ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

ANOVA was developed by R.A. Fischer (1890 – 1962), a British to which the f distribution named in
his honor is utilized for its significance test for this analysis. It is used to make comparison between
more than two sample means to estimate whether these samples were obtained from population with
the same mean.

Single factor (one way) ANOVA

Is used to test for the effect of only one factor on the variables of interest, for example, if we wish to
test for the effect of four different feeds on the weight of pigs, then we are only to test one factor i.e.
feed type on the variable body wt.

The model that enables us to deal with assumptions is

Yij =  + ti + eij

Where:
Yij -response from ith treatment and ith experimental unit.
 – is mean response
ti – is the effect of the ith treatment and
eij – is the error from the i th treatment and ith experimental unit.

Variability in response = treatment variability + error variability

The aim / goal is to be able to estimate and compare the treatment variabilities.
If:
Treatment variability > 1 then the response variability is caused by the treatment variability
Error variability

If
Treatment variability < 1 then the response variability is caused by the error variability
Error variability

Observations:
t –treatment
n –plots/treatments
nt –Experimental units

1. Total variability = (yi1 – y )2 + (yi2 – y )2 + ….

  y  y
t n
2
= ij
i 1 i 1

 y  y 
2
2. Treatment variability = i
i 1

3. Error variability = total variability- treatment variability

Example:
An experiment involving 4 types of drugs was carried out in a laboratory under controlled environment.
Each of the 4 treatments was repeated 6 times and the results were as follows
 Treatment Responses Totals Mean
A 3 4 5 3 5 5 24 4
B 7 8 9 7 8 9 48 8
C 5 25 25 10 5 12 82 13.67
D 15 35 15 15 20 18 118 19.67
272 11.33

HO: µA = µ B = µ C = µ D

All the means of the four treatments are the same.

Ha: µA ≠µB ≠µC ≠ µD

Some means are different

Test the hypothesis at 5% and 1% level of significance

1. Get the correction factor

2. Get the total sum of squares
3. Get the treatment sum of squares
4. Get the error sum of squares
5. Calculate the f values
6. Summarize the information in the analysis of variance table.

1. Correction factor
G2
C = (overall total)2 =
n
The number of observations

= (272)2 = 73984
24 24

= 3082.67

2. Total sum of squares (TSS)

  y 
4 6
2
T.S.S. = ij C
i j
= (32 + 42 +5 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 72 + 82 + 92 + 72 + 82 + 92 + 52 + 252 + 252 + 102 + 52 + 122 + 152 + 352 +
2

152 + 152 + 202 + 182) – C

= 1573.33

3. Treatment sum of squares

4
yi2

i 1 6
C

= (242 + 482 + 822 + 1182) - 3082.67

6
= 838.67
 n
yi2 a 2 b2 c2 d 2
For unequal replication, treatment sum of squares =   C ie   
i 1 r 4 5 5 3
Total F = n-1

4. Error sum of squares

= total sum of squares – treatment sum of squares

= 1573.33 – 838.67

= 734.66

5. F value of treatment

= mean sum of squares treatments = 279.56

Mean sum of squares for the error 36.73
= 7.61

6. Summarize the information in the ANOVA table

Source of Degree of Sum of Variance F value Critical values

variation freedom squares (mean sum of Fcal (F3,20,)
sqs) 1%, 5%
Treatment (4-1) = 3 838.67 279.56 7.61** 4.94 3.10

Error (23-3)=20 734.66 36.73

Total (24-1) = 23 1573.33

Critical value = F3,20 at 5% =3.1 and F3,20 at 1% =4.94

7. Compare the computed F value with the tabulated F values and decide on the significance of the
significance of the difference among treatment using the following rules:
Rule 1: If the computed F value is more than (>) the tabulated value at 0.01 level of significance, the
treatment difference is said to be highly significance. Usually indicated by placing two asterisks on the
calculated F value in the ANOVA
Rule 2: If the calculated value is more than (>) the tabulated value at 0.05 level of significance but
smaller than or equal to (≤) the tabulated value at 0.01 level of significance then the treatment difference
is said to be significant. Usually indicated by placing one asterisk on the computed F value in the
ANOVA
Rule 3: If the calculated F value is less than or equal to (≤) the tabulated F value at 0.05, then the
treatment differences are said to be non-significant. Usually indicated by placing ns on the computed F
value in the ANOVA.
N/B: The Fcomputed is more than the critical value at 1%
Decision: reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion is that the means are different
Assumptions of ANOVA
The usual interpretation of ANOVA is only valid when certain mathematical assumptions
concerning the data are met.
1. Sampling of individuals being at random
2. Experimental errors are independent
3. Experimental error has common or equal variance called homogeneity of variance or
homoscedasticity
4. Experimental errors are normally distributed
5. Treatment effects and environmental effects are additive.

Failure to meet one or more of the assumptions affects the level of significance and the
sensitivity of the F test in the ANOVA. Therefore, any drastic departure from one or more
of the assumptions must be corrected before the ANOVA is applied through data
transformation