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3. Physical characteristics of the newborn

− Common variations

Definition:
The usual appearance of newborns varies greatly, from color to head shape. Some of these
variations are only temporary; they are a result of the physical adaptations a baby goes through.
Others, like birthmarks, might last a lifetime. Knowing how babies typically look will help you
determine whether your child is healthy. Typical variances in infants include the following:

Physical characteristics of the newborn

Variation Details

Color - A baby's skin coloring can vary greatly, depending on the

baby's age, race or ethnic group, temperature, and whether
or not the baby is crying.
- When a baby is first born, the skin is a dark red to purple
color. As the baby starts to breathe air, the color changes
to red.
- A baby's hands and feet may stay bluish in color for
several days. This is a normal response to a
baby's underdeveloped blood circulation. But blue coloring
of other parts of the body isn't normal.
- Some newborns develop a yellow coloring of the skin and
whites of the eyes called jaundice.

Molding - Molding is the irregular shape of a baby's head from the

birth process.

Vernix - This is a white, greasy, cheese-like substance on the skin

of many babies at birth. It protects the baby's skin during
pregnancy.

Lanugo - This is soft, downy hair on a baby's body, especially on the

shoulders, back, forehead, and cheeks. It's more
noticeable in premature babies. It will slowly disappear.
Milia - Milia are tiny, white bumps on a newborn's nose, cheeks,
chin, and forehead. Milia form from oil glands and
disappear on their own. When these occur in a baby's
mouth and gums, they are called Epstein pearls.

Stork bites or - These are small pink or red patches often found on a
salmon patches baby's eyelids, between the eyes, upper lip, and back of
the neck.
- They're caused by a concentration of immature blood
vessels and may be the most visible when the baby is
crying.
- Most of these fade and go away completely by age 18
months.

Congenital dermal - Congenital dermal melanocytosis (formerly called

melanocytosis Mongolian spots) are blue or purple-colored splotches on
the baby's lower back and buttocks.
- The spots are caused by a concentration of pigmented
cells. They often disappear in the first 4 years of life.

Erythema toxicum - This is a red rash on newborns. It's often described as flea
bites. The rash is common on the chest and back, but may
be found all over
- It's less common in premature babies. The cause is
unknown but it's not dangerous. This rash doesn't require
any treatment and goes away by itself in a few days.

Acne neonatorum - About 1 in 5 newborns develop acne in the first month. It

(baby acne) often appears on the cheeks and forehead.

Strawberry - This is a bright or dark red, raised or swollen, bumpy area

hemangioma that looks like a strawberry.
- Hemangiomas are formed by a concentration of tiny,
immature blood vessels.
- Strawberry hemangiomas are more common in premature
babies and in girls.
- These birthmarks often grow in size for several months,
and then slowly fade.

Port wine stain - This is a flat, pink, red, or purple-colored birthmark. They
are caused by a concentration of tiny enlarged (dilated)
blood vessels called capillaries.
- They often occur on the head or neck. They may be small,
or they may cover large areas of the body.
- They don't disappear over time. Port wine stains on the
face may be linked to more serious problems.
Newborn breast - Breast enlargement may occur in newborn boys and girls
swelling around the third day of life.
- This is related to the mother's hormones and goes away in
a few days or weeks.

Swollen - Premature baby girls may have a very prominent clitoris

genitals/discharge and inner labia. Full-term girls have larger outer labia.
- Premature boys may have a smooth, flat scrotum with
undescended testicles.