put together a Russian dance troupe known as Diaghilev’s Ballets
Russes that forever left a mark on the world of dance. For the first time, music and scenery
became almost as important as the choreography itself.

Inventor of the telegraph and peep-show machine, _____________ also produced over 125
films, including documentaries, dramas, and comedies.

Thomas Edison. Some of his best works include What Demoralized the Barber Shop, a
humorous account of what the people inside a barber shop do to gain the attention of two
attractive women; Pillow Fight; and Record of a Sneeze (the latter two being somewhat
self-explanatory).

The Great Train Robbery and Life of an American Fireman are the works of _____________.
Edwin Porter. He was one of the first filmmakers to realize that movies could expand beyond
simply recorded theater, and explored the use of multiple settings and working outdoors.

Considered the most influential figure in modern dance, _____________ developed her own
form of choreography, calling for exemplary discipline and flexibility.

Martha Graham. Making her dance debut in Xochitl in 1920, she formed her own dance troupe
and began touring twenty years later. Many of her choreographed pieces draw from mythology
and major historical events.

The first filmmaker to introduce fade-ins, ____________ is responsible for Birth of a Nation
(1915) and Orphans of the Storm (1922).

D.W. Griffith. Griffith introduced much more than fade effects—-he was also the first to
incorporate close-up shots, flashbacks, and even rehearsals. The majority of his work
chronicled historical and social injustices. His Birth of a Nation was the longest movie ever
produced in its time (ten reels long).

The classic horror film The Birds was the brainchild of ________________.

Alfred Hitchcock. His distinctive style of suspense films influenced the entire future of the horror
genre. Hitchcock’s portfolio also includes Strangers on a Train, North by Northwest, Rebecca,
and Notorious.

Italian film director ______________ created Nights of Cabiria, La Dolce Vida, and 81/2.

Federico Fellini. Preferring professional actors to the laymen frequently used in other film works
of his time, Fellini initially worked in black and white, moving to color in 1965 with Juliet of the
Spirits. Later works included Ginger and Fred, and Voices of the Moon.

Entertainer _____________ introduced the songs April Showers and Mammy to popular culture.

Al Jolson. A Russian immigrant, he first began his vaudeville act performing Mammy in black
face, to highly amused audiences. His first starring role in film came in 1927 with The Jazz
Singer, and he later developed his own radio show.

____ ______ _________ was the first movie to use dialogue.

The Jazz Singer. Made in 1927, it combined video with the phonograph in the first attempt to
integrate sound with the motion pictures.

Choreographer ______________ created The Firebird and Petrouchka, among others.

Michel Fokine. Founding choreographer for Ballets Russes, he is considered to be the father of
modern ballet and worked for the elimination of rigid training schedules. He has more than 70
ballets credited to him.

_____________ developed the montage film technique.

Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein. His first film work was Strike in 1924, though he first gained
fame for Odessa’s massacre in Potemkin the following year. The massacre was a meticulously
edited montage composed of hundreds of individual shots.

A dimly-lit film with dark, cynical characters is known as ________ ______.

Film noir. Stanley Kubrick is one well-known filmmaker who makes use of the film noir style.

Born in 1896, ______________ made her acting debut with D.W. Griffith, and starred in The
Scarlet Letter and The Wind.

Lillian Gish. After working in Griffith’s Birth of a Nation, she went on to star in most of his
subsequent films. Lillian’s sister, Dorothy Gish, was also an actress and co-starred with Lillian in
multiple features.

_____________ developed the character Little Tramp, with the trademark Derby hat and
moustache.

Charlie Chaplin. He co-founded United Artists with D.W. Griffith and others in search of great
artistic control, and held out against incorporating sound in his films until 1940.

The member of a film crew in charge of lighting is the _________.

Gaffer. Gaffers usually begin as trained electricians, with intricate lighting designs left to other
staffers.

Commercials promoting the release of a new film are known as _____________.

Trailers. Additionally, a trailer can refer to the blank strip at the end of a film reel.

The Scottish “Highland Fling” and the Hawaiian hula are both _______ _________.

Folk dances. Tribal or ethnic dances that are passed down through the generations are folk
dances; even children’s games like “Ring Around the Rosie” are examples of folk dance.

Born in 1859, _____________ formed the English Folk Dance Society.

Cecil Sharp. He traveled through the United States collecting traditional folk dances, searching
for their roots in English tradition. Sharp later composed multiple anthologies of folk dance lore.

_____________ is a Spanish dance in triple time performed by a single couple.

Fandango. The dancers are accompanied by live singers and castanet players. When the music
stops, the couple remains in position perfectly still until sound resumes.

A lively Irish dance with fast, irregular steps is known as the _______.

Jig. The jig was mainly used in minstrel shows once introduced in America, and is frequently
referred to in spoken word as a sign of happiness—i.e. “do a jig.”

_____________ created the memorable films A Clockwork Orange and A Space Odyssey.

Stanley Kubrick. A fan of dark, bold, sexualized storylines, he also created Dr. Strangelove, The
Shining, and the recent Eyes Wide Shut. Afraid of copycat crimes, he called for the banning of A
Clockwork Orange in England.

______________ won four Academy Awards, for her work in Morning Glory, Guess Who’s
Coming to Dinner?, The Lion in Winter, and On Golden Pond.
Katharine Hepburn. Her film career, beginning in 1932, included well over 40 features. She
spent 25 years in a romantic relationship with her on-screen partner, Spencer Tracey, though he
remained married to his wife the entire time.

Architecture
Ancient Sumerians developed the _________ so they could construct doors and windows with
brick.

Arch. Because the Sumerians had no stone to carve into, they carefully shaped bricks into
arches for doorways and windows in the walls.

Lion’s Gate at Mycenae was constructed with the _______ ____ ________ system, or a large
stone horizontal beam resting on two vertical ones.

Post and lintel. The posts are the two vertical beams, while the horizontal beam is known as the
lintel. This architectural technique was first used by the Egyptians, and is frequently replicated.
Even Stonehenge used the post and lintel system, though it is still a mystery how they managed
to lift the heavy stone lintels up that high.

The primary purpose of medieval castles was ___________.

Defense. Castles were originally wooden buildings atop hills, but later were developed into
powerful stone fortresses some fifteen-feet thick. The rounded towers were built because they
withstood catapult attacks better than flat walls.
_______________ designed the Brooklyn Bridge.

John Roebling. Built from 1869 to 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge is adorned with Gothic piers.
Roebling patented the spinning wire rope design that holds the bridge up, and also built the
Cincinnati Bridge and Niagara rail bridge.

External support for the walls of Gothic buildings was provided by _________ ___________.

Flying buttresses. These external arches allowed the walls of Gothic buildings to be relatively
thin, so as to allow for more stained glass.

_____________ designed the Guggenheim Museum.

Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright designed many more works during his life, and his architecture
design firm trained many fine future designers, including Walter Griffin. Some of Wright’s other
great works include Fallingwater and the Johnson Administration Building.

Frank Lloyd Wright developed the ___________ housing design, a take-off on his earlier prairie
houses, in response to the vast demand for low income housing.

Usonian. This design provided ample room for a small family, with rooms of varying scale (in
height and width).

Born in 1508, ______________ was greatly influenced by Renaissance philosophers and

artists, and was made architectural advisor to the Vatican in 1570.

Andrea Palladio. His great architectural works include Villa Foscari, Teatro Olimpico, and
Palazzo Chiericati, all in Italy.

London’s Great Fire of 1666 led to ___________‘s appointment as Surveyor General,

overseeing all the reconstruction work on the royal palaces.

Christopher Wren. His architectural focus was mainly on churches, and he designed the famous
St. Paul’s Cathedral, among others.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the ____________ __________ in Spain.

Barcelona Pavilion. Though most of his work was based in Chicago, he designed glass and
steel post and lintels, and coined the phrase “less is more.” His other works include the Lake
Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago, and the Tughendat House in the Czech Republic.

Leader of the Spanish Art Nouveau movement, _____________ designed Casa Mila and Casa
Batllo in Barcelona.

Antonio Gaudi. Credited with creating his own personal architectural style, all of Gaudi’s work is
constructed in Barcelona, including Colonia Guell and Sagrada Familia.

The Mayans built their first temple in ____________.

Cerros. The temple was largely constructed out of limestone and pottery materials.
 ART
RENAISSANCE (1400-1700)
Dominant in Europe, revival of classical learning, attempt to portray world as it really
was.

● Botticelli (1445-1510) – Italian MUSIC – Desprez, Palestrina, Gesualdo

● Bruegel (1525-1569) - Flemmish
● Brunelieschi (1377-1446) - Italian
● Da Vinci (1452-1519) - Italian
● Donatello (1386-1466) - Italian
● Eyck (1385-1441) - Dutch
● Giotto (1267-1337) - Italian
● Grunewald (1470-1528) - German
● Michelangelo (1475-1564) - Italian
● Rafael (1483-1520) – Italian
● Titian

MANNERISM (1520-1600)
Rejection of perfect images, use of exaggeration, distortion & emotions. Venice, Italy.

● Beccafumi
● Bronzino
● Caron
● El Greco
● Parmagianino
● Tintoretto
● Titian

BAROQUE (1600-1750)
Full of exaggerated movement & emotion, explode with color & light, contain a
combination of materials (stained glass, marble, bronze, etc.), grandiose style, dramatic
scenes, tense depictions, often painted religious themes (w/cherubs) or natural scenes,
often used chiaroscuro (contrast between light & dark). Favored oval or ellipse. Venice,
Italy.

● Bernini (1598-1680) – Italian MUSIC- Bach, Vivaldi, Gabrielli, Handel

● Rembrandt (1601-1669) Monteverdi, Corelli
● Rubens (1577-1640) - Flemmish
● Vermeer (1632-1675) - Dutch

NEO-CLASSICISM (1750-1975)
 Revival of classical architecture, depiction of heroic figures, references to historical
figures, classic, orderly, strict, serious style present in Greek & Roman art & architecture.

● David (1748-1825) - French, lots of Napoleon!

● Panini
● Ernst MUSIC – Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Salieri

ROMANTICISM (1800s)
Western European art, thought and literature, relied heavily on overstated emotion,
tragedy, imagination, feeling, metaphysical elements and nature, rely more heavily on
feelings and emotion, emerged at the end of the Enlightenment and during the Industrial
Revolution.

● Blake MUSIC – Liszt, Paganini, Tchaikovsky, Berlioz,

● Constable Brahms, Shubert, Mendelssohn,
● Delacroix (1798-1863) – French Puccini, Verdi, Wagner, Chopin
● Gericault
● Goya (1746-1828) - Spanish, Spain’s wars!
● Fuseli
● Martin
● Millet
● Turner

IMPRESSIONISM (1800s)
Moved from realistic, exact representations to visible brushstrokes, broken color, various
lighting techniques in the same painting, perception of movement and everyday candid
objects.

● Bazille MUSIC – Debussy

● Degas (1834-1917) – French, ballet dancers, horses and women at work
● Manet Controversial because they showed nudes
● Monet (1840-1946) French
● Renoir - Bright oil paints, depiction of everyday people in social scenes
● Sisley

POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Unified rejection of impressionism.

● Cezanne (1839-1906) – French, distorted, subjective, abstractive

● Modigliani (1884-1920) – Italian, elongated bodies, mask-like faces
● Van Gogh (1853-1890) – Dutch, innovative, oddly colored
● Seurat (1859-1891)
 ART NOUVEAU (1860-1900)
Influenced by organic, plant and other natural sources as well as by Japanese art and
woodcuts and highly stylized curved lines.

● Cheret
● Klimt
● Lalique
● Stimlin
● Tiffany

NEO-IMPRESSIONISM / POINTILLISM
Small, distinct dots of color in order to create the impression of the mixing color and
appearance of various images.

● Seurat (1859-1891) – French, founded technique

FAUVISM (1905-1908)
Used strong unnatural color and distorted forms and shapes.

● Derain
● Dufy
● Matisse (1869-1954) – French, unnatural use of color, flat shapes, distorted

CUBISM (1907-1920)
Movement in which objects are broken apart, analyzed and re-assembled in simplified
basic shapes such as pyramids, cylinders, spheres and cubes, colors often drab such as
black and shades of gray.

● Picasso (1881-1973) – Spanish, founder of cubism

ART DECO (1920s-1930s)

Characterized by glamour, elegance, curves, functionality and mathematical, geometric
shapes.

● Lempicka (1898-1980) - Polish

DADAISM (1916-1922)
Originated in Switzerland during WWI, characterized by fragmented shapes and images,
bizarre, unpredictable arrangements and themes, collage like.

● Duchamp
● Ray
● Tzara (founder)
 SURREALISM (1920s)
Featured surprising, abstract, unexpected elements, greatly influenced by
psychoanalytic writings and thoughts of various psychologists such as Sigmund Freud
who examined the subconscious mind.

● Dali (1904-1989)
● Ernst
● Miro

MODERNISM / POP ART

Developed in the aftermath of WWII, characterized the innovative ways of expression
including random colors, harsh arrangements and the ability to capture a viewer’s
emotions, innovative means of expression.

● Pollock – Numbered paintings, went through “drip”period.

● Warhol

MINIMALISM (1950s-1970s)
Artistic movement that stripped down art to bare, essential elements, remove all
evidence of the human hand’s part in the construction.

● Judd MUSIC - Glass

● Kelly
● Newman, Singer, Stella
REALISM
Clear distinction between night and day, no people, outlined buildings.

● Hopper
● Wyeth

JAPANESE
● Nara Period (710-784) - Nara. Statues and other figures of Buddha done in wood and
bronze were very popular during this time, and began assuming enormous proportions
during the eighth century.
● Fujiwara Period (898-1185) – Characterized by the Yamato-e form of painting with form
focused on subjects with a Japanese, not Chinese, style, as previous periods had done.
Tale of the Genji, the famous scroll by Lady Murasaki, was made in this time. Kanaoka
was the most well-known artist of the Fujiwara period.
● Edo Period (1615-1867) – Produced wood-blocks known as Ukiyo-e. Harunobu,
Kiyonaga, Utamaro, Hokusai, and Hiroshige were all well-known ukiyo-e artists, a style
 initially appealing only to those of low social status with enough money to spend on art.
Overtime, these pictures of the “fleeing” world gained international renown.
● Kakemono- Hanging scroll
INDIAN
● Gupta Period – Golden age of Buddhist art in India.

CONTEMPORARY
POST-MODERNISM
GOTHIC
ORPHANISM - Lyrical, shimmering chromatic effects in paintings.
ROCOCO
VERISM – Depicting subjects as true to their natural appearances.
SYMBOLISM
EXPRESSIONISM
PRIMITIVISM - Attempts to recreate the style of children’s art.
Contrapposto shows the relaxation of a figure. The stance was popular in Classical and
Renaissance sculpture. Weight of the body resting on one hip.

Peter Paul Rubens is renowned for his huge court paintings. Rubens painted for many of the
royal families in Europe, but his most famous series was probably the group of biographical
paintings done for France's Marie de' Medici.

Mondrian is known for his extremely geometric works, consisting of straight lines and large
blocks of color.

The world’s most famous cave paintings are in – Lascaux, France

Antioch is known for sculpting the Venus de Milo

LITERATURE

ANCIENT GREECE & ROME (800 B.C.–18 A.D.)

Homer – Odyssey, Iliad

Aeschylus – Prometheus Bound, Oresteia (Agamemnon, Choephori & Eumenides)
Sophocles – Oedipus, Antigone
Aristophanes – Lysistrata, Clouds, Wasps
Euripides – Helen of Troy, Bacchae, Trojan Women
Plato – Republic, symposium
Aristotle - Poetics
 MIDDLE AGES & RENAISSANCE (1265-1674)

Dante – Divine Comedy

Chaucer – Canterbury Tales
Machiavelli – Prince
Cervantes – Don Quixote
Marlowe – Dr. Faustus
Shakespeare – Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Romeo & Juliet
Milton – Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained

NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD (1622-1699)

Moliere – Don Juan, Tartuffe, Misanthrope

ENLIGHTENMENT (1667-1827)

Swift – Gulliver’s Travels

Pope – Rape of the Lock
Franklin – Poor Richard’s Almanac

ROMANTICS & TRANSCENDENTALISTS (1770-Current)

Austen – Sense & Sensibility, Pride & Prejudice

Lord Byron – Don Juan, She Walks with Beauty
Percy Shelly - Ozymandias
Mary Shelly – Frankenstein
Hawthorne – Scarlet Letter, House of Seven Gables
Elizabeth Browning – Sonnets from the Portuguese
Robert Browning – My Last Dutchess
Poe – Fall of the House of Usher, Raven, Tell Tale Heart
Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Dickens – Great Expectations, Oliver Twist
Charlotte Bronte – Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte – Wuthering Heights
Thoreau – Walden
Emerson – Nature, Suum Cuique
Yeats – Ode to Nightingale, Ode to Autumn
George Eliot (Mary Evans) – Mill on the Floss, Middlemarch
Melville – Moby Dick
Whitman – Leaves of Grass
Ibsen – A Doll’s House
Tolstoy – War & Peace, Anna Karenina
Dickenson – Because I Could Not Stop for Death
Twain (Samuel Clemons) Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, Prince & the Pauper
Wilde – Importance of Being Earnest
Conrad – Heart of Darkness, Nigger of Narcissus
Shaw - Pygmalion
Yeats – Wind Among the Reeds
Frost – Birches, Road Not Taken
Sinclair – The Jungle
Joyce – Ulysses, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Finnegan’s Wake
Woolf – A Room of One’s Own
Kafka – Metamorphosis
Pound – Cantos
Tennyson - Eagle
Lewis – Babbitt
T.S. Eliot – Waste Land
Miller – Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn
e.e. cummings – Tulips & Chimneys
Faulkner – As I Lay Dying, A Rose for Emily, Sound & the Fury, Absalom!
LOST GENERATION
1. Gertrude Stein – Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
2. Fitzgerald – Great Gatsby, This Side of Paradise, Tender is the Night, Tycoon
3. Hemmingway – Old Man & the Sea, Farewell to Arms
4. Steinbeck – Grapes of Wrath
Beckett – Waiting for Godot
Atwood – Handmaid’s Tale
Steinbeck – Grapes of Wrath
Beauvoir – Second Sex
McCarthy – Group, Birds of America, Oasis
Smith – Tree Grows in Brooklyn
Lee – To Kill a Mockingbird
Heller – Catch 22
Burgess – Clockwork Orange
Kesey – One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
Vonnegut – Slaughterhouse 5
Tan – Joy Luck Club, Kitchen God’s Wife, 100 Secret Senses, Saving Fish from Drowning
Gaines – A Lesson Before Dying
George Orwell (Eric Blair) – 1984, Big Brother, Animal Farm
Angelou – I Know Why Caged Birds Sing, Million Man March, Rock Cries Out (Clinton’s 1993
inauguration)
Hansberry – Raisin in the Sun
Golding – Lord of the Flies
Salinger – Catcher in the Rye
Williams – Streetcar Named Desire, Glass Menagerie, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
Miller – Death of a Salesman, Crucible
Kerouac – On the Road
Ginsberg – Howl
Morrison – Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, Beloved
Plath – The Bell Jar, Ariel
Walker – The Color Purple
Rushdie – Satanic Verses

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight –Sir Gawain learns that selfishness and fear can ruin our
moral constitutions.
Sinclair Lewis wrote Babbitt

Erich Maria Remarque wrote All Quiet on the Western Front

Sir Arthur Doyle created Sherlock Holmes

Robert Louis Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Citizen Kane- Sled named Rosebud, dying words

All Quiet on the Western Front—Erich Maria Remarque- memoir of WWI

Angela's Ashes - Frank McCourt, what countries related to the book, USA & Ireland

Know what the book In Cold Blood by Truman Capote is famous for.

American Ezra Pound, while living in London during World War I, launched the careers of
James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, and Robert Frost. Left US for Europe, settled in England. Imagists,
vorticism.

Capote – In Cold Blood (family murders)

McCourt – Angela’s Ashes (Irish immigrants)

Erich Remarque – All is Quiet on the Western Front

Toni Morrison- Most recent American writer to win the Nobel Prize in literature (1993)

Colonial- Thomas Paine & Jonathon Edwards, American Renaissance- James Cooper, Post
Civil War/Pre-WWI- Jack London, Revolutionary- Charles Brown

Erica Jong created a sensation with Fear of Flying, a comic novel of sex and psychiatry.
WW1- Farewell to Arms (Hemingway), WWII- A Separate Peace (Knowles), Korean War-
Bridges of Toko-Ri (Michener), Civil War- Red Badge of Courage (Crane), Vietnam War- Born
on the 4th of July (Kovic)

Ernest Hemingway never won the Pulitzer Prize.

Sinclair Lewis - Babbitt

Will Rogers- Ether & Me, Anna Walters- Ghost Singer, Scott Momaday- House Made of Dawn,
Leslie Silko- Storyteller, Martin Cruz- Nightwing

Charles Dickens - Hard Times - Industrial revolution

Dr. Anton Chechov - Cherry Orchard

Robert Stevenson – Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Stephen Sondheim = Sweeney Todd, A funny thing happened on the way to the forum.

Angela's Ashes - Frank McCourt, what countries related to the book, USA & Ireland

PHILOSOPHERS
Socrates-
Aristotle-
Plato-
Sophists were a group of traveling scholars who were masters of formal debate.

Pragmatists – Truth as a matter of the utility of an idea, its cash value

Empiricists – Stresses the origin of true ideas in sensory perception
Rationalists – Someone who sees the origin of true ideas in the mind itself, independent of
experience

RELIGIONS
Buddhism- Promotes serenity through the attainment of satori (unity with all)
Dualism – Presupposes a soul united with one body can become united with another through
reincarnation
Eliminative Materialism – Believes souls can be eliminated, that a person is nothing more than a
complex material object
Epiphenomenalism – Believes the soul and body are distinct but inseparable
 ARCHITECTURE
Sullivan, Gropius, Wright, Fuller

Concrete was one of the most significant Roman contributions to architecture

First skyscrapers built in Chicago – Richardson, Sullivan

Notre Dame Cathedral – Gothic – flying buttresses

HISTORIANS
Thucydides- Wrote first scientific history about Peloponnesian War (411 BC)

MUSIC / COMPOSERS
RENAISSANCE (1450-1600)

Desprez –
Palestrina –
Gesualdo –

ELIZABETHAN (1533-1603)

Dunstable –
Campion –

BAROQUE (1600-1750)

Gabrielli –
Vivaldi – The Four Seasons
Bach – St. John Passion, Well Tempered Clavier, Art of the Fugue, Magnificat, Passacaglia,
Fugue in C minor, Toccata and Fugue, Brandenburg Concertos
Monteverdi –
Handel –
Corelli –

ROCCOCO (1700s)
Couperin –
Rameau –
Bach’s sons –

CLASSICAL (1750-1820)

Mozart – Magic Flute, Cossi fan Tutte (remember Salieri)

Haydn – Farewell Symphony, Surprise Symphony, Military Symphony
Salieri –
Beethoven – Fidelio, 9th Symphony, Grosse Fuge, Piano Concertos 4 & 5, 1806 Violin Concerto

ROMANTIC (1800s)

Puccini – Madama Butterfly, La Boheme, Tosca, Girl of the Golden West, Turandot
Verdi – La Traviata, Otello, Flagstaff, Il Travatore, Aida, Sicilian Vespers, Don Carlos
Wagner –Der Ring des Nibelungen, Die Meistersinger von Numberg
Liszt – Faust Symphony, Dante Symphony, Les Preludes, Mazeppa
Paganini –
Strauss – Don Juan, Death & Transfiguation, Salome, Electra, Der Rosenkavalier, Arabella,
Aprach Zarathustra
Mendelssohn –
Tchaikovsky – Nutcracker, Vakula, Smith, Queen of Spades, Sleeping Beauty, Romeo & Juliet,
Eugene Onegin
Glinka – A Life for the Czar
Korsakov – May Night, The Snow Maiden
Shumann –
Berlioz – Symphonie Fantastique, Damnation of Faust, Trojans, Benvenuto Cellini, Romeo &
Juliet
Brahms –
Shubert –
Chopin - Piano concertos in E minor and F minor, sonatas in B flat minor.

20th CENTURY

● IMPRESSIONISTS - Debussy, Stravinsky

● EXPRESSIONISTS – Schonberg,
● PRIMITIVISM – Stravinsky
● MINIMALISM – Glass
● RAGTIME – Joplin
● JAZZ – Armstrong, Davis (trumpet, fugelhorn), Coltrane (saxophone)
● SWING – Ellington
● BEBOP – Parker, Davis
● MISCELLANEOUS – Babitt, Cage, Varese
 ● Berg – Wozzeck
● Gershwin – Porgy & Bess,

The size of the standard orchestra was expanded to its present size in order to play the music of
Beethoven.

The Pavane and the Polonaise – court dances

George Gershwin (American) combined jazz with folk music to create his own style

Counterpoint is commonly used to mean a combination of several simultaneous lines or voices

in a composition.

Chromatic – Scale composed of half steps

G/Treble Clef (top)

Accolade brace (left)

F/Bass Clef (bottom)

Neutral Clef C/Alto/Tenor Octave Tablature Caesura Breath Mark

Clef Clef

< - Crescendo
> - Diminuendo
Whole ½ ¼ 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/64 Beamed
Dotted
Note Note Note Note Note Note Note Note 1=½
2=¾
3 = 7/8
Whole ½ ¼ 1/8 1/16 1/32
1/64
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest
Rest
Flat Sharp Natural Double Double Double
Double
Flat Sharp Whole Whole
Note Rest

Staccato Accent Tenuto Marcato Left-Hand Snap Natural Fermata Up Bow

(shorter) (harder) (full value) (louder) Pizzicato Pizzicato Harmonic (pause) Sull’arco
 (pluck) (snap)

Down Bow Tremelo Mordent Trill Turn Repeat De Segno De Capo

Coda
(rapid) (rapid) (rapid) (auxiliary) (from the sign) (from the top)
(jump)

Piano pianissimo
Extremely soft. Very infrequently does one see softer
dynamics than this, which are specified with additional ps.

Pianissimo
Very soft. Usually the softest indication in a piece of music,
though softer dynamics are often specified with additional ps.

Piano
Soft. Usually the most often used indication.

Mezzo piano
Literally, half as soft as piano.

Mezzo forte
Similarly, half as loud as forte. If no dynamic appears,
mezzo-forte is assumed to be the prevailing dynamic level.

Forte
Loud. Used as often as piano to indicate contrast.

Fortissimo
Very loud. Usually the loudest indication in a piece, though
louder dynamics are often specified with additional fs
(such as fortississimo – seen below).

Forte fortissimo
Extremely loud. Very infrequently does one see louder
dynamics than this, which are specified with additional fs.
 Sforzando
Literally "forced", denotes an abrupt, fierce accent on a single
sound or chord. When written out in full, it applies to the
sequence of sounds or chords under or over which it is placed.

That an English horn is not made of brass, but a tuba is

Marches – Sousa
Operas – Verdi
Symphonies – Beethoven
Fugues – Bach
Nocturnes - Chopin

Suzuki – Talent Education, mother-tongue method, rote (repitition)

Gordon – Audiation, use of inner hearing, gives meanings to musical sounds
Orff – Rhythm
Jaques-Dalcroze – Eurythmics and improvisation
Carabo-Cone – Learn by using body
Kodaly – Used folk songs in his teachings

Comping (accompaniment) – Count Basie, jazz

Scat (vocal technique w/o words) – Louis Armstrong, jazz

Crescendo (increasing loudness),

Pianissimo (very softly), fortissimo (very loudly)

Sonata- Contains 3 sections (Exposition, Development & Recapitulation)

Horowitz- Russion/American virtuoso pianist

Who composed early opera – L’Orfeo

Biggs was an American organist, born in England

Breem played the lute

An orchestra is a musical ensemble of about 90 musicians directed by a conductor.

A tombeau (plural tombeaux) is a musical composition (earlier, in early 16th century, a poem)
commemorating the death of a notable person
The term chamber music was originally intended as a place of performance (other than
churches or large public concert halls). Around the time of Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), chamber
music became the more familiar small ensemble, instrumental music. Chamber music is music
composed for a small ensemble or group of instruments with only one instrument per part (e.g.,
a trio written for a violin, viola, and cello).

George Gershwin was the first American composer to write the first American opera. The opera
Blue Monday (later titled 135th Street) was withdrawn after one performance in 1922.

A mandolin is a type of lute

The drum is a percussion instrument used to emphasize rhythm or keep time.

Tympani are kettledrums

A sonata is strictly an instrumental piece of music.

An oratorio is a large-scale work for orchestra and voices.
A contata is a medium-length narrative with vocal solos and usually a chorus and orchestra.

A symphony is a large-scale composition usually in four movements and in sonata form. An

overture is an introduction to something substantial. The concerto is a composition for a soloist
or group of soloists and orchestra. A chorale is a musical composition consisting of or
resembling a harmonized version of a simple, stately hymn tune. A fugue is a contrapuntal
composition in which a short melody or phrase (subject) is introduced by one part and
successively taken up by others.

Chord – Three or more pitches sounding simultaneously

Chord in root position – root, 3rd, 5th

Tempos –
▪ Larghissimo — very, very slow (20 bpm and below)
▪ Grave — slow and solemn (20–40 bpm)
▪ Lento — slowly (40–60 bpm)
▪ Largo — broadly (40–60 bpm)
▪ Larghetto — rather broadly (60–66 bpm)
▪ Adagio — slow and stately (literally, "at ease") (66–76 bpm)
▪ Adagietto — rather slow (70–80 bpm)
▪ Andante moderato — a bit slower than andante
▪ Andante — at a walking pace (76–108 bpm)
▪ Andantino – slightly faster than andante (although in some cases it can be taken to mean
slightly slower than andante)
▪ Marcia moderato - moderately, in the manner of a march[4][5]
▪ Moderato — moderately (108–120 bpm)
▪ Allegretto — moderately fast (but less so than allegro)
▪ Allegro moderato — moderately quick (112–124 bpm)
▪ Allegro — fast, quickly and bright (120–168 bpm)
▪ Vivace — lively and fast (≈140 bpm) (quicker than allegro)
▪ Vivacissimo — very fast and lively
▪ Allegrissimo — very fast
▪ Presto — very fast (168–200 bpm)
▪ Prestissimo — extremely fast (more than 200bpm)

The early opera - L'Orfeo – was composed by Claudio Monteverdi

That Opera “Carmen” by George Bizet has a female cigar factory worker

Male Voice - Bass (lowest), baritone (middle), and tenor (highest).

Female Voice - Alto (lowest), mezzo-soprano (middle), and soprano (highest).

Dust in the Wind – Kansas 1977

Born in the USA – Springsteen 1984
This Land is Your Land – Guthrie 1940

Carmen Opera (Bizet) – Has female cigar factory worker

POETRY
Ginsberg- American poet of the Beat generation. He still is best known for Howl (1956), a long
poem attacking American values.

Pindar- generally regarded as the greatest Greek lyric poet. He wrote choral lyrics and
established a standard for the triumphal or epinician ode. Famous for singing the praises of
Olympic victors.

Dunbar- "Lyrics of Lowly Life"

Dies Irae (Day of Wrath) – Medieval Latin hymn by Celano in trochaic, last judgment

Medea (Euripides) killed her kids in response to her husband committing adultery

Iambic meter -- Meter using a foot of two syllables (known as an iamb), in which the accent
falls on the second syllable.
(the KING | was IN | his COUNT- | ing HOUSE)

anapestic meter -- Meter using a foot of three syllables (known as an anapest), in which the
accent falls on the third syllable.
(t'was the NIGHT | be- fore CHRIST- | mas when ALL | through the HOUSE)

dactylic meter -- Meter using a foot of three syllables (known as a dactyl), in which the accent
falls on the first syllable.
(HEY did- dle | DID- dle the | CAT and the | FID- dle)

trochaic meter -- Meter using a foot of two syllables (known as a trochee), in which the accent
falls on the first syllable.
(PE- ter | PIP- er | PICKED a | PECK of | PICK- led | PEP- pers)

Iambic meter is the most commonly used English meter, and it's the fundamental pattern of an
English or Shakespearean sonnet.

Didactic poetry is written in order to instill knowledge or values in the reader.

An Italian sonnet is composed of an octave (eight lines) with rhyme scheme abbaabba and a
sestet (six lines) with rhyme scheme cdcdcd (although some sestets may include a third
rhyme—e).

An English, or Shakespearean, sonnet follows the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg. English
sonnet starts with three quatrains (4 line stanzas) and ends with a couplet (2 line stanza),
whereas an Italian sonnet is made up of an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines).

Haiku - Three lines, consisting of five, seven, and five syllables, respectively

PLAYS
CLASSICISM
Racine- Phaedra

Anton Chekhov wrote the play “The Cherry Orchard” He was also a Dr.

About Commedia dell'arte – Uses masks

Shaw - Pygmalion

Peer Gynt – Five act play by Ibsen

Shakespearian/Elizabethan – Puffing/slashing sleeves, farthingale skirt, males gartered hose

Thrust Stage – Intimate, surrounded on three sides, sticks out into the audience
Proscenium Stage – Formal, space separating audience, picture frame, American
Arena Stage (theater-in-the-round) – Greek dramas, completely surrounded on all sides
Black Box Theater Stage – No format, can be adjusted, experimental performances
Dance Arbor – Earth floor, sky roof, large doughnut, 500+ dancers, 1000s of spectators

That George Bernard Shaw wrote the play – Pygmalion

Shakespeare’s theater was called the globe, sections for both gentry and common folk, open
air, several levels and balconies.

MYTHOLOGY
According to Greek mythology, which confrontation between god and mortal explains the
phenomenon of spring? Hades—Persephone Spring occurs because Persephone comes back
to Earth to see her mother (who is so happy to have her daughter back she makes the weather
nice again).

Hermes – (Greek) Winged sandals

Mercury – (Roman) Winged sandals

Hephaestus – (Greek) God of fire/forge

Vulcan – (Roman) God of fire/forge

Artemis – (Greek) Goddess of the hunt

Diana – (Roman) Goddess of the hunt

MOVIES
The movie The Hours (2002) based on the life of Virginia Woolf.

Taxi Driver directed by Martin Scorsese

Malcolm X directed by Spike Lee

Philadelphia Story (romantic comedy)

Bringing up Baby (romantic comedy)
 DANCE
Franciscan monks expressed joy by singing, skipping, leaping & falling (carole/ reigen)

Isadora Duncan- First choreographer to rebel against formality and express herself freely
through modern dance

Port de bras – Group of arm exercises in ballet

Epaulements – Movement of head, shoulders and upper torso
Alignment – All body parts in correct relative position with one another
Au Milieu – Exercises that help develop coordination, control & balance, alternating feet
Attitude – Pose standing on one leg while the other leg is raised up, turned out and bent with the
foot open in the opposite direction of the body

BROADWAY
Webber – Cats, Phantom of the Opera, Jesus Christ Superstar, Joseph & the Amazing
Technicolor Dreamcoat
Sondheim – Sweeney Todd, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Merrily We
Roll Along, Sundays in the Park, Into the Woods
Rogers & Hammerstein – Oklahoma, The King & I, Carousel, South Pacific
Gilbert & Sullivan – Thespis, Grand Duke
Bernstein – West Side Story, Candide, Wonderful Town, Trouble in Tahiti, On the Town

MISCELANEOUS
Medici family was the chief banking and political power in Florence, Italy during the 15th century.

Lady who killed family in response to adulterous affair - Medea