Client

Server

SYN
SYN ACK

TCP ACK

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a primary function is to turn an unreliable

network into a reliable network that is free from lost and duplicate packets. The
role of TCP essentially fills in some holes created by IP.

Host Server

Eco Request

Eco Reply
ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) performs error reporting for the
Internet Protocol and is commonly used by routers.
 Sender
Receiver

REQUEST

RESPONSE

UDP RESPONSE

RESPONSE

It’s a primary function is to turn an unreliable network into a reliable network that
is free from lost and duplicate packets. The role of TCP essentially fills in some
holes created by IP.

Host C ARP
ARP Request ARP Request

Host A Router Host B

ARP Host D ARP Reply

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is another small but important protocol that is
used to support TCP/IP networks. This takes an IP address in an IP datagram and
translates it into the appropriate medium access
 Needs an IP address DHCP Service

Router

DHCP Client

DHCP Gives an IP address

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is the most popular protocol that handles
dynamic assignment. DHCP server selects an IP address from an available pool of
addresses and assigns it to the workstation.

Devices
Web service

Router

NAT
Internet

Network Address Translation (NAT) is another protocol that is used to assign IP

addresses, It let router represent an entire local area network to the Internet as a
single IP address. All packets that leave the corporate network contain this global
IP address.
 Devices VPN Device

Firewall

VPN Server

Internet

Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a data network connection that makes use of the
public telecommunications infrastructure but maintains privacy through the use
of a tunneling protocol and security procedures.