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REPRODUCTION AND
HEREDITY
4 Cells, Human Reproduction
and Heredity
S ECTIONAL E XERCISE
4.1 Cells efer to Textbook
p.3–21
Sectional Exercise
B. Multiple-choice (9 marks)
Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. Which of the following structures can only be found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
(1) Cell wall
(2) Cytoplasm
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(3) Chloroplast
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) B
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
Directions: Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following eyepieces and objectives for a light
microscope.
Sectional Exercise
Lowest magnification Highest magnification
A. × 50 × 20
B. × 50 × 1500
C. × 20 × 600
D. × 20 × 1500 D
4. Which of the following combinations allows the observation of the largest number of cells in
a specimen?
Eyepiece Objective
Integrated Exercise
A. 5X 4X
B. 5X 100X
C. 10X 4X
D. 15X 40X A
A. B.
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C. D.
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
6. To prepare a slide of ox eye cells, we add methylene blue solution to the cells to
A. avoid the formation of air bubbles on the slide.
B. stain the cells for easier observation.
C. kill the microorganisms on the cells.
D. preserve the colours of the structures. B
A. plant cells.
B. animal cells.
C. chromosomes.
D. DNA. C
9. A girl was born with chromosomal disorders. Which of the following can be the full set of
chromosomes in her body cell?
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1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 XX 19 20 21 22 XY 19 20 21 22 X
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
cell wall
Sectional Exercise
cytoplasm
nucleus
Integrated Exercise
S
R
P Q
Spelling Corner
Y
(d) At which stage (P, Q, R or S) does the cell make a copy of the genetic materials?
(1 mark)
P (1m)
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
coarse adjustment
(iii) clip (1m) (vii) knob (1m)
Sectional Exercise
fine adjustment
(viii) knob (1m)
(b) Match the parts of the microscope with their descriptions by writing the corresponding
letters a, b, etc. in the blanks below. The first one has been done for you as an
example. (9 marks)
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
Sectional Exercise
E 3. Some organs group together to form a tissue. F
E 4. Different systems work together to support our lives and keep us healthy. T
B. Multiple-choice (3 marks)
Choose the correct answer for each question.
Integrated Exercise
A. a root hair cell. cell X
B. a transporting cell.
C. a leaf cell.
D. a fat cell. A
Spelling Corner
D. tissue, system, cell, organ B
E 3. Each small circle in the following diagrams represents a cell. Which of the diagrams best
represents a system?
A. B. C. D.
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
C. Questions (7 marks)
E 1. Bioprinting is a new technology that can be used to ‘print’ living tissues.
EM
ST
bio-ink
Sectional Exercise
bio-paper
(i) Bio-ink is added to a (ii) Additional layers are (iii) Bio-ink fuses together (iv) A living tissue is
layer of bio-paper. printed, one layer on and the bio-paper is printed.
top of another. dissolved.
(b) Printing an organ is more difficult than printing a tissue. Why? (3 marks)
A tissue is made up of (i) the same type (1m) (the same type/different
types) of cell while an organ is made up of (ii) different types (1m) (the same
type/different types) of tissues. Therefore, it is more (iii) complicated and difficult to print
an organ than a tissue (1m) .
(c) Patients with severe skin damage (e.g. having burns) need to replace the damaged skin
with new skin. In the future, doctors can print the new skin with the bio-ink made from
the patient’s own skin cells. The flow chart below shows the key steps in obtaining
Spelling Corner
enough skin cells for making the bio-ink. Fill in the blanks. (3 marks)
bioprinting 生物打印技術
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
1. Human reproduction involves the fusion of male and female sex cells. T
Sectional Exercise
3. An ovum can move by itself to meet a sperm. F
7. During menstruation, some blood will pass out through the vagina. T
8. Wearing loose clothing during sleep can reduce the chance of wet dreams. T
Integrated Exercise
B. Multiple-choice (10 marks)
Choose the correct answer for each question.
Spelling Corner
Which of the following is the function of structure Y?
A. It stores food.
B. It produces a fluid.
C. It enables the sperm to swim.
D. It carries genetic materials. C
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
3. Which parts of the male and female reproductive systems produce sex hormones?
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
A. Testes Ovaries
B. Testes Vagina
C. Penis Uterus
D. Sex glands Ovaries A
4. Every body cell of Alice carries 46 chromosomes. Alice has a son, who was born normal.
Sectional Exercise
How many chromosomes are there in each body cell of Alice’s son?
A. 12
B. 23
C. 46
D. 92 C
Directions: Questions 5 and 6 refer to the figure below, which shows the important processes in
human reproduction.
Integrated Exercise
P Q R
Spelling Corner
Process P Process R
A. Uterus Ovary
B. Uterus Vagina
C. Oviduct Vagina
D. Oviduct Uterus D
6. How long does it take from process P to the birth of the baby?
A. About 9 weeks
B. About 38 weeks
C. About 6 months
D. About 12 months B
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
7. Fertilization is
A. the formation of sperms and ova.
B. the fusion of a sperm and an ovum.
C. the cell division of sperms and ova.
D. the formation of an embryo. B
8. Through which of the following structures can the foetus get nutrients and oxygen from the
mother’s body?
Sectional Exercise
A
C
B
Integrated Exercise
D
Spelling Corner
sex hormones in our bodies. A
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
body
(e) sex glands (1m)
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
2. Complete the table below which summarizes the number of chromosomes in human body
cells and sex cells. (6 marks)
Male Female
Sex cell
Body cell Sex cell (sperm) Body cell
(ovum)
No. of chromosomes 46 (a) 23 (1m) (b) 46 (1m) 23
No. of autosomes (c) 44 (1m) 22 44 (d) 22 (1m)
Sectional Exercise
Sex chromosomes (e) XY (1m) half in number: X (f) XX (1m) X
half in number: Y
3. The diagrams below show a 28-day menstrual cycle and the changes in the thickness of the
uterine lining.
P Q
28 1
27 2
26 3
25 4
Integrated Exercise
period I
24 5
Q
period IV
23 6
P (1m)
22 period II 7
21 R (1m) 8
R S
20 9
period III
19 S (1m) 10
18 11
17 12
Spelling Corner
16 13
15 14
(a) How does the thickness of the uterine lining change during the menstrual cycle? Put the
letters P, Q, etc. in the boxes to show your answers. The first one has been done for you
as an example. (3 marks)
(b) What is the name of the process that takes place during period I? (1 mark)
Menstruation (1m)
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
3. Parents only have the responsibility to provide daily necessities for their children.
Sectional Exercise
4. The length of pregnancy usually increases with the size of the mammal. T
E 5. Using condoms in sexual intercourse can help prevent the transmission of AIDS. T
1. A woman can take birth control pills to prevent the release of ova from
the ovaries.
Integrated Exercise
2. The rhythm method is the most unreliable method among all birth control
methods.
4. Sexually transmitted diseases are infectious diseases that can be passed from one
person to another through sexual contact.
Spelling Corner
E C. Matching (4 marks)
Match the birth control methods with their working principles by writing i, ii, etc. in the blanks
below.
(a) Condom (i) Tie and cut the oviducts or sperm ducts
(b) Rhythm method (ii) Act as a barrier to prevent sperms from reaching the ovum
(c) Sterilization (iii) Stop ovulation by using sex hormones
(d) Birth control pills (iv) A natural method without using birth control devices
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
1. The zygote formed after fertilization receives half of its genetic information from the
father and half from the mother. T
Sectional Exercise
2. In a ‘genetic traits tree’, a square is commonly used to represent a male. T
7. Identical twins have the same IQ. (IQ is a continuous variation. It is determined F
by both heredity and environment.)
E 8. There are four different kinds of bases on the DNA strands. T
Integrated Exercise
E 10. Every three bases on DNA encode one ‘message’. T
B. Multiple-choice (8 marks)
Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. Which of the following cells determine(s) the traits we inherit from our parents?
(1) The sperm from the father
(2) The ovum from the mother
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(3) The brain cells from both parents
A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only C
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
3. The graph below shows the distribution of the body mass of a group of students.
6
Sectional Exercise
Number of
students
4
0
44.5 47.5 50.5 53.5 56.5 59.5
5. Which of the following information can be used to prove whether two persons are identical
twins or not?
A. Their genetic materials
B. Their genders
C. Their blood groups
D. Their eye colours A
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
Sectional Exercise
B. DNA consists of two strands of bases.
C. Base C on one strand always pairs with base G on the other.
D. DNA is found inside the nucleus of a cell. A
E 8. The sequence of bases on a DNA strand is ATGTTCCATGCG. Which of the following shows
the correct sequence of bases on the complementary strand?
A. CGAABCTGCTAT
B. CGAGGTTGCTAT
C. TACAAGGTACGC
Integrated Exercise
D. TACAAGGTABAG C
1. The features each generation inherits from their parents are called (a) traits ,
which are determined by the (b) DNA in the nucleus of cells.
2. The differences in features among individuals of a species are called (a) variations ,
Spelling Corner
which are determined by (b) heredity and the (c) environment .
E 4. The two strands of DNA are twisted around one another that makes DNA a
(a) double helix . There are (b) four kinds of bases on the
strands and the sequence of the bases encodes instructions for cells to make
(c) proteins which have various functions in the body.
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
I
1 2
Key:
Sectional Exercise
(b) State the individuals who have straight thumbs in this family. (1 mark)
1, 3, 5 (1m)
Integrated Exercise
(c) (i) Does the father or mother of this family have curved thumbs? (1 mark)
Mother (1m)
(ii) Does the next generation inherit the trait of curved thumbs? If yes, state this
individual. (2 marks)
(d) Does the eldest child in this family have straight thumbs or curved thumbs? (1 mark)
Straight thumbs (1m)
Spelling Corner
2. A group of students use a mobile phone app to measure their resting heart rate. The following
table shows the results.
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
(a) Based on the data, explain whether heart rate is a continuous or discontinuous
variation. (2 marks)
Continuous variation, (1m) because it shows a continuous range of differences. (1m)
Sectional Exercise
12
10
Number 8
of
students 6
Integrated Exercise
Correct title (1m)
Correct x-axis (1m)
Correct y-axis (1m)
55.5 60.5 65.5 70.5 75.5 80.5 85.5 90.5 95.5 Correct drawing of bars (2m)
Resting heart rate (beats per minute)
E 3. The photo on the right shows a model in science. It is used to show the
structure of a material found in our body cells.
Spelling Corner
(b) In which part of a cell is this material found? (1 mark)
Inside the nucleus of a cell (1m)
(c) This material is packed in some thread-like structures. Name these thread-like
structures. (1 mark)
Chromosomes (1m)
(e) This material is often described as ‘book of life’. Write ONE of its importance. (1 mark)
It controls all the activities within our cells. (1m) / It determines the traits we inherit from our
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
Louis Ray
Sectional Exercise
big nose, small eyes, small big nose, big eyes, big mouth,
Appearance
mouth, without ear lobes with ear lobes
Body mass 67 kg 70 kg
(a) Are Louis and Ray identical twins or non-identical twins? (1 mark)
Non-identical twins (1m)
while Ray has (iii) big eyes, big mouth and ear lobes (1m) .
(c) Complete the paragraph below to describe how the type of twin in (a) is formed.
Spelling Corner
(5 marks)
This type of twin results from (i) two different (1m) zygotes. Each zygote
develops into a baby. The babies have (ii) different (1m) genetic materials, so
they may be of (iii) the same (1m) or (iv) different (1m) genders.
They may also look (v) different from (1m) each other.
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
I NTEGRATED E XERCISE
A. True or false (8 marks)
Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false statement.
1. All plant cells contain chloroplasts. (Only the cells in green parts have chloroplasts, F
for example, leaves.)
2. A light microscope usually has a higher magnification than an electron microscope. F
Sectional Exercise
3. When making biological drawings, we should use a pencil to draw. T
Integrated Exercise
Choose the correct answer for each question.
Q
S
Spelling Corner
T
R
2. In the preparation of a microscope slide, the specimen should be as thin as possible so that
A. light can pass through the specimen up into the objective.
B. the cover slip can lie flat on the slide.
C. it is easier to focus onto the specimen.
D. it does not carry germs. A
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
3. Which of the following cells have the chromosomes shown in the photomicrograph?
Sectional Exercise
B. 3 times
C. 4 times
D. 5 times C
5. The cells shown on the right are long and have many
branches. Which of the following is most likely the function
of these cells?
A. To support the body
B. To cover the surface of the body
C. To store fats in the body
D. To carry messages throughout the body D
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
A. circulatory system.
Sectional Exercise
B. digestive system.
C. reproductive system.
D. breathing system. B
Integrated Exercise
their cells, a cell of wild strawberries has
A. 7 chromosomes.
B. 14 chromosomes.
C. 28 chromosomes.
D. 56 chromosomes. B
8. Which of the following is NOT exchanged between the bloods of a foetus and its mother at
the placenta?
A. Red blood cells
Spelling Corner
B. Oxygen
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Nutrients A
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
Directions: Questions 10 and 11 refer to the graph below which shows how the thickness of the
uterine lining of a woman changes during a menstrual cycle.
Thickness of
the uterine
lining ovulation
Sectional Exercise
1 7 14 21 28 35
(a) Place the slide on the stage (0.5m) and hold it in place using the clips.
(b) Place the microscope on a bench and near a light (0.5m) source.
(c) Turn the coarse adjustment knob in the opposite direction until you see a clear image.
(d) Turn the fine adjustment knob (0.5m) to obtain the sharpest image.
(e) Turn the coarse adjustment knob (0.5m) until the objective is just above the slide.
(f) Use a low-power eyepiece and a low-power (i) objective (0.5m) for observation.
Adjust the (ii) mirror (0.5m) to obtain the most suitable brightness.
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
2. The photomicrographs below are the images of some cells observed under a microscope.
Cell Y
Sectional Exercise
Image I Image II
(b) (i) If Image II is obtained using an eyepiece of 15X and an objective of 20X, what is
the magnification of the image? (2 marks)
Integrated Exercise
(ii) Measure and calculate the actual length of cell Y. Show your calculations clearly.
(2 marks)
3 cm
(1m) = 0.01 cm (1m)
300
Spelling Corner
(iii) placenta (1m)
(b) A student wonders how the foetus ‘eats food’ and ‘goes to the toilet’ inside its mother’s
body. Briefly explain to her. (3 marks)
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
4. The diagram below shows a test for determining the sex of the foetus. In the test, the watery
liquid surrounding the foetus is collected using a syringe. The watery liquid contains some
foetal cells that can then be examined under the microscope.
foetus
Integrated Exercise
(b) (i) To determine the sex of the foetus, doctors will look for some thread-like
structures in the foetal cells under a microscope. What are these structures?
(1 mark)
Chromosomes (1m)
Spelling Corner
(ii) How can the doctors determine the sex of the foetus by examining these
structures? (3 marks)
They will examine the (i) sex chromosomes (1m) . If they are (ii) XX (1m) ,
the foetus is a female. If they are (ii) XY (1m) , the foetus is a male.
foetal 胎兒的
ultrasound transducer 超聲波掃描探頭
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
Sectional Exercise
(a) State TWO features of DNA shown by the paper model. (2 marks)
Double helix (1m)
(b) The photo on the right shows a DNA model that is much
Integrated Exercise
more similar to real DNA. Compare this model with the
paper model. State TWO differences between them.
(2 marks)
In this model, the strands and the bases are made up of smaller
units. (1m) There are spaces between the base pairs. (1m)
Spelling Corner
DNA encodes ‘messages’. These ‘messages’ depend on (i) the sequence of bases (1m)
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4 Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
S PELLING C ORNER
Look at each group of figures below. Use one key term in science to describe the figures. The
letters forming the missing part of the key term can be found on the right.
1.
R C T
E R O I
P U D O
Sectional Exercise
Key term: R E P R O D U C T I O N
2.
O
M R
C O E
S
Integrated Exercise
H M
O
Key term: C H R O M O S O M E
3.
A
N
R O G
Spelling Corner
Key term: O R G A N
4. C O C
M S
I O
R E
P
Key term: M I C R O S C O P E
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