Palayan City Institute of Technology

CAREGIVING NC II

Module title/Competency-”Provide Care and Support to Infants and Toddlers”

-How an individual develop/ how an individual changes of human being
-Called the beginning of life

HOW LIFE BEGINS: life begin with the union of male sex cell and a female sex cell, these sex cell are
developed in the reproductive organ (the gonads).

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

TESTES- 2 ovoid glands, 2-3 cm wide,

Each testis in encased by a protective white

fibrous capsule and is composed of number of
lobules. Each lobule contains interstitial cell
(leydig’s cell) and seminiferous tubules.
 9. Vaginal discharge- the tissue of the
10. Change in skin- pale red streaks
CAUSES DEFORMITIES
1. Mother who contracted German
measles (rubella)-during the first 3
months of pregnancy.
2. Taking drugs during pregnancy-certain
chemicals can cause baby deformed to
be born.
3. Exposed to x-rays-human cells affected.
4. Genes-congenital deformities.
5. Deficiency of diet-can cause handicap
the growing cells during critical period
of development.
6. Smoking
7. Mental attitude.
DISCOMFORT AND COMPLICATIONS OF
PREGNANCY
1. Fatigue- especially during the first
3mons, your body making new
adjustment, lies down for a brief rest
during the day.
2. Frequent urination- enlarging uterus
exerts pressure against the bladder.
3. Food craving- strong desire for certain
foods.
4. Morning sickness- certain amount of
nausea and vomiting.
5. Muscle cramps- because of reduce amt.
of blood circulation in the legs.
6. Backache- change in posture
7. Varicose veins- in legs, hemorrhoids
also common.
8. Hemorrhoids- enlargement of the veins
inside the anus.
vagina becomes elastic during
pregnancy.
appears commonly in abdomen and
breast when it enlarges.
Infancy- the state of being an infant.
Infant- pertaining to a baby (0-1y/o).
THE NEW BORN (physical features)
Head-is relatively large, the face is
normally round and mandible is
relatively small.
Chest- rounded rather than flattened
anterior posterior
Abdomen- permanent and cylindrical
Extremities- relatively short.
Eyes- tightly closed symmetry.
Ears- symmetry.
Nose- flattened after birth.
Neck- short covered with folds of tissues.
Female genitalia- the labia minora, labia
majora and clitoris are edematous.
Vernix caseosa- vaginal discharge.
Male genitalia- penis should not be
forcefully retracted.
Smegma- white cheesy substance
commonly found around the gland penis,
under the foreskin.
 Scrotum- may be large and edematous.
Palpate to feel the presence of testes.
Spine- is gently rounded without s-
shape.
Anus- presence of anal orifice.
Extremities- symmetry.
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE
NEWBORN
Head circumference- 33-35 cm
Chest circumference- 30.5-33 cm
Birth weight- 2700-4000g (6-9 lbs)
MINOR ABNORMALITIES
1. Miliaria or sudamina- distended sweat
glands that appear as minute vesicles
especially on face.
2. Erythema toxicum- pink popular rash
with vesicles super imposed on thorax,
back, buttocks and abdomen.
3. Harlequin color chage- clearly outlined
color change as infant lies on side.
4. Telangiectatic nevi- flat deep pink
localized areas usually seen in back of
the neck.
5. Caput succedaneum- edema of soft
scalp tissue.
6. Cephalhematoma- hematoma between
the periosteum and skull bone.
7. Nasal teeth- teeth present at birth.
8. Epstein’s pearl- small white epithelial
cysts along the midline of the hard
palate.
COMMON BIRTH MARKS
1. Desquamation- peeling of the skin
observed on baby’s palm and sole.
2. Mongolian spot- bluish-black areas of
pigmentation and more commonly noted
at the buttock, upper arm and shoulders
(disappear at pre-schooler period).
3. Milia- clogged sebaceous glands
commonly described as small white
pimples found at the tip of the nose and
chin of the baby (disappears at 2-4 weeks).
4. Lanugo- fine downy hair seen at
shoulder and upper arm and back
(disappears 2 weeks).
REFLEXES
1. Blink- protects the eyes from object
coming near it. Maybe elicited by a
shining, strong light on the eyes.
2. Rooting- if the new born is brushed or
stroked near the corner of the mouth,
the child will turn the head in that
direction.
3. Sucking- when the lips are touched,
the infant makes a sucking motion.
4. Swallowing- food that reach the
posterior portion of the tongue is
automatically swallowed.
5. Extrusion- an infant will extrude any
substance that is placed on the
anterior portion of the tongue.
6. Palmar grasp- a new born will grasp
an object placed in her/his palm by
closing the fingers on it.
7. Plantar grasp- when an object
touched the sole of the new born’s
foot at the base of the toes, the toes
grasp in the same manner as the
fingers do.
8. Step in place- new born who is held in
vertical position with their feet
touching a hard surface will take a few
quick alternating steps.
9. Moro/startle- can be initiated by a
loud noise or by jarring the bassinet.
They abduct and extend their arms
and legs. Their fingers assumed a
typical C position.
10. Prone crawl- new born attempt to
crawl forward the both arms and legs
when place on abdomen on flat
surface.
I- Ron supplement begins at 4-6 mos,
immunization schedule, hepatitis B, Vit K is
first to be given at birth, OPV (2,4,15
mos),DPT (2,4,6 mos).
N-o choking hazards.
F- ear of strangers peaks at 8 mos.
A- Llow the use of pacifier if on NPO.
N- ote the weight (double at 6mos, triple
at 1yr, quadruples at 2 ½ yr.
T- rust vs. mistrust
S- olitary play
MECONIUM- infants first stool
Milk stool
1. Breast fed infant- stools are yellow to
golden and pasty in consistency and
have an odor similar to sour milk.
2. Formula fed infant- stools are pale
yellow to light brown, firmer in
consistency and have a more offensive
odor.
BOTTLE-FEEDING- the decision to the
bottle feed an infant, or to supplement
breast feeding with formula is made by
the mother and her physician.
Choosing the type of formula is also
made with medical advice.
THREE TYPE OF FORMULA
1. Ready to feed formula
2. Powdered formula
3. Concentrated formula.
CARRYING AN INFANT
Carrying an infant is a big responsibility. It
is important to pay close attention to many
details and safety factors.
 Always support the child head.
 Hold the infant close to you.
 Do not carry other objects while you are
carrying a baby.
 Do not hold an infant while you are
talking to the phone or cooking at the
stove.
 Do not carry a baby into a dark room.
Turn on the lights before you enter.
 Be alert to the basic household’s
hazards, such as liquid spills, shoes,
clothing on the floor and loose rugs.
 Wear good supporting shoes with non
slid soles while you are carrying a bay.
ASSISTING WITH FEEDING INFANTS
BREAST FEEDING
 Breast feeding is natural act. Most
babies and mother learn how to do this
while the mother is still in the hospital.
 The body makes milks about 2-4 days
after birth. The clear yellow fluid in the
breast before that time is called
COLOTRUMS.
 When the breast starts to fill with milk,
they become hard and full and may be
uncomfortable.
 As the baby grows and needs more
milk, the body will adjust the supply.
 Recommended feeding of the baby
from both breast at each feeding usually 6-
8 mins at each breast.
 The nutrition of the mother greatly
influence the quality of the milk the body
produces.
 The mother should eat a balance diet,
take vitamins (if the physician
recommends them) and increase calorie
intake slightly.
 The clients drink 6-8 glass of fluids each
day.
GIVING AN INFANT TUB BATH
 Protocol
 Check the body temperature
 Check the ventilation
 Hand washing
 Assemble the equipments needed
( infant tub or sink, two bath
towels, cotton balls/optional, wash
cloth warm water, baby soap, baby
shampoo, baby powder, cream or
lotion, diaper, clean clothes, basin)
 Wash the sink or tub with a
disinfectant cleanser and rinse
thoroughly.
 Line the sink or tub with a bath
towel.
 Place a towel on the counter next
to the sink or tub, as you may want
to lay the infant down to dry him.
 Fill the tub or sink with 1-2 inches
of warm water (warm to the touch
of the elbow).
 Undress the infant wrap him in a
towel or blanket and bring him to
the tub or sink.
 Using a cotton balls moisture with
warm water and squeeze out
gently wipe the infant eyes from
the nose towards the ears, use a
clean cotton ball for each eyes.
 To wash the hair, hold the infant in
the football position with the
baby’s head over the sink or tub.
This will free your others arm to
wet the hair, apply a small amount
of shampoo and rinse the hair.
 Dry the infant head with a towel.
 Unwrap the infant, and gently
place him on the towel in the sink
or tub, one of your hand should
always be holding the baby, never
let go, not even for a second.
 Wash the infant’s body with soap
and the wash clothes being
carefully to wash between the
folds/creases of the skin.
 If the infant is female, always wash
the perennial area from front to
back.
 If the infant is male, clean the
foreskin by gently retracting it if
the child has been circumcised.
This is not necessary.
 Rinse the infant thoroughly with
warm water.
 Lift the infant out of the warm
water and onto the towel you laid
on the counter.
 Dry the infant well, being careful
to dry between the fold of the
skin.
 Now you can apply powder, lotion
or cream to the infant whichever
the mother prefers or instructed
by supervisor.
 Diaper and dress the infant.
 Place the infant in his crib or allow
the mother to hold him. Show the
mother how to hold the infant in
either the upright or the cradle
position.
 Clean and return the equipments
and supplies to their proper
places.
 Clean also the bath tub or
aftercare.
 Wash your hands.

Sterilizing…. (wash the feeding

bottles (bottle or jar, nipple, ring,
cover or cup) with soap in a
running water, put inside the
sterilizing pot, arrange the bottles
at the side and nipples, rings,
covers at the center, put about 2/3
of water. Start counting 10-15
minutes upon boiling. Then remove
the nipples, rings, and covers. Just
add another 5-10 minutes of
boiling to the bottles to make it 20-
25 minutes. Remove the bottles
from the sterilizing pot with the
used of tong.
Feeding….
Burping…..
 Palayan City Institute of Technology
CAREGIVING NC II
Module/COMPETENCY: “Provide Care and Support to Children”

5. Heredity, maturity and environmental

-is the provision of
Social- liking to be with and take to
people, happy to be with people.
Physical- relating to the body at a person
instead at the mind.
Intellectual- relating to the ability to
think in a logical way.
Creative- growing an ability to make new
things or think of new ideas.
Emotional- express of emotion
or (SPICE) needs and activities to
children during their development.
influence the level of development
attained
DUTIES ABD RESPONSIBILITIES
1. To give the child affection,
companionships and understanding.
2. To extend to their children the
benefits of moral guidance, self
discipline and religious instruction.
3. To inculcate the value of industry,
thrift and self reliance.
4. To always set good examples.

5 A’s in providing care of a child

1. Affection- feeling of love and care
2. Acceptance- recognizing the child as ROLE OF THE CAREGIVER
he is 1. Provider of social activities:
3. Attention- giving regular and social needs are characterized by
consistent cares a Childs need to behave and
4. Approval- allowing him to do the interact positively.
things he likes to do but with in 2. Provider of physical activities:
safety limits characterized by growth and
5. Appreciation- giving due regards to development of large and small
him: small and big achievements and amount of muscles and the
interest child’s perceptual skills.
3. Provider of intellectual activities:
POINTS TO REMEMBER IN characterized by need to acquire
CAREGIVING and use language, learn, and
1. Every child is unique explore and experiment with the
2. His growth is orderly and continuous environment and the need to
3. The rate of growth is constant express opinion and make
4. The child develop as a whole person decision.
 4. Provider of creative
development: the process of
development of a creative mind
involves exposure to experience
of exploration, discover,
inventory, observation, creation
and experiments. The process of
development leading to creative
body involves exposure to music,
drama, arts, and artistic
expressions.
5. Provider of emotional needs:
characterized by tile need to feel
love, protected, accepted and
respected.
DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENT
Discipline- a system of rules that
conduct and actions, resulting in
orderly behaviors.
PUNISHMENT- is a harsh act
given as a result of an offense or
wrong doing, as when a rule or
discipline is broken.
STAGE OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
INFANCY STAGE
FREUD- oral stage
ERICKSON- trust vs. mistrust
PIAGET- sensory motor intelligence
General characteristics
1. Ages from 0-1 yr.
2. Time or rapid growth and
development.
3. Sleeps most of the time.
4. Occasionally looks at object placed
8-12 inches away from either
of its sides.
5. Get easily started and irritated by
loud noise and movements.
6. Lifts his chin slowly while lying on his
back.
7. Oral-stage- sucking is important
action that gives comfort
and relief
8. Greatest fear- stranger
9. Significant person- mother
10. Type of play- solitary
INFANT PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOTOR
DEVELOPMENT
1 MONTH
 Clenches first and stares
 Cries when hungry and
uncomfortable
 Sleeps most of the time
2 MONTHS
 Can a rattle briefly
 Legs are active
 Soft spots begin to disappear
 DPT and OPV vaccine started to
be given
3 MONTHS
 Reach and grasp
 Can move hand to mouth
 Can support head steadily
 Enjoy being talked to
4 MONTHS
 Able to seat with support
 Coos and bubbles
 Able to sleep despite presence
of noises
  Play with dangling toys and
rattles
 Needs second DPT and polio
immunization
5 MONTHS
 Is capable of grasping object
handed to him/her
 Seem to put everything in mouth
 Seems to distinguish between
familiar people and thing
6 MONTHS
 Double birth weight gain
 Is able to sit alone or without
support momentarily
 Enjoy splashing during tub baths
 Receives 3rd DPT immunization
7 MONTHS
 Begin to crawl
 Changes moods easily
 May sleep restlessly because of
teething discomfort
 Finger foods may be added to his
diet
8 MONTHS
 Can sit steadily if unsupported
 Can tide in a stroller
 Like to play with stuffed
9 MONTHS
 Can sit and stand
 Can hold a battle
 Tries to initial sounds but not
words
10 MONTHS
 Can stand holding onto play pen
 Knows own name
 Can play simple games
 Can drink from a cup
 Tolerates solid food well
11 MONTHS
 Can stand upright when holding
onto someone’s hand
Understand simple direction
Enjoys gross motors activity and
playing with toys
12 MONTHS
 Walk around 1-2 steps
 Has 6 teeth
 Sociable and playful
 Can eat with a spoon and drink
from a cup, plays with food
 Will repeat actions that receive a
favorable response
 Take a long nap each day
CAREGIVER DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Always attend the infant’s needs and
demands.
2. Bath the infant every day.
3. Feed the infant on time
4. Keep the infant dry and comfortable
all the time.
5. Keep yourself updated in the infant’s
appointment with his/her
pediatrician.
6. Always keep the infant from harm.
TODDLER STAGE
FRUED- anal stage
ERICKSON- autonomy vs. shame and
doubt
PIAGET- pre-operative stage
General characteristics
1. Child is between 1-3 years old.
2. Child can do things for him/herself.
3. Child is heavier than at birth.
4. Child begins to walk, run, climb and
jump, new found abilities present.
5. Challenges for the family to adjust.
6. Child is negativistic.
 7. Child often has temper tantrums: too 1. Consistent routine
much prostration, too much anxiety. 2. Clothing
8. Type of play- parallel 3. Meals
9. Greatest fear- separation anxiety. 4. Play
10. Significant person- those familiar 5. Toilet training
places (member of the family) 6. Preventive accident
11. Loves to try newly acquired skills. 7. Preventing automobile accident
12. Throw balls with both hands but ball 8. Preventing falls
drops I front of the child. 9. Preventing suffocation and choking
10. Preventing poisoning
TODDLERS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND 11. Preventing drowning
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
18 MONTHS CAREGIVING DUTIES AND
 Able to climb stairs and onto RESPONSIBILITIES
furniture, can get into everything. 1. Toddler’s emotional behavior
 Speaks about 10-20 words. fluctuates anonymously and
 Capable of drinking from a cup and caregivers must learn to deal with
holding and filling a spoon. them wisely.
2 YEARS OLD 2. To direct and guide toddlers in
 Has 16 teeth (but may vary). conducting their daily activities.
 Can talk in short sentences. 3. To impose disciplinary actions, but
 Indulge in imitative play. this does not mean constantly
 Starts to postpone going to bed or punishment.
may climb out of crib. 4. Should learn to praise and give
 Capable of self feeding. approval in any achievement a
 Can indulge in outdoor plays but toddler has done, such approval
with supervision. tend to instill self-confidence.
3 YEARS OLD 5. To show love and affection.
 Can throw ball, play with blocks and 6. Must be firm and consistent in
construct towers with then, and making decision.
jump and dance about the room. 7. Must look after the welfare and
 Moves with sureness and safety. safety to the toddler.
 Warmly affectionate.
DAILY CARE OF THE TODDLER

Palayan City Institute of Technology

CAREGIVING NC II
Module/COMPETENCY: “Foster the Physical Development of Children”

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY- study of the structure of the
body
- Scientific structure that investigate
the structure of the body
- The word ANATOMY means to
dissect, to cut apart and separate, or
a parts of the body for study.
PHYSIOLOGY- the ways of the living
things or any of their parts function.
*** (cell, tissue, organ, system)
GUIDE:
I. INTRODUCTION- meaning or
definition about the disease.
II. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY- what
glands or system or part of the
body affected.
III. CAUSES OR CAUSATIVE AGENT-
what causes the disease
1. modifiable/precipitating factors
2. Non-modifiable/predisposing
factors
IV. MODE OF TRANSMISSION (direct
contact or indirect contact)
V. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
1.Objective
2. Subjective
VI. DIAGNOSTIC TEST/EXAM-
procedures, it is curable or not?
VII. TREATMENT- surgery? Medication?
(DOS’s and DON’T’s)
VIII. INTERVENTION/HOME CARE- as a
caregiver what will you do.
IX. PREVENTION
X. COMPLICATION
***PEDIATRIC- relating to the
medical care or illness of children.
Disability- condition that damages or limit
person’s physical or mental ability.
Condition of being disabled, condition
of being handicapped.
1. Autism- a condition or disorder that
begins in childhood and causes
problems in forming relationship and
in communicating with other people.
- Development disorder that appear by
age 3. Characteristics:
- 1. Impairment of the ability to form
normal social relationship.
- 2. Impairment of the ability to
communicate with other and
stereotyped behavior pattern.
CAUSES: genetic/hereditary,
infection, brain injury
Features:
A- Angelic babies no social
interaction.
U- Uses “you” instead of “me”
T- Temper tantrums.
I- Imagination is lacking
S- Sensory processing information
problems.
M- Making stereotyping activities or
repetitive acts. (Body racking, head
banging and spinning objects).
 Echolalia
 No fear of danger
 No eye to eye contact
 Acts as deaf
 Points to anything
 NO CURE FOR AUTISM
APPROCHES:
 Let the child cope with the
disabilities
 Need special education
program.
 Understanding and support of
program
 Behavior management
 Referrals of the autistic
society of the phil.
2. Down Syndrome (DS)- a condition
that someone is born with and that
cause below
average mental abilities and problem
physical development.
- Characteristics:
- 1. Moderate to severe mental
retardation, slanting eyes, and broad
short skull.
- 2. 21 chromosome.
- 3. Congenital condition.
Brain- mental retardation
Skull- micro cephalic
Eyes- almond, no eyelid folds
Ears- low set of ears
Nose- flat
Tongue- protruding
Mouth- breather
Hands- bilateral simial creases
Skin- dry
Weight- obesity
CAUSES: hereditary, exposure to
chemicals, radiation and viruses.
APPROCHES:
 Early diagnostic and prompt
treatment
 Special education
 Public awareness and
acceptance
 Referral to Down Syndrome
association of the phil.
3. Mental Retardation (MR)- sub
average intellectual ability equivalent
to or less than an IQ of 90.
- Characteristics:
- 1. Significant deficits in abilities
(communication, self care).
- 2. Present at birth or infancy.
- 3. Delayed or abnormal
development by learning difficulties,
problem in social adjustment.
- Prenatal- abnormal fetal movement
- Neonatal- body disproportion
- 3-6 mos- convulsion and
neurological problems
- 6-12 mos- delayed motor
development
- 12-24 mos- extensive language delay
- >24 mos- problem solving delay.
-
LEVEL IQ CAPACITY
Borderline 84-70 Slow learner
Mild 69-55 Educable
Moderate 54-40 Trainable
Severe 39-25 Sub trainable
Profound <25 Asst in ADLs
CAUSES:
M- Maternal anoxia (during
pregnancy) or maternal infection
E- exact gestational age is not reach
N- Neonatal and nutritional problem
(inadequate intake of folic acid)
T- trauma/birth injury
A- Absent of brain air “anoxia”
 L- Lead poisoning 5. ATTENTION DEFICIT AND
MANAGEMENT: HYPERACTIVE DISORDER (ADHD)- is
 Assess the level of MR ( by: IQ the most commonly diagnosed
test, medication screening, mental disorder of children. Children
personal social, language, with ADHD may be hyperactive and
gross/fine motors) unable control their impulses. Or they
 Special education program may have trouble paying attention.
 Provide basic and specialized
services
 General public and
community awareness

4. Cerebral palsy- a disease that cause a

person to have problems moving and
speaking OR a collective term for
diverse syndromes by disorder of
posture or movement.
Characteristics:
1. Resulting from damage to brain
before, during or shortly after 6. MUTE AND DEAF- a person who is both
birth. deaf and unable to speak. Is a term which
2. 2. Muscular in coordination and was used historically to identify a person
speech disturbance. who was either deaf using a sign
CAUSES: abdominal trauma, low language or both deaf and could not
birth weight, infection to the speak.
neonate, small for gestational
age.

FEATURES:
C-ombat crawl
E-xtensive gross motor
development
R-eflex abnormalities How to Recognize the Signs of Deafness
E-xtreme weakness Some of the common characteristics of
B-unny hop deafness commonly found in classrooms
R-igidity of the extremities include the following:
 Difficulty following verbal directions
A-bnormalities in posture
 Difficulty with oral expression
L-eg scissoring  Some difficulties with social/emotional
or interpersonal skills
NO CURE FOR CEREBRAL PALSY  Will often have a degree of language
delay
 Often follows and rarely leads
 Will usually exhibit some form of
articulation difficulty
 Can become easily frustrated if their
needs are not met — which may lead to
some behavioral difficulties
 Sometimes the use of hearing aids leads
to embarrassment and fear of rejection
from peers

Palayan City Institute of Technology

CAREGIVING NC II
Module/COMPETENCY: “Foster, Social, Intellectual, Creative and Emotional”

BODY TEMPERATURE
VITAL SIGN
 The process on how to measure
Temperature, Pulse, Respiration
and Blood Pressure.
 Are those bodily functions that
reflect the state of health of the
body and that are easily
measurable?
T (C, F) - Temperature
P (beats/minute) - Pulse Rate
(PR)
R (breath/minute) - Respiratory
Rate (RR)
BP (mmHg) - Blood Pressure
 The fifth vital sign is PAIN
 The hotness and coldness of the
body.
 The normal body temperature of
a healthy person fluctuates within
a narrow range of 36.5 C – 37.5 C.
 Body heat is derives through the
metabolism of food taken into
the body.
 Body heat is the result of cell
activity, particularly skeletal cell
activity; heat production is
increase by EXERCISE.
 HORMONAL ACTIVITY, strong
emotion like range, resulting in
increase body heat.
MEASUREMENTS OF TEMPERATURE  Loss of upper
extremities
THERMOMETER- the most commonly
used device use to measure body RECTAL THERMOMETER
temperature  Undergone rectal
surgery
Alders Celsius- a Swedish scientist, Celsius  Diarrhea / LBM
or centigrade is named after him  Hemorrhoids and other
disease of the rectum
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit- a German  Post-op
physic’s who invented the mercury
thermometer. Ways to Take a Temperature
Types of thermometer There are 4 ways to take a
1. Glass thermometer temperature at home:
2. Digital thermometer 1. Oral (by mouth)
3. Tympanic thermometer 2. Rectal (by rectum or bottom)
3. Tympanic (just inside the ear
canal)
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE 4. Axillaries (under the arm).
CONTRAINDICATITED IN TAKING
TEMPERATURE IN DIFFERENT SITES:

ORAL THERMOMETER
 A young child or a baby
 A mouth breather How to Take a Temperature Oral
 Has just a cold drink Temperature
 Has undergone oral  Use a thermometer with a long
surgery or tooth bulb.
extraction  Be sure your child has not had
 Unconscious or one anything hot or cold to eat or drink
who not trusted for 20 minutes before you take his
 Difficulty keeping his temperature.
mouth closed  If your child has been sleeping, give
 Has nausea and him time to wake up completely.
vomiting  Place the tip of the thermometer in
 On O2 therapy your child’s mouth, under and
toward the middle of the tongue to
AXILLAY THERMOMETER one side.
 One who has seizures  If your child cannot hold the
 Convulsion thermometer in place with his
tongue and fingers without biting it,
 hold it in place for him for 30
seconds.
 When you hear a beep, take the
thermometer out of his mouth and
read the temperature.
 Wash the thermometer and rinse
with cool water.
 Wipe it dry before you put it away.
Rectal Temperature
 Use a thermometer with a stubby
bulb.
 Place a diaper or other cloth across
your lap and place your child over
the padding on his stomach (taking
the temperature this way can cause
the child to have a bowel
movement).
 Put a small amount of petroleum on
the bulb of the thermometer.
 Slide the bulb gently into the anus.
 If your child is less than 3
months old, put it in the anus
only one-half inch (the silver tip
on the end of the thermometer
is about one-half inch);
 if your child is more than 3
months old, carefully put the
thermometer about an inch into
the anus.
 Hold the thermometer in place
for 30 seconds.
 When you hear a beep, take the
thermometer out and read the
temperature.
 Wash the thermometer and
rinse with cool water.
 Wipe it dry before you put it
away.
Indicated for:
1. Very ill patient
2. Infants and young
children
3. Irrational, uncooperative
and unconscious
patients.
Tympanic (Ear) Temperature
 The ear thermometer reads the
infrared heat waves from the
eardrum.
 If your child has been outdoors
on a cold day or is overheated
from play, he needs to be inside
for 15 minutes before taking the
temperature.
 Earwax, ear infections and ear
tubes do not prevent accurate
readings.
 Gently pull your child’s ear
backward to straighten the ear
canal (back and up if over 1 year
old)
 Aim the tip of the ear probe
midway between the opposite
eye and earlobe.
 This thermometer measures
temperatures in less than 2
seconds.
 It is quick and painless and can
be used to quickly get an
accurate temperature if your
child cannot hold still.
 When you hear a beep, remove
the thermometer and read the
temperature.
 Wash the thermometer and
rinse with cool water.
 Wipe it dry before you put it
away.
Axillary Temperature b. To convert F – C: add 40 the X it
 Use a thermometer with a long bulb. by 5/9 and subtract 40.
 Make sure the child’s underarm is
dry.
 Place the tip of the thermometer
under your child’s arm.
 Fold the child’s arm across his chest
to keep the thermometer in place
for a minute or less.
 When you hear a beep, remove the
thermometer and read the
temperature.
 When you hear a beep, remove the
thermometer and read the
temperature.
 Wash the thermometer and rinse
with cool water.
 Wipe it dry before you put it away.

The method used usually depends on

your child's age.
 1. For a newborn through 3 months,
take a rectal temperature.
 2. For children 3 months through 3
years, take a rectal, ear or axillary
temperature.
 3. For children 4 years to 5 years,
take a rectal, oral, ear or axillary
temperature.
 4. For children 5 years or older (who
can hold the thermometer under
the tongue and keep the mouth
closed), take an oral, ear or
axillary temperature.

CONVERTION:
a. To convert C – F: add 40 then X it
by 9/5 then subtract 40.
 1. Temporal pulse- temple region
2. Facial pulse or carotid pulse- side of
the neck
3. Brachial pulse- anterior part of the
elbow
4. Radial pulse- radius bone on the
forearm
5. Femoral pulse- at the groin area
6. Popliteal pulse- posterior part of the
knee
7. Apical pulse- 5th and 6th intercostals
space of the ribs
8. Pedal pulse

NORMAL PULSE RATE

INFANT CHILD ADULT

140-160 120-140 80-100
bts/min bts/min bts/min

TERMS USED TO DESCRIBED

PULSE RATE
Pulse- rhythmic expansion and
contraction of the arteries caused
by the beating of the heart.
Rate- the number of beats per minute.
Special consideration
1. One complete rise and fall of the
arterial wall is considered (1) beat.
2. Take the pulse at a convenient site.
3. Do not take the patient’s pulse if
restless and when crying.
CHARACTER OF PULSE
ARRHYTMIAS- irregular of rhythm that is
the intervals between beats are of
different lengths or the beats are on
unequal force.
TACHYCARDIA- refers to a pulse rate
higher than normal.
BRADYCARDIA- a very slow pulse rate,
below normal.
BOUNDING- a pulse reaches a higher
level than normal, and then disappear
quickly.
RUNNING PULSE- pulse rate that is too
fast to be counted.
INTERMITTENT PULSE- refers to a pulse
rate that is occasionally skips a beat.
WEAK OR ABSENT PULSE- not palpable,
poor circulation in the area.

COMMON SITE IN TAKING PULSE RATE

 OBTAINING RADIAL PULSE
1. Explain the procedure to the
patients.
2. The patients is either lying down or
sitting up. If the patient is to lie
down, his/her arm rest along the
side of his/her body, and then palm
down.
3. The patients hand and arm should be
well supported and resting
comfortably.
4. Moderate pressure is applied with
first, second and third fingers to feel
the pulsating artery on the patients
wrist in line with the thumb directly
next to the bone.
5. Look at the position of the second
hand of your watch then start
counting.
TWO METHOD IN GETTING PULSE RATE
Method A- count the pulse rate for (1) whole
full minutes and report or record the result.
Method B- count for 30 sec., then multiply the
result by (2).
6. Record the result.
7. Position the patient in its
comfortable position.
8. Do hand washing.
RESPIRATION
-refers to act of breathing and involves the
exchange of gases between an organism and its
environment
External or pulmonary respiration- takes place
in the lungs where CO2 is eliminated and O2 is
absorbed by the blood.
2 PHASES OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
1. Inspiration ( inhalation )
- The process of breathing-in.
- Contraction of the diaphragm and
external intercostals muscles enlarge
the chest cavity.
2. Expiration (exhalation)
- The process of breathing-out.
- The relaxation of the diaphragm and
external intercostals muscles decrease
the size of the chest cavity and force
the air out of the lungs.
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESPIRATION
EUPNEA- normal respiration, the rate and dept
is equal.
TACHYPNEA- an increase in respiratory rate or
above normal
BRADYPNEA- decrease in respiratory rate or
below normal
CHENEYSTOKES- a gradual increased followed
by a gradual decreased in dept of
respirations and then a period of apnea.
APNEA- absence of breathing
BIOTS- respiration of the same dept followed by
a period of apnea.
DYSPNEA- difficulty of breathing
ORTHOPNEA- the condition of being able to
breathe easier while in an upright
position
STERTOROUS- noisy breathing
HYPERPNEA- increased in dept

HYPOVENTILATION- increased rate and dept

and irregular rhythm
KUSSMAUL BREATHING- grasping and labored
respiration
SEESAW (PARADOXIC)- chest fall on inspiration
and rises on expiration
AGONAL- last breath before death

NORMAL RESPIRATORY RATE

INFANT CHILD ADULT

30-60 20-40 15-20
brth/min brth/min brth/min

OBTAINING RESPIRATORY RATE BLOOD PRESSURE

1. Observe the patients respiration
while the fingers are still in place
after counting the pulse rate.
2. Note the rise and fall of the patient’s
chest with each inspiration and
expiration.
3. Using as watch with second hand
count the number of respiration,
minimum of 1 full minute.
(To obtain the patient’s respiratory
rte per minute, 1 inspiration + 1
exhalation = 1 respiration)
4. If respirations are abnormal in any
way count the respiration rate for a
whole 1 minute
5. Record the result.
-It is the pressure that is exerted on the wall of
the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart
pushes blood into the aorta.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Keep the patient physically and
emotionally rested before taking the
blood pressure.
2. For reaped reading, take the blood
pressure in the same arm in the same
position and time.
3. Take the blood pressure reading quickly
as possible to prevent venous
congestion.
 4. Allow to 20 – 30 seconds for venous
circulation to be normal.
SYATOLIC PRESSURE
- Highest point of pressure is induced
by the contraction of the left
ventricle
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
- Lowest point of pressure
corresponds to the drop of the
arterial pressure occurring during
the relaxation of the ventricle.
MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
- Represent the average between the
systolic rise and the diastolic fall of
pressure.
FIVE FACTOR INFLUENCE BLOOB PRESSURE
1. CARDIAC OUTPUT- the amount of
blood pumped by the heart.
2. PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE- the
resistance offered by arteriolar vessels
to the flow of blood.
3. ELASTICITY OF THE VESSELS- the
normal young adult the aorta and larger
arteries are highly elastic.
- As individual ages, this elasticity
diminishes (vessels become rigid).
4. BLOOD VOLUME- amount ejected.
5. BLOOD VISCISITY- thickness,
consistencies of the blood.
BLOOD PRESSURE IS NORMAL AFFECTED
BY:
A. Eating D. Exercise
B. Age E. Gender
C. Emotional
INSTRUMENTS USE FOR MEASURING
BLOOD PRESSURE
1. SPHYGMOMANOMETER- an
instrument for measuring blood
pressure and especially arterial
blood pressure.
SPHYGMO- meaning pulse
MANO- meaning pressure
METER- measure
TYPE OF SPHYGMOMANOMETER
1. Mercury
2. Aneroid
3. Digital
mm= millimeter
Hg= mercury
2. STETHOSCOPE- is a gadget that
transmits and magnifies the sounds
obtaining in the body.
OBTAINING BLOOD PRESSURE
1. Explain the procedure to the patient.
2. Place the patient to a comfortable
position with the forearm supported
and slightly flexed at the elbow and
the palm upward.
3. Apply the cuff snugly and smoothly
around the patient’s arm.
4. Locate and feel the pulsation of the
brachial artery with your left index
and middle finger pad, with your
right hand, turn the valve clockwise
and pump the bulb to inflate the
bag. (Note the level at which the
pulsation of the brachial arty
disappear).
5. Place the bell of the diaphragm of
the stethoscope at the area of
maximum pulsation of the brachial
artery at the antecubital fossa.
6. Release the pressure very slowly by
turning the valve of the bulb counter
clockwise and note the point at
which the first sound is heard,
continue releasing the air until the
second sound change to muffled
sound.
7. Detach/remove the cuff from the
patient’s arm.
8. Fix the apparatus.
9. Record and report the result.
 Palayan City Institute of Technology
CAREGIVING NC II
Module/COMPETENCY: “Prepare Hot and Cold Meals”

OVER HANG- portion of the table cloth

TABLE SETTING- the manner in which that hangs from the edge should be
the table appointments and foods are same on all sided and usually 12-15
arranged on the table and any surface inches for sit down and sometimes floor
for dining. length for buffet tables.

MEAL SERVICE- the manner in which COVER- includes the dinnerware,

food will be served to the diner. Includes
choosing and setting of table
appointment setting the table or any
surface to be used.
TABLE APPOINTMENTS- utensils use for
dining and these includes DINNER WARE,
FLATWARE, BEVERAGEWARE, and
HALLOW WARE AND LINEN.
COURSE- portion of the meal served at
one time.
flatware, beverage ware and linen. It is
the table appointment and space set for
each diner.
PARTS OF THE COVER:
A. DINNERWARE
- Are plates of all sizes, including
dishes, cups and saucer and under
liners.
- This is also known as CHINAWARE
-
TYPE OF DINNERWARE FOR INDIVIDUAL
COVERS
 PLACE PLATE- a plate used as under liner
for formal sit-down dinner.
DINNER PLATE- a 10” plate used for the
main dish in each cover in formal
dinner.
LUNCHON PLATE/BREKFAST PLATE- a
multipurpose plate used for daily
dining.
SOUP PLATE- a 9” deep plate used for
soup in formal sit-down dinner.
SALAD PLATE- a 7” plate used for salad,
dessert or under liners for glass stem
ware.
CUP AND SAUCER- comes in pairs and is
used for coffee or tea or even soup
for informal meals.
UNDERLINER- extra part of the
dinnerware placed under service
pieces.
Example:
1. desert bowl with under liner
2. Soup cup with under liner.
B. BEVERAGEWARE
- Glass decanters, pitchers and all drinking
vessels used in a table or bar.
- Also known as GLASSWARE.
LIME GLASS- with lime added to harden and
give more clarity. Dull sound produced
when tapped, inexpensive.
LEAD GLASS- with potash, lime and lead
oxide included, referred to as “crystal”.
TYPES BASED ON SHAPE AND USE
Unfooted Wares
 Old fashion – narrow bases wider
mouth thick body.
 Highball- tall, same with from base to
mouth
 Tumbler- narrow base wide mouth
 Juice glass- small tumbler
 Whisky- like an old fashioned, narrow
based, wide mouthed glass.

Stem ware
 Goblet- wide mouth, wide bowl, stem
not high
 Cocktail- long stem, different shapes of
body
 Champagne- saucer-like with hallow
stem
 Sherry- V-shaped body with short stem
 Wine- tulip shaped body with long stem
 Cordially- tulip shaped body
 Brandy- wide body oblong shaped,
arched in mouth, short stem
 Pilsner- long narrow triangular body
with very short stem, base in narrow
than mouth.
 Sherbet- wide mouth, saucer like body,
thick body
 Parfait- tall narrow bodies, very short
stem
C. FLATWARE
- Knives, forks, spoons regardless of
style or usage
- Table appointments used to serve, dip,
cut or spread food.
- Also know as SILVERWARE
 KINDS OF FLATWARE FOR COVER AND FOR SERVING

KIND DESCRIPTION USES

Dinner fork 4 pronged Breakfast, lunch, dinner

Salad/dessert fork 4 pronged (short and broader) Salad and dessert
Oyster fork 3 pronged For oyster
Pickle/lemon fork 2 pronged (very small fork) For pickle/lemon
Dinner spoon Oval bowl Luncheon/dinner
Soup spoon Round bowl For soup
Relish spoon Small, usually pierced For relish service, also for olives,
pickles, cottage cheese
Teaspoon Oval, small spoon Coffee/tea
Demitasse teaspoon Small teaspoon After dinner coffee
Iced teaspoon Long handle For tall glasses
Dinner knife Straight or serrated broad and
rounded at tip
Steak knife Serrated pointed tip Steak
Butter knife or spreader Small broad spatula Individual butter server
Butter server Small brad spatula/bigger than Serving butter
spreader
Serving spoon Large spoon with larger bowl and For serving food
larger handles
Serving fork Large fork, 4 pronged with larger For serving food
handles
Pastry or pie server Short handle spatula/ elongated and Serving cakes and pastries
leaf shape handles with big round
bowl
Soup ladle Long handled with big round bowl Serving soup
Gravy ladle Small handled small bowl Serving sauces
Sugar spoon Small teaspoon with spreading bowl Serving sugar
Sugar tong Small tong Serving sugar cubes
Ice tongs Tong round bowl usually with short Picking ice cubes
prongs

D.

E. LINEN - Part of the table setting used to

cover a table before pieces are set or
to serve as a lap cover for the guest.
- Used broadly to include table 2. Ashtray
covering and napkin of all types 3. Bread basket
regardless of the fiber or materials. 4. Candles
- 5. Flowers
TYPES OF LINEN 6. Condiments
TABLE CLOTH- whole piece of any lateral
material which could be made of cloth SERVING PIECES:
on plastic and used to cover tables for  Pasty server
dining.  Serving spoon
RUNNUR- long narrow strips of cloth  Serving fork
used on bare tables. Provides accent  Soup ladle
and variety.  Sugar spoon
PLACEMAT- available in different shapes  Gravy or sauce ladle
and materials. Standard size is 18”  Pie/cake serving knife
wide and 24” long.
TOP CLOTH- piece of material placed Basic Rules for Setting a Cover (table
over the table setting to avoid setting)
constant washing of large piece of 1. A spacious dining table is required to
linens. accommodate the entire family
NAPKINS- come in varying sizes and member.
materials and part of the cover in table 2. The table may be covered with cloth,
setting. although placemats have been found
DINNER NAPKIN- traditionally white practical.
linen or plain colored linen which is 3. Each cover is completely laid including
18” to 24” square. the dinner plate, the necessary flatware
and beverage ware.
4. Knife and spoon are placed on the right
F.HALLOW WARES side of the cover.
- Table appointments usually made of 5. Knife cutting edge should be towards
metal ware and used primarily for the plate.
serving or for decoration. 6. Fork is placed on the left side of the
- Service items of dept or volume cover.
including platters, trays and stand. 7. Flat wares placed in order to use
starting from the outside with fork from
EXAMPLES: left knife and spoon from the right.
Pitchers creamers 8. Water glass is placed just above the tip
Ice bucket tea and coffee set of the dinner knife. In Europe, a water
Bowls punch bowls glass is optional, in America it is always
Sugar bowls platter trays placed on the table.
9. No more than 3 glasses should appear
G. ACCESSORIES FOR THE TABLE at a cover.
1. Salt and pepper shaker
10. Cups and saucers are place at the right
side of the plate with the handle
towards the edge of the table.
11. Napkins are placed at the left side of
the fork or in the center of the cover.
12. Base of all flatware should be even and
placed 1 inch away from the edge of the
table.
13. Laying a decorations should not be
large that prevent one person from
conversing with another across the
table.
14. Candles should be tall enough to be
above eye level in order to avoid
flickering of the candles in the eye of
the guest.
15. Salt and pepper shakers are placed at
least a pair for every two gust on formal
occasion and each end of the table.
16. Decorations may or may not be used.

Serving the Food

1. Food is served from the left of the guest
and cleared from the right.
2. Beverages are served and removed
from the right of the person eating.
3. Food being served is placed in placed at
intervals on the center of the table. The
person nearest the dish may start
helping to it, then pass it on the next
person on her right.
4. There no sequence to which course will
be serve or eaten first.
5. The dessert course may or may not be
on the table at the start. It may be
served from the kitchen in individual
dishes or from the platter.
NUTRIENTS- a substance that provides
nourishment essential for growth and the
maintenance of life.
NUTRITION- is how food affects the health of
the body. Food is essential—it provides vital
nutrients for survival, and helps the body
function and stay healthy.
- Is the study of nutrients and of their
ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport,
metabolism, interaction, storage and
excretion.
FOOD- any nutritious substance that people or
animals eat or drink, or those plants absorb,
in order to maintain life and growth.
- OR NUTRITIVE MATERIAL TAKEN INTO THE
BODY FROM THE MAINTENANCE OF LIFE,
GROWTH AND REPAIR OF TISSUES.

6 SESSENTIAL NUTIENTS
 -For vision, healthy hair and skin and
1. CARBOHYRATES- any of a large group of integrity of epithelial membranes.
- Prevent XEREPTHALMIA (a
organic compounds occurring in foods and
condition characterized by chronic
living tissues and including sugars, starch, conjunctivitis.
and cellulose. VITAMIN C (ascorbic acid)
- PROVIDES WORK ENERGY FOR BODILY - Water soluble vitamins
ACTIVITIES AND HEAT ENERGY FOR - Acts as cement between body cell
and help them work together to
MAINTENANCE OF BODY TEMPERATURE. carry out their special function.
- - Maintain condition of bones, teeth
2. PROTEIN- a nutrient found in food (as meat, and gums.
milk, eggs, and beans) that is made up of
VITAMIN B1 (thiamine)
many amino acids joined together, is a
- Water soluble vitamins.
necessary part of the diet, and is essential - Carbohydrate metabolism
for normal cell structure and function. - For normal digestion
- used as energy sources (calories) by the - Prevent BERIBERI (a condition
body, essential components of the muscle. characterized by neuritis)

VITAMIN B2 (riboflavin)
3. FATS- The foods we eat contain nutrients - Water soluble vitamins
that provide energy and other substances - For normal growth
the body needs as maintenance of body
temperature. VITAMIN B3 (niacin)
- Water soluble
- The body uses fat as a fuel source, and fat is
- Prevent appetite loss
the major storage form of energy in the
- Prevent PELLAGRA (a condition
body. characterized by coetaneous
gastrointestinal, neurologic and
4. VITAMINS- help form and maintain healthy mental symptoms.
teeth, bones, soft tissue, mucus membranes,
and skin. VITAMIN B6 (pyridoxine)
-Complex organic compounds that are needed - Water soluble vitamins
in small amounts by the body for normal growth - form red blood cells and maintain
and metabolism. brain function.

VITAMIN B12 (cobalamine)

- Protein metabolism
- RBC formation
CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS - Prevent pernicious ANEMIA (a
a. Water soluble vitamins condition characterized by
b. Fat soluble vitamins decreased red blood cell.

COMMON VITAMINS NEEDED BY THE BODY

AND THEIR FUNCTION.

VITAMIN A All B vitamins help the body to convert food

- Fat soluble vitamins. (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is
 used to produce energy. These B vitamins, excess of 1 or more essential nutrients which
often referred to as B-complex vitamins, also
is deleted.
help the body metabolize fats and protein.

5. MINERALS

- hey are materials found in foods that are

essential for growth and health 
- - The minerals that are relevant to human nutrition
are sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium,
phosphate, sulfate, magnesium, iron, copper,
zinc, manganese, iodine, selenium, and
molybdenum.
-
- 6. WATER
- - carries nutrients to body cells and carries waste
products away.
- - Helps to lubricates joints.
- - Aids in regulating body temperature.

MALNUTRITION

- It is the pathological state resulting from a

relative lack or absolutely deficiency or

Palayan City Institute of Technology

CAREGIVING NC II
Module/COMPETENCY: “Provide Care and Support to Elderly”

3. Skin losses elasticity and underlying fats

GERIATRIC- relating to old age, an old person
- Refers to the knowledge and care
of the elderly.
ELDERLY- approximately 60 years and older
- Retirement period
- Degenerative stage
- becomes less accurate.
PHYSICAL CAHNGES OF ELDERLY
1. Reflexes become slow, all bodily
processes become slow.
2. Circulation becomes less efficient
and becomes thin and more fragile (skin
nagging).
4. Hair turns to gray and may change in
texture.
5. Posture becomes more scooped and
walking becomes more difficult.
6. Sensing of temperature of water
7. Healing takes longer.
8. Muscles loss strength.
MENTAL CHANGES
1. Forgetfulness
2. Disorientation
3. Irritability
SOCIAL CHANGES
1. Change in level of activity
2. Retirement-change in income
3. Fear of illness
4. Isolation from friends and family
5. Change in housing- nursing home
6. Increase dependence on others.
ROLES AS A HOMECARE GIVER
1. Love
2. Security, self respect, acceptance and
promotion of self esteem.
3. Needs re-assurance and kindness.
4. Speak to the patient in a direct and
distinct manner.
5. Strive to maintain dignity.
6. Call them by title last name, avoid using
nicknames.
7. Give praise.
8. Assist with all phase of personal care.
9. Observe diet for irritation, redness,
bruises and areas on the body that do
not heal.
10. Have patience.
A. HANDWASHING- it is considered one of
the most effective infection control
measures.
Purposes/Rationales:
 To reduce the number of
microorganism on hands.
 To reduce the risk of transmission of
microorganism to clients.
 To reduce the risk of cross
contamination among clients.
 To reduce the risk of transmission of
infectious organism to oneself.
Special Considerations:
 Keep fingers nails clean and well
trimmed.
 Wash hand carefully before and after
any hands-on care.
 Teach the clients and family member’s
hand washing techniques.
Procedures of Proper Handwashing
1. Wet hands and apply soap
2. Right palm over left and left over right
3. Palm to palm, fingers interfaced.
4. Back fingers to opposing fingers
interlocked.
5. Rotational rubbing of right thumb clasp
in left pain and vise versa.
6. Rotational rubbing backward and
forward with tops of fingers and thumb
right hand in left.
7. Take note that no dirt is left also under
the finger nails then rinse.
8. Wipe hand with clean towel to dry.
B. DONNING AND REMOVING STERILE
GLOVES
Purposes/Rationale
 To avoid transmission of
bacteria/microorganism to client and
vise versa.
 Avoid contamination.
Procedure of proper donning and removing
sterile gloves
1. Skin to skin, gloves to gloves
2. Gloves to gloves, skin to skin
C. WOUND CARE
WOUND- An injury to the body that typically
involves laceration or breaking of
 membrane and usually damage to
underlying tissues.
Types of wound
1. Puncture- penetration of the skin caused
by a pointed object.
2. Incision- deep cuts or a cut made into
the body during surgery.
3. Laceration- a deep cuts or tear of the
flesh characterized by a tissue torn
apart.
4. Contusion- an injury that usually does
not break the skin or closed wound.
Purposes/Rationale:
 To promote wound healing by a
primarily intention.
 To prevent infection
 To assess the healing process.
 To protect the wound from mechanical
trauma.
Assessment:
1. Indentify the wound location, size, and
type of incision.
2. Assess clients, comfort level of identify
anxiety.
3. Identify history, allergies.
Procedures of Proper Wound Care
1.Prepare all the equipments needed
2.Assess the wound.
3.Clean the wound depends on types of
it. ( start from the wound, away from
the wound)
4.After care.
D. BANDAGING
E. AMBULATION
F. TRANSFERING
G. RANGE OF MOTION (ROM)
TERMINOLOGIES:
1. Flexion- the state of being bent.
2. Extension- the state of being in a straight
line.
3. Hyperextension- the state of
exaggerated extension.
4. Abduction- lateral movement away from
the midline.
5. Adduction- lateral movement towards
the midline.
6. Rotation- turning on its axis.
7. Internal rotation- turning on its axis
towards the midline.
8. External rotation- turning on its axis
away from the midline.
9. Supination- the assumption of supine
position.
10. Pronation- the assumption of prone
position.
11. Dorsiflexion- flexion of the foot.
12. Plantar flexion- backward bending of the
foot.
H. BED MAKING
Guidelines:
 Keep the bed dry and clean. Change
linen when necessary.
 Keep the linen wrinkle free.
 Make the bed suit your particular
clients.
 Do not use torn piece of the linen.
 Do not shake bed linens.
 Never allow the linen touch your
uniform, most especially the
ground/floor.
 Do not uses pin.
 The bottom sheet (other uses flat
sheet) must be firm, smooth and
wrinkle free. MITER FOLD- for sheet
not to out of place or loose.
 By fan folding the top of the bed you
make it easy for client to get in and out
of the bed.
  The DRAW SHEET is about half size of 3. Give privacy.
the regular sheet. 4. Use proper body mechanics.
 RUBBER SHEET must be place across
the midline of the bed to cover and
protect the bottom sheet.
 Always use good body mechanics, to
avoid back pain.

KINDS OF BED
1. Closed bed
2. Open bed
3. Occupied bed

I. BED BATHING
Purposes/Rationales:
 Bathing takes wastes products of the
skin.
 Bathing cools and refreshes the client. MEDICATION- substance or preparation
 Bathing requires stimulate the skin and used in treating a disease.
improve circulation. ADMINISTER- to give
 Bathing provides a good opportunity to
talk with the client. 5 RIGHTS OF MEDICATION
1. The RIGHT client- is this medication for
TYPES OF BATHING the client.
1. Complete bath- this is usually given in 2. The RIGHT medication- is this correct
bed, if the client is weak and unable to medication.
bath himself. 3. The RIGHT time- is this the prescribed
2. Partial bath- baths some part of the time to take it?
body. 4. The RIGHT route- how to take it? By
3. Tub bath- it is given in a tub requires a mouth, apply to the skin, swallow, and
special order from the doctor. suck on it?
4. Shower bath- the client is bath under 5. The RIGHT amount- is this prescribed
running water; this too requires a special quantity.
order from the doctor.
Note:
Special Considerations: 1. You should also know the side effect of
1. Bathing is given as part of the morning the medication.
care. 2. You should also know how to stored
2. Always cover the client with a bath medication.
blanket before giving the complete bath. 3. You should also know it reacts with food.
1. OXYGEN- considered as medication, a
colorless, odorless gas. Is it essential for
life.
2. FOLEY CATHETER-is a flexible tube which
a clinician passes through
the urethra and into the bladder to
drain urine.
3. INTRVENOUS THERAPY (IV) - giving of
fluids or medication directly into vein.
Prescribed by the physician and
administer by registered nurse (RN).
4. NASOGASTRIC TUBE (NGT) - A tube that
is passed through the nose and down
through the nasopharynx and esophagus
into the stomach. It is a flexible
tube made of rubber or plastic, and it
has bidirectional potential.
  Right container- with label.
 Right attitude- how you approach and
speak to the client.
 Right asepsis- absence of contaminants
or absence of bacteria.

SPECIMEN COLLECTION- is a sample of

something, like a specimen of blood or
body tissue that is collected or taken for
medical or laboratory examination.

Procedures for collecting specimen:

 Right client- from whom the specimen
to be collected.
 Right specimen- ordered by the doctor.
 Right time- when should be collected.
 Right amount- amount needed for the
laboratory test.

Palayan City Institute of Technology

CAREGIVING NC II

Module/ Competency: “Provide Care and Support to People with Special Needs”

CANCER- Large group of disease characterized
by uncontrolled growth of cells and the ability
of these cells to migrate.
TUMOR- any mass or swelling in or on the body
of plant or animals.
DANGER SIGNS OF CANCER (CAUTIONUS)
C-hange in bowel habits and bladder
A- Sore that does not heal
U-nusual bleeding or discharge
T-hickening or lumps in breast or elsewhere
I-ndigestion or difficulty of swallowing
O-bvious change in warts or mole
N-agging cough or hoarseness of voice
U-nexplained anemia/low hemoglobin
S-udden unexplained weight loss

SITE OF CANCERS AND DANGER SIGNAL

1. Colon and rectum- change in bowel
habits or bleeding.
2. Breast- lump or thickening.
3. Kidney and bladder- urinary difficulty or
bleeding.
4. Lung- persistent cough. HOW CANCER SPREAD
5. Mouth- sore that does not heal,  Direct invasion
difficulty in swallowing and hoarseness.  Blood spread
6. Skin- sore that does not heal, change in  Lymphatic spread
warts or moles.  Serosal spread
7. Prostate- urinary difficulty.
8. Stomach- indigestion. PREDISPOSING FACTORS.
9. Uterus- unusual bleeding or discharge.  Ages (older prone of cancer)
 Sex (male- prostate, female-
breast,uterus,cervix)
 Urban/cities
 Hereditary

CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS

BENIGN MALIGNAT
Grows slowly Grows rapidly
Usually encapsulated Rarely encapsulated
Grow to expansion, do Infiltrate surrounding
not infiltrate tissue, tumor extended
surrounding tissue in all direction
Cells resemble from they Poorly differentiated
arise from normal tissue,
don’t resemble
Don’t spread Spread via lymph,
stream and blood
Don’t tends to recur Tends to recur
when removed
surgically
Produce minimal tissue Extensive tissue
destruction destruction as a result
of infiltration
Don’t cause death Cause death unless
except when located in removed surgically
areas producing before metastasis.
pressure and
obstruction
 Palayan City Institute of Technology
CAREGIVING NCII
Module/ Competency: “Wash and Iron Clothes Linen and Fabric”
LAUNDRY
 Clean clothes are important for health
good. They also make us look good and
feel better about ourselves.
 Before washing clothes, repair all the
tears, loose buttons and jumped
zippers, if you cannot do this put the
clothes aside and either repair them
later. Tell your client about the need for
the repair. (stitches: RUNNNG STITCH,
BACK STITCH)
 Before washing sort clothes by color,
fabric and degree of dirt. (COLOR FAST,
NON-COLOR FAST)
 Wash delicates such as loose knits and
laces separately.
 Remember that some clothes should
only be drying cleaned, some are best
hand washed.
HOW TO IRON A SHIRT
1. Find tag on your shirt that indicates what
is made of.
2. Plug in the iron and set the dial to the
recommended setting for that fabric.
100% cotton and linen at high setting,
wool and cotton blends at medium
setting, polyester, rayon, nylon, silk,
acolyte, acrylic at low heat setting.
3. Fill the iron with distilled water if you will
be using steam iron.
4. Iron the back of the collar first then the
front, taking care to iron the edge a little
at a time to avoid creases.
5. Open cuff fully, iron inside first then
outside.
6. Iron sleeves, do sleeves back first, front
second and take extra care at the
armhole seams.
7. Hang shirt over board so that one front
panel of the shirt can be extended, iron
from shoulder to shirt tail.
8. Rotate shirt over board so that you iron
the back next and the other front panel
last.
Tips:
Hang your warm shirt on a hanger
immediately to avoid re-wrinkling it.
HOW TO IRON PANTS
1. Turn the pants inside outlook for the tag
that gives ironing and fabric information
for the garments.
2. Choose the heat setting
3. Fill iron with distilled water if you will be
using steam setting on cottons/ linen.
4. Test the iron on a small area to make
sure you don’t set too high, this can
damage and discolor fabric.
5. With the pants still inside out, iron the
waist band, pockets, fly area, seams and
hems in that order.
6. Turn the pants right side out, iron the
waist band and pleats.
7. Lay the pants lengthwise along the
ironing board with both legs together
and carefully line up any preexisting
creases.
 8. Iron the inside of the lower leg, turn the
pants over and repeat for the other leg.
9. Smooth out both legs carefully and iron
the outside of the top leg. Give extra
attention to cuff if the pants have them.
Palayan City Institute of Technology
CAREGIVING NCII
Module/ Competency: “Respond to Emergencies”
First aid: it as an immediate care given to a
person who is injured or suddenly taken ill.
-includes self help and home care when
medical assistance is not available.
A- Ask for help.
I- Intervention/intervene
D- Do no harm
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
1. Alleviate human suffering
2. Prevent further injury
3. Prolong life
QUALITIES OF GOOD FIRST AIDER
GENTLE- should not cause pain
RESOURCEFUL- should make the best use of
the things at hand
OBSERVANT- should notice all signs
TACTFUL- should be comforting
RESPECTFUL- should maintain a caring and
professional attitude
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
Gauze pads/ dressing
Penlight
10. Turn the pants over and iron outside of
the other leg.
11. Hang warm pants immediately to avoid
wrinkling. Fold them through a suit
hanger to avoid crushing them in a pants
hanger.
Cotton, Alcohol
Elastic roller bandage, Plaster
Gloves, Mask
Forceps, Scissor
Tongue depressor
Triangular bandage
OTHER EQUIPMENT
Splints
Stretcher
Poles and blankets
Spine board
Bandage
Guidelines in EMERGENCY RESPONSE
PLAN OF ACTION- emergency plans should be
established based on the anticipated
needs and resources available.
GATHERING NEEDED EQUIPMENTS-
emergency response begins with the
preparation of equipment and personnel
before any emergency occurs.
STEPS IN EMERGENCY IN RESPONSE
1. Survey the Scene- in every rescue, safety
is the primary consideration. ”survey the
scene, the scene is safe”.
2. Introduce yourself to the public- you may
introduce yourself this way “I am
__________ (name of first aider), a
trained first aider and rescuer, may I
help?”
3. Ask for help and activate medical
assistance or EMS (Emergency Medical
Service). If the victim is unresponsive, the
rescuer shall request as specific person to
call for an ambulance or a vehicle for
transportation, while the rescuer is doing
the preliminary survey. ”please Activate
Medical Assistance or EMS and Transport
Facilities as I do the Primary Survey”
4. Check for the consciousness: Tap the
shoulder of the victim three times (3x) to
assess for responsiveness. You may say
“hey sir, hey sir, are you ok? Hey sir, hey
sir, are you ok? Hey sir, hey sir, are you
ok?” If the victim responds in any ways,
such as groaning or talking, check for
injuries and place in recovery position if
there are none.
5. Check for the vital functioning. If the
victim is unresponsive, check for the pulse
and breathing for about 5 seconds. Apply
the Look-Listen-Feel to assess breathing
and check the radial or carotid pulse of
the victim to assess circulation. (Use the
index and middle finger to assess the
radial pulse and carotid pulse). Check
CAB(Circulation, Airways, Breathing)
 Check CIRCULATION for 5 seconds
“101,102,103,104,105”
 Check AIRWAYS- Open airway
using the Head Tilt-Chin Method
or the Jaw-Thrust Method. “the
mouth is clear, the nose is clear”
 Check BREATHING- give initial
blows( pinch the nostrils with the
thumb and index finger for adult,
mouth to mouth and nose for
baby) if air bounce back,
“reposition, re-tilt” 3x (three
times). If still air bounces back,
perform FBAO Management.
6. Must be done in this manner “Please
follow-up medical assistance, EMS, and
transport facilities as I do FBAO
Management (Foreign Body Airway
Obstruction).
 If BABY: do the 5 back blows and 5
chest compressions.
 If ADULT or CHILD: do the 5
abdominal thrust.
 If PREGNANT or OBESE: do 5 chest
compressions.
 ”obstruction seen obstructions
remove”, then again check the
circulation for 10 seconds
7. If breathing is negative but pulse of the
victim is positive, perform Artificial
Respiration (AR) or Rescue Breathing
(RB) by following this procedure: “please
follow up medical assistance, EMS, and
transport facilities as I do Rescue
Breathing”
 Baby and child : 40 ventilations
 Adult: 24 ventilations
 After, check 10 seconds
circulations,
“1001,1002.1003,1004…1010”
 Table of comparison on RESCUE
BREATHING (RB)

INFANT CHILD ADULT

Location of Brachial Carotid Carotid
checking pulse pulse pulse pulse 8. If breathing and pulse are negative,
apply Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
Method of Mouth to Mouth to Mouth to
giving Mouth mouth or Mouth “Please follow up medical assistance or
breathing and Nose Mouth to EMS and transport facilities as I do CPR”
Mouth  30 compressions and 2
and Nose
ventilations per 1 CYCLE
Counting Blow, I, 1001 Blow, 1,
Blow 1, 1002 1002,
 Do 5 cycles
Blow 1, 1003 1003,  After, check 10 seconds
…….blow 1, 1040 1001 circulations,
Blow, 1,
“1001,1002.1003,1004…1010”
1002,
1003,
1002 Table of comparison on
Blow 1, CARDIOPULMUNARY RESUSCITATION
1002,
1003, (CPR)
1003
…..blow 1,
1002, INFANT CHILD ADULT
1003,
1024
between between the between
Compressi the imaginary the
on area imaginary nipple line imaginary
nipple line nipple
line

Depth ½- 1” 1-1 ½ “ 2”

Middle and Heel of 1 Heel of 1

How to index finger hand hand and
compress supported the other
 by the hand on Contusion
thumb top Abrasion
Puncture
counting 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,1`0,11,12,13,14,15,16,1 Bleeding, bruises, burn
7,18,19,20, Tenderness

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 1 blow, blow Laceration

Swelling
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,1`0,11,12,13,14,15,16,1
 Recovery position if vomiting: side
7,18,19,20, lying position, rub the back.

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 2 blow, blow “Please bring the patient to the

nearest hospital”
……….and 5 blow, blow  Interview the victim

Check for the SAMPLE

S -sign and symptoms
A -allergy
M -medication
P-past medication
When to STOP CPR? L -last oral intake
S- Spontaneous circulation and breathing E -event prior to incident
T- Turn over to the physician
O- Operator is exhausted
P- Physicians declares death

9. Secondary Survey
“Please follow up medical assistance or
EMS and transport facilities as I do
Secondary Survey”
 Check from head to toe
“Head intact no DCAPBTLS”
Deformities

Palayan City Institute of Technology

CAREGIVING NCII
Module/ Competency: “Respond to Emergencies”

in a house or a lodging establishment

Housekeeping – refers to the upkeep and such as inn, hotel, apartel,
maintenance of cleanliness and order
 condominium, resort, dormitory, or a
hospital.
Housekeeper – is one who is responsible
for administering housekeeping
maintenance and for insuring that
everything is in order.
TYPES OF HOUSEKEEPING
1. Domestic Housekeeping- refers to the
house keeping maintenance in the
house. It covers bedrooms, kitchen,
dining, receiving area, grounds and
the surrounding areas within the
house. Usually the lady of the house
or mother/wife or the care taker acts
as the head housekeeper.
2. Institutional Housekeeping- applies to
housekeeping maintenance in
commercial lodging establishments
like hotels, resorts, inns, and apartels.
Usually covers the following areas:
Guest rooms
Hallways and corridors
Lobby
Public areas and restaurants
Offices
Stairways
Grounds and plants
Linen and laundry area
Pest control
Standard of good housekeeping
1. Cleanliness- all areas are immaculately
clean, corners-to-corner, top to
bottom including surfaces. Grounds
are free of liters and dirt.
2. Orderliness- facilities and fixtures are
properly arranged and installed in their
appropriate location
3. Sanitation- the whole area is free from
all sources of bacterial contamination
such
as indisposed garbage and leftover,
stagnant water etc.
4. Guests and clients comfort- rooms are
properly ventilated and lighted. Guest
is not disturbed by loud noise and
other form of destructions.
5. Eye appeal- ambiance is soothing to
the eye, not dim or dull.
6. Safety- offices, conference rooms,
social hall, and public areas are free
from safety hazards like electrical
outlet, dangling wires, damaged tiles,
slippery floors, broken chair etc.
7. Materials control and preventive
maintenance- there is a designated
budget for supplies and materials.
8. Guest relations- requests and
concerns of house guests are given
prompt and proper attention.
The 5 S’S of good housekeeping
1. SEIRI (SORT)- this is the task of identifying
available files and materials and sorting
out what is necessary and what needs to
be disposed.
2. SEITON (SYSTEMIZE) - means putting all
necessary items In proper order and in
their proper places.
3. SEISO (SWEEP, SHINE)-this is made
possible through regular cleaning,
sweeping floors, cleaning equipments, and
shoveling out unused material or debris on
a daily basis.
4. SEIKETSU (STANDARDIZE) - it entails the
set of a system to insure that high
standard of good housekeeping is
maintained.
5. SHITSUKE (SELF DISCIPLINE/SUSTAIN)-
sustaining the 5 Ss of good housekeeping
means making it a way of life, doing them
daily as a matter of habit.
It is however important to add two more S’s
that is:
S……..SAFETY- ensuring the safety of employees
in the workplace.
CHILD CARE
1. What are some reasons why an infant
cries?
HUNGRY, UNCOMFORTABLE, SICK/IN
PAIN, IRRITABLE
2. What are you going to do when a child is
having temper tantrums?
IGNORE HIM BUT BE SURE THAT HE IS
SAFE
3. Where is the best place to bath the baby?
ANY FLAT WIDE SURFACE OR A TABLE
NEAR THE SINK
4. Why is it not advisable to leave the baby
when bathing?
TO PREVENT FALLS OR DROWNING, TO
AVOID ACCIDENT
5. What are the safety precautions when the
child is in then crib?
LOCK THE CRIB, REMOVE TOYS THAT CAN
HARMOR SOFFUCATE HIM, AND PUT UP
THE SIDE RAILS OF THE CRIB
6. What are the two types of milk formula?
BREAST FEEDING AND FORMULA FEEDING
(PREMIX- LIQUID AND POWDER).
7. How long does it take to sterilize the
bottles? Nipples? When do you start
timing?
BOTTLES: 15-20 MINS, NIPPLES: 10-15
MINS, WHEN THE WATER STARTS TO BOIL
S……..SECURITY- ensuring confidentiality,
integrity and availability of data and
information materials.
8. What are you going to do with the
leftover milk?
DISCARD OR THROW IT AWAY
9. How do you prevent colic?
PROPER SHAKING OF THE BOTTLES,
PROPER BURPING, NIPPLES SHOULD BE
FILLED WITH MILK, PROPER POSITIONING
OF THE BABY.
10. When is burping done?
WHEN HALF WAY OF FEEDING AND AFTER
FEEDING IS DONE
11. How do you determine that the child is
ready to be toilet trained?
WHEN THE CHILD CAN FAMILIARIZE AND
CAN USE THE POTTY CHAIR AND THROUGH
GESTURES THAT HE WANTED TO USE THE
POTTY
12. What are you going to do when the child
has toileting accident?
CLEAN THE CHILD IMMEDIATELY THEN
TEACH HIM WHAT TO DO.
13. What are you going to do when a child
accidentally swallowed chemicals?
ASSESS THE VICTIM, GIVE FIRST AID, CALL
THE POISON CONTROL OR THE 911.
DETERMIN IF IT IS CORROSIVE OR NOT
14. What are you going to do in case of fire in
the home?
GET OUT OF THE HOUSE IMMEDIATELY
AND TRANSFER TO THE BETTER AND
 SAFER PLACE AND MAKE SURE THAT THE
PEOPLE OF THE HOUSE ARE ALSO SAFE
15. What are the precaution when serving a
hot soup to children?
WARN THE CHILD THAT THE SOUP IS HOT
OR ASSIST HIM IN EATING TO AVOID
ACCIDENT
16. What are the activities that help in the
physical development of a child?
EXERCISE, PLAYING
17. What are the activities that help in the
development of creativity and
intellectual?
DRAWING, COLORING, MOLDING CLAY,
PLAY INSTRUMENT, PUZZLE, PAINTING
18. What are the considerations in choosing a
dress for a child?
CULTURE, WEATHER PREFERENCES OF THE
CHILD
19. What precaution must be observed when
a baby starts to crawl?
THE PLACE MUST BE SAFE, FREE FROM
ANY OBSTRUCTIONS, SPILLED LIQUID AND
ALWAYS CLOSE THE DOOR.
20. What are indoor activities that help in the
gross motor development?
BUILDING BLOCKS, LEGO, PUZZLES
21. What are the outdoor activities suitable
for 8-10 years old?
BIKING, BALL GAMES
22. How do you develop bonding with the
child?
PLAYING TOGETHER, DOING THINGS
TOGETHER, ALWAYS BEING THERE
23. Why should a toddler be allowed to
explore outdoor?
TO SATISFY THEIR CURIOUSITY AND TO
SOCIALIZE WITH OTHER CHILDREN AND TO
DEVELOP THEIR CONFIDENCE.
24. How is a diaper rash prevented?
KEEP THE BUTTOCKS CLEAN AND DRY
25. Why is there a need to for proper disposal
of soiled diapers?
TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF
MICROORGANISM AND BACTERIAS AND
AVOID CONTAMINATION
26. What should be done when a child has
burn?
ASSESS WHAT KIND OF BURN AND GIVE
FIRST AID
27. What are you going to do when a child
has a pulse rate of 120 beats per minute
while at rest?
KNOW THE PREVIOUS ACTIVITY OF THE
CHILD OR BRING THE CHILD TO THE
NEAREST HOSPITAL
28. What are the personal hygiene practices
that should be instilled to the children?
HANDWASHING, TOOTH BRUSHING,
PROPER GROOMING
29. What are safety precautions to prevent
accident to the child’s toys?
DON’T LET THEM PLAY BROKEN TOYS,
THEY SHOULD BE THROWN AWAY, DON’T
GIVE TOYS NOT SUITABLE TO THEIR AGE
AND IT SHOULD BE FIX AFTER PLAY
30. What is the purpose of hand washing?
TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF
MICROORGANISM
31. When is a splint used?
FOR FRACTURE, YOU NEED TO IMMOBILIZE
A CERTAIN PART FRACTURE BY (ICES- ICE
APPLICATION, COMPRESSION, ELEVATION
AND SPLINTING)
32. How do you control bleeding?
APPLY DIRECT PRESSURE THEN ELEVATE
33. What is the first aid of convulsion due to
fever?
APPLY COLD COMPRESS OVER AXILLA,
GROIN AND FOREHEAD, GIVE
PARACETAMOL AND INFORM THE
EMPLOYE
34. Where is tympanic thermometer used?
EARS
39. What are the specific food groups needed
by a growing child?
PROTEIN (MUSCLES), CALCIUM (BONES),
FATS (ENERGY), CARBOHYDRATES
(ENERGY), VITAMINS AND MINERALS
(BODY RESISTANCE)
40. How do you describe a preschooler’s
appetite?
CHOOSY, PLAYFUL (GIVE THEM BITE SIZE
OF CHEESE)

35. How do you know that the child is

chocking?
BLUISH DISCOLORATION, IN ABILITY TO
SPEAK

36. How will you determine that the content

of the bottle is poison?
DRAWING OF SKULL AND CROSS BONE

37. What are the considerations when

preparing meals for an asthmatic child?
AVOID GIVING FOODS THAT WILL TRIGGER
THE CONDITION OF THE CHILD

38. How do you develop self esteem of the

child?
ENCOURAGEMENT, PRAISE HIM WHEN HE
DO GOOD, SUPPORT HIM IN THE
ACTIVITIES THAT HE IS DOING

ELDERLY CARE

1. What is the importance of back rub?
TO IMPROVE CIRCULATION, TO RELEIVE
PAIN, TO GIVE COMFORT
2. How do you determine the maximum
level of inflation when getting the BP?
WHEN THE PULSE STOP THEN ADD
30mmHg, ASK PATIENT HIS LAST BP
3. How do you maintain self-esteem and
independence of elderly?
ALLOW THEM TO DO THINGS THAT THEY
WANT, PRAISE AND ENCOURAGE THEM
4. What are the considerations when
assisting the elderly with his/her personal
needs?
THEIR SAFETY, PRIVACY AND DIGNITY

5. What are the considerations when taking
care of the elderly with an Alzheimer’s
disease?
HIS SAFETY, NEVER EXTEND FOR
RESTRICTION
6. What ate the safety precaution when
assisting the client from bed to
wheelchair?
ALWAYS LOCK THE WHEEL CHAIR.
7. What are you going to do when your
client with Alzheimer’s disease painted
the wall with his/her stool?
CLEAN THE CLIENT FIRST BEFORE
CLEANING THE WALL WHWRE HE PAINTED
HIS STOOL.
8. What is the first sign of infection?
THERE IS FEVER
9. What is your respond when your client
tells you “I wish I would die now”?
LISTEN TO HIM, MAKE HIM COMFORTABLE
10. What are you going to do when your
colleague criticized you?
IGNORE HER/HIM
11. What are the signs of an impending heart
attack?
THERE IS DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING,
CHEST PAIN, SWEATING
12. What are the signs of your diabetic client
is suffering from low blood sugar?
SHAKING, DIZZINES, NAUSEA, HUNGER
13. What is the recommended diet for the
diabetic client?
BALACED DIET, LOW SUGAR, LOW
CARBOHAYDRATES
14. What are the considerations when
preparing the meal of an elderly?
YOU MUST CONSIDER HIS/HER HEALTH
CONDITION
15. What is the diet recommended for
hypertensive client?
LOW FAT, LOW SALT/SODIUM, HIGH
PROTEIN DIET
16. What is the importance of body
mechanics in assisting an immobile client?
PREVENT BACK PAIN, ACCIDENT
17. How often did you change the position of
bedridden client?
YOU MUST CHANGE THE POSITION OF THE
CLIENT 2-3 HOURS INTERVAL
18. What are you going to do if your client BP
of 150/100 mmHg?
ASSEST THE LAST ACTIVITY, IF NOT
RELIEVED THEN BRING HIM TO THE
NEAREST HOSPITAL
19. What are the safety considerations when
a client has a diminished vision?
PROVIDE ILLUMINATION/LIGHTING, CLEAT
THE HALLWAY TO AVOID ACCIDENT
20. What are the physical changes of an
elderly?
GREYING OG HAIR, VISIBLE WRINKLES,
LOST OF TEETH, AGE SPOTS
21. Which side of the patient with right sided
weakness do you dress/undress first?
DRESS: WEAK SIDE, UNDRESS: STRONG
SIDE
22. What is the purpose of rubber sheet and
draw sheet in perennial care?
TO PREVENT THE MATRESS FROM
GETTING WET
23. What is the importance of proper catheter
care?
TO PREVENT INFECTION
24. What is the importance of offering the
bed pan before the bed bath?
TO AVOID DISTRUPTION THE BATHING
PROCEDURE

25. How do you prevent falls in the bath

room?
KEEP THE FLOOR DRY, KEEP THE SOAP IN
THE SOAP DISH, KEEP ALL THING IN ORDER

26. What is the most effective way of

preventing the spread of microorganism?
PROPER HANDWASHING

27. What are the indications when you have

stop CPR?
WHEN THE VICTIM IS REVIVED, THE
RESCUER IS EXHAUSTED, PHYSICIAN IS
PRESENT IN THE SCENE

28. What is CAB in CPR?

CIRCULATION, AIRWAYS, BREATHING

29. Give an examples of protective devices

used to prevent contamination?
HAIRNET, MASK, GLOVES, LAB
GOWN/APRON, GAGGLES,
SLEEPERS/BOOTS
 HOME MANAGEMENT
1. What is the sequence of cleaning the
ceiling, walls and floors?
START FROM THE CEILING, REMOVE
THE COBWEBS, NEXT IS THE WALL.
TEST THE PAINT IF WASHABLE. START
THE EDGE OF THE WALL THEN THE
FLOOR IN ZIGZAG MOTION OR
CIRCULAR MOTION
2. How do you clean the toilet bowl?
FLUSH THE BOWL, PUT DISINFECTANT
(SOAK), NEXT IS THE TANK, THEN THE
RING AROUND THE BOWL THEN THE
BASE
3. What is the difference of color fast
and non color fast fabric?
COLOR FAST: IT CAN STAIN, NON
COLOR FAST: NON STAINING
4. What are some basic stitches used to
mend torn seams?
RUNNING STITCH, BACK STITCH
5. What are the safety precautions
before applying bleach to any fabric?
READ THE LABEL OF THE FABRIC
LOCATED AT THE BACK OF THE FABRIC
6. How will you remove stains from
catsup, tomato sauce?
SCRAPE OFF THE EXCESS CATSUP OR
SAUCE, RINSE WITH COLD WATER, PUT
SOAP AND WASH IT. YOU CAN BLEACH
IF STAIN CANNOT REMOVE
7. What is the fabric maintenance from
machine dryers?
MAKE SURE THAT THE VENT IS
WORKING, DON’T OVER LOAD THE
MACHINE
8. How do you prevent cloths shrinkage
when using machine dryers?
SET THE DYER TO THE LOWEST
TEMPERATURE BECAUSE THERE ARE
CLOTHES THAT REQUIRE LOW
TEMPERATURE WHEN BEING DRIED
9. What is the difference between
occupied, open and closed bed make
up?
OCCUPIED: PATIENT IS LYING ON THE
BED, CLOSED BED: NO PATIENT IN THE
BED TOP SHEET IS CLOSED UP TO HEAD
PART
10. What is the first thing to do when
vacuuming?
PICK UP SMALL PIECES THAT MIGHT
SUCK IN THE VACUUM
11. What are the two types of electric flat
iron?
FLAT IRON AND THE IRON WITH
STEAM
12. How do you test if the wall is
washable?
USING CLOTHES WITH SOAP TRY TO
WIPE THE WALL THAT IS NOTVISIBLE
TO THE EYE, HIDDEN AREA
13. What is the importance of proper
waste segregation?
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PURPOSES, TO
SAVE PLANET EARTH
SPRAY OR SPRINKLE WATER TO THE
FABRIC OR USE IRON WITH STEAM
20. Why is it important to segregate
different linens, fabrics and cloths in
washing?
SO AS NOT TO DESTROY THE FABRIC
AND TO AVOID STAINING

14. What are some common households’

disinfectants?
LYSOL, DOMEX, MURIATIC ACID,
CLOROX, GRENNEX ETC.

15. How do you control pests and insects

infections?
SPRAY INSECTICIDES OR BETTER
MAINTAIN A CLEAN SORROUNDINGS

16. Why is feather duster not advisable to

use in dusting?
BASICALLY IT ONLY TRNASFER DUST
FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER,
UNLIKE VACUUM IT CAN ABSORB THE
DIRT IN THE VACUUM BAG

17. Why is a damp cloth used in dusting

furniture, fixtures and appliances?
IT CAN REMOVE THE DIRT EASILY AND
IT CANNOT DAMAGE THE SURFACE OF
THE FURNITURE, SCRACHING CAN BE
AVOIDED

18. Why is fabric conditioner used?

EASY TO IRON, IT MAKES THE CLOTHES
SOFT AND SMELLS GOOD

19. What are ways to make ironing

easier?